Active Solar Collectors and Their Applications
1st Edition
Published on 22. August 1985
518 pages
978-0-19-536521-4 (ISBN)
Description
Provides a survey of solar geometry and meteorological data, the optics of various kinds of solar collectors, the mechanics of heat transfer, and private elements of system deign, optimization, and economic analysis. Also discussed are testing, methods and materials, and tracking and nontracking collectors.
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11/1985
Oxford University Press Inc
€379.10
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- 1 SURVEY OF SOLAR EQUIPMENT AND APPLICATIONS
- 1.1 The Promise and the Challenge of Solar Energy
- 1.2 Survey of Applications
- 1.3 Solar Collector Technology
- 1.3.1 Flat Plates and Solar Ponds
- 1.3.2 Evacuated Tubes
- 1.3.3 Concentrating Collectors
- 1.4 Thermal Storage Technologies
- 1.5 Storage, Backup, and the Electric Utilities
- References
- 2 SOLAR GEOMETRY
- 2.1 The Source of Radiation
- 2.2 Sun-Earth Geometry
- 2.3 Incidence Angles on Fixed Surfaces
- 2.4 Incidence Angles on Tracking Surfaces
- 2.5 Projected Incidence Angles
- References
- 3 INSOLATION DATA AND MODELS
- 3.1 Solar Spectrum
- 3.2 Types of Insolation
- 3.3 Instruments for Measuring Solar Radiation
- 3.4 Insolation Data
- 3.5 Insolation Models
- 3.5.1 Types of Models
- 3.5.2 Clear Sky Radiation
- 3.5.3 Correlations between Beam, Diffuse, and Hemispherical Radiation
- 3.6 Long Term Average Insolation
- 3.7 Frequency Distribution of Daily Radiation Values
- 3.8 Yearly Irradiation on Aperture
- 3.9 Seasonal Variation of Insolation
- 3.10 Summary
- References
- 4 COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY AND COLLECTOR TESTING
- 4.1 Definition of Instantaneous Collector Efficiency
- 4.1.1 Specification of Insolation
- 4.1.2 Optical Efficiency and U Value
- 4.2 Efficiency Based on Fluid Temperature
- 4.3 Incidence Angle Modifiers
- 4.4 Test Results
- 4.5 Standard Collector Test Procedures
- 4.5.1 Instantaneous Efficiency
- 4.5.2 Collector Time Constant
- 4.6 Simplified Collector Test Procedures
- 4.6.1 Measurement of Heat Loss
- 4.6.2 Warm-up Test
- 4.6.3 Masked Stagnation Test
- 4.7 Measuring the Optical Quality of Focusing Collectors
- References
- 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICS FOR SOLAR COLLECTIORS
- 5.1 Reflection
- 5.1.1 The Law of Reflection
- 5.1.2 Optics of Troughlike Reflectors-Projection of Ray Trace Diagram
- 5.2 Refraction
- 5.2.1 Snell's Law of Refraction
- 5.2.2 Fresnel Equations
- 5.2.3 Multiple Reflections
- 5.2.4 Absorption in the Cover
- 5.2.5 Absorption at the Absorber
- 5.2.6 Optics of Glass Tubes
- 5.3 Concentration of Solar Radiation
- 5.3.1 Definition of Concentration Ratio
- 5.3.2 Thermodynamic Limit of Concentration
- 5.3.3 Acceptance of Diffuse Radiation
- 5.3.4 Operating Temperature as a Function of Concentration
- 5.4 Image Spread Due to Finite Source and Optical Errors
- 5.4.1 Angular Distribution of Beam Radiation
- 5.4.2 Statistics of Reflecting Surfaces
- 5.4.3 Effect of Surface Errors on Width of Reflected Beam
- 5.4.4 Combination of Optical Errors
- 5.5 Image Spread for Line Focus Collectors
- References
- 6 OPTICS OF NONTRACKING COLLECTORS
- 6.1 Compound Parabolic Concentrators
- 6.2 Reflectors for Evacuated Tubes
- 6.3 V-Troughs
- 6.4 Side Reflectors
- References
- 7 TRACKING CONCENTRATOR TYPES
- 7.1 Parabolic Reflectors
- 7.2 Fresnel Reflectors
- 7.2.1 Line-Focus and Point-Focus Central Receivers
- 7.2.2 Tracking Motion for Linear Fresnel Reflectors
- 7.2.3 Off-Axis Aberrations of Spherical Reflectors
- 7.2.4 Curvature of Heliostats for Central Receiver
- 7.3 Fresnel Lenses
- 7.4 Fixed Reflectors with Tracking Receivers
- 7.4.1 Spherical Reflector
- 7.4.2 Circular Cylindrical Reflector with Tracking Receiver
- 7.4.3 Reflector Slats on Circular Cylindrical Mount
- 7.5 Concentrator Configurations for Low-Cost Manufacture
- 7.6 Second Stage Concentrators
- References
- 8 OPTICAL ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF PARABOLIC REFLECTORS
- 8.1 Analytical Framework
- 8.2 Angular Acceptance Function
- 8.2.1 Parabolic Troughs
- 8.2.2 Parabolic Dishes
