Biomimetics

List of Contributors xvii

Preface xix

Acknowledgements xxi

1 Biomimetic Polysaccharides and Derivatives for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration 1
Ferdous Khan and Sheikh Rä Ahmad

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Strategies for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 3

1.3 Designing Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 4

1.4 Natural Polysaccharides for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 8

1.5 Conclusions and Remarks on Prospects 17

References 18

2 Biomimetic Synthesis of Self-Assembled Mineralized Collagen-Based Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering 23
Xiumei Wang, Zhixu Liu and Fuzhai Cui

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Hierarchical Assembly of Mineralized CollagenFibrils in Natural Bone 25

2.3 Biomimetic Synthesis of Self-AssembledMineralized Fibrils 34

2.4 Applications of Mineralized Collagen-basedComposites for Bone Regeneration 40

2.5 Concluding Remarks 44

References 45

3 Biomimetic Mineralization of Hydrogel Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering 51
Timothy E.L. Douglas, Elzbieta Pamula andSander C.G. Leeuwenburgh

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Incorporation of Inorganic Calcium PhosphateNanoparticles into Hydrogels 52

3.3 Biomimetic Mineralization in Calcium and/orPhosphate-Containing Solutions 56

3.4 Enzymatically-Induced Mineralization UsingAlkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 58

3.5 Enhancement of Hydrogel MineralizationUsing Biomacromolecules 60

3.6 Conclusions 62

References 63

4 Biomimetic Nanöbrous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 69
Robert J. Kane and Peter X. Ma

4.2 Self-Assembled Nanöber Scaffolds 73

4.3 Electrospun Scaffolds 75

4.4 Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) Scaffolds 80

4.5 Overall Trends in Biomimetic Scaffold Design 84

References 85

5 Bioactive Polymers and Nanobiomaterials Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering 91
Ferdous Khan and Sheikh Rä Ahmad

5.1 Introduction 92

5.2 Design and Fabrication of Biomimetic 3DPolymer-Nanocomposites Scaffolds 93

5.3 Nonbiodegradable Polymer and Nanocomposites 96

5.4 Biodegradable Polymer and Nanocomposites 102

5.5 Conclusions and Future Remarks 112

References

6 Strategy for a Biomimetic paradigm in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Mona K. Mareil, Naglaa B. Nagy, Mona M. Saad, Samer H. Zaky, Rania M. Elbackly, Ahmad M. Eweida and Mohamed A. Alkhodary

6.1 Introduction 120

6.2 Biomimetics: De¿nition and Historical Background 121

6.3 Developmental Biology in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering: Biomimetics in Development and Growth (e.g. model of wound healing) 127

6.4 The Paradigm Shift in Tissue Engineering: Biomimetic Approaches to Stimulate Endogenous Repair and Regeneration 132

6.5 Extracellular Matrix Nano-Biomimetics for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering 136

6.6 Biomimetic Surfaces, Implications for Dental and Craniofacial Regeneration; Biomaterial as

6.7 Angiogenesis, Vasculogenesis, and Inosculation for Life-Sustained Regenerative Therapy; The Platform for Biomimicry in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering 143

6.8 Conclusion 149

Acknowledgements 150

References 150

7 Strategies to Prevent Bacterial Adhesion on Biomaterials 163
Indu Bajpai and Bikramjit Basu

7.1 Introduction 164

7.2 Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells 166

7.3 Closure 194

Acknowledgement 195

References 195

8 Nanostructured Selenium - A Novel Biologically-Inspired Material for Antibacterial Medical Device Applications 203
Qi Wang and Thomas J. Webster

8.1 Bacterial Biölm Infections on Implant Materials 204

8.2 Nanomaterials for Antibacterial Implant Applications 206

8.3 Selenium and Nanostructured Selenium 208

8.4 Selenium Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications 209

8.5 Summary and Outlook 215

References 216

9 Hydroxyapatite-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres Toward Injectable Cell Scaffold 221
Syuji Fujii, Masahiro Okada and Tsutomu Furuzono

9.1 Introduction 222

9.2 Pickering Emulsion 223

9.3 Fabrication of HAp-Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres by Pickering Emulsion Method 226

9.4 Evaluation of Cell Adhesion Properties of HAp-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres 234

9.5 Application of HAp-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres as an Injectable Scaffold 235

9.6 Degradation Behavior of HAp-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres 237

9.7 Conclusions 238

Acknowledgments 238

References 239

10 Biomimetic ECM Scaffolds Prepared from Cultured Cells 243
Guoping Chen, Hongxu Lu and Naoki Kawazoe

10.1 Introduction 243

10.2 Cultured Cell-Derived ECM Porous Scaffolds 245

10.3 Autologous ECM Scaffolds 247

10.4 Application of Cultured Cell-Derived ECM Scaffolds 249

10.5 Summary 250

References 251

11 Design and Synthesis of Photoreactive Polymers for Biomedical Applications 253
Ponnurengam Sivakumar Malliappan, Di Zhou, Tae Il Son2 and Yoshihiro Ito

11.1 Introduction 253

11.2 UV-Reactive Biological Polymers 254

11.3 UV-Reactive Synthetic Polymers 263

11.4 Visible Light-Reactive Biopolymer Systems 270

11.5 Conclusions 274

References 274

12 The Emerging Applications of Graphene Oxide and Graphene in Tissue Engineering 279
Samad Ahadian, Murugan Ramalingam and Ali Khademhosseini

12.1 Introduction 280

12.2 Design and Fabrication of Biomimetic GO/Graphene Materials 283

12.3 Graphene Oxide and its Cell and TE Applications 284

12.4 Graphene and Its Cell and TE Applications 287

12.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 292

Acknowledgement 295

References 295

13 Biomimetic Preparation and Morphology Control of Mesoporous Silica 301
Qiang Cai

13.1 Introduction 302

13.2 Biomineralization and Biomimic Synthesis 302

13.3 Mesoporous Silica 306

13.4 Biomimic Preparation and Morphology Control of Mesoporous Silica 312

13.5 Conclusion and Prospective 324

References 325

14 Biomimetic Materials for Engineering Stem Cells and Tissues 329
Kaarunya Sampathkumar, Azadeh Seidi, Alok Srivastava, T.S. Sampath Kumar, Seeram Ramakrishna and Murugan Ramalingam

14.1 Introduction 330

14.2 Fabrication of Biomimetic Materials 331

14.3 Surface Modi¿cation 335

14.4 Engineering Stem Cells and Tissues 337

14.5 Concluding Remarks 341

Acknowledgements 342

References