- 8.3 Effective Source
- 8.3.1 Effective Source for Line-Focus
- 8.3.2 Effective Source for Point-Focus
- 8.4 Flux at Receiver and Intercept Factor
- 8.5 Approximation of Sunshape by Gaussian Distribution
- 8.6 Intercept Factor and Circumsolar Radiation
- References
- 9 HEAT TRANSFER IN SOLAR COLLECTORS
- 9.1 General Considerations
- 9.2 Heat Flow to Ambient
- 9.3 Planar Configuration
- 9.4 Tubular Configuration
- 9.5 Concentrator Configuration
- 9.6 Heat Transfer Inside Tubes and Ducts
- 9.7 Conduction
- 9.8 Other Configurations
- 9.9 Heat Loss Coefficients of Typical Collectors
- 9.9.1 Evacuated Tubes
- 9.9.2 Tubular Receivers for Parabolic Troughs
- 9.9.3 Flat Plates
- 9.10 Warming of Glazing by Absorption of Solar Radiation
- References
- 10 HEAT TRANSFER FACTORS
- 10.1 Temperature Distribution in Collector
- 10.2 Mean Fluid Temperature
- 10.3 Fluid Inlet Temperature
- 10.4 Heat Exchanger Factor
- 10.5 Collector Arrays and Pipe Loss Factors
- References
- 11 SYSTEM MODELS
- 11.1 System Configuration and Controls
- 11.2 System Performance Analysis
- 11.2.1 Computer Simulations
- 11.2.2 Shorthand Procedures
- 11.3 Yearly Collectible Energy
- 11.3.1 Radiation above a Specific Threshold
- 11.3.2 Assumptions for Yearly Correlations
- 11.3.3 Operating Time
- 11.3.4 Other Thresholds
- 11.4 Monthly Utilizability Method
- 11.5 The f,f-Chart
- References
- 12 APPLICATIONS
- 12.1 Active Space Heating and Cooling
- 12.1.1 System Configurations
- 12.1.2 Performance Prediction for Space Heating
- 12.1.3 Measured System Performance
- 12.1.4 Solar Cooling
- 12.2 Water Heating
- 12.2.1 System Types
- 12.2.2 Performance Comparison
- 12.2.3 Performance Prediction for Water Heaters
- 12.2.4 Swimming Pool Heaters
- 12.3 Industrial Process Heat
- 12.3.1 General Considerations
- 12.3.2 Systems without Storage for Constant Loads
- 12.3.3 Single-Pass Open-Loop System with Storage
- 12.3.4 Closed-Loop Configurations
- 12.4 Central Heat Collection
- 12.5 Power Generation
- 12.5.1 Photovoltaics
- 12.5.2 Solar Thermal Power
- References
- 13 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- 13.1 Materials
- 13.1.1 Absorber
- 13.1.2 Cover
- 13.1.3 Reflector
- 13.1.4 Other Materials
- 13.2 Installation
- 13.2.1 Collector Location and Orientation
- 13.2.2 Pumps and Piping
- 13.2.3 Safety and Protection of Equipment
- 13.3 Maintenance and Cleaning
- 13.3.1 Maintenance
- 13.3.2 Cleaning
- 13.3.3 Tracking
- References
- 14 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
- 14.1 Constant Currency
- 14.2 Comparing Present and Future Costs
- 14.2.1 The Time Value of Money
- 14.2.2 How to Choose the Rate for Discounting the Future
- 14.2.3 Levelizing
- 14.2.4 Discrete and Continuous Cash Flows
- 14.3 Economic Evaluation Criteria
- 14.3.1 Life Cycle Savings
- 14.3.2 Internal Rate of Return
- 14.3.3 Cost of Saved Energy
- 14.3.4 Payback Period
- 14.3.5 Comparison of Criteria
- 14.4 Other Costs
- 14.5 Debt Financing, Taxes, and Inflating Currency
- 14.5.1 Principal and Interest
- 14.5.2 Depreciation
- 14.5.3 The Complete Formula
- 14.5.4 Constant Currency versus Inflating Currency
- References
- 15 SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
- 15.1 Optimization Criteria
- 15.2 Optimization
- 15.2.1 Equations for Optimization
- 15.2.2 Photovoltaics with Sellback to Utility
- 15.2.3 Industrial Process Heat Systems
- 15.3 System Value
- 15.3.1 Definition of Value
- 15.3.2 Value of System Changes
- 15.4 Value of Storage
- 15.4.1 General Formulation
- 15.4.2 Value of Storage for Industrial Process Heat
- References
- Appendix A: Nomenclature
- Appendix B: Units
- Appendix C: Properties of Materials
- Appendix D: Meterological Data
- Appendix E: Circumsolar Data
- Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
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- M
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- R
- S
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- U
- V
- W
- Y
- Z
- Subject Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
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- L
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- N
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