
Security in Wireless Communication Networks
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Security in Wireless Communication Networksdelivers a thorough grounding in wireless communication security. The distinguished authors pay particular attention to wireless specific issues, like authentication protocols for various wireless communication networks,encryption algorithms and integrity schemes on radio channels, lessons learned from designing secure wireless systems and standardization for security in wireless systems.
The book addresses how engineers, administrators, and others involved in the design and maintenance of wireless networks can achieve security while retaining the broadcast nature of the system, with all of its inherent harshness and interference. Readers will learn:
* A comprehensive introduction to the background of wireless communication network security, including a broad overview of wireless communication networks, security services, the mathematics crucial to the subject, and cryptographic techniques
* An exploration of wireless local area network security, including Bluetooth security, Wi-Fi security, and body area network security
* An examination of wide area wireless network security, including treatments of 2G, 3G, and 4G
* Discussions of future development in wireless security, including 5G, and vehicular ad-hoc network security
Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students in programs related to wireless communication, Security in Wireless Communication Networks will also earn a place in the libraries of professors, researchers, scientists, engineers, industry managers, consultants, and members of government security agencies who seek to improve their understanding of wireless security protocols and practices.
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Persons
Yi Qian, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA. He is a recipient of the Henry Y. Kleinkauf Family Distinguished New Faculty Teaching Award in 2011, the Holling Family Distinguished Teaching Award in 2012, the Holling Family Distinguished Teaching/Advising/Mentoring Award in 2018, and the Holling Family Distinguished Teaching Award for Innovative Use of Instructional Technology in 2018, all from University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.
Feng Ye, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Dayton, USA. He received his PhD from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA, in 2015. He is the author or co-author over 60 technical papers.
Hsiao-Hwa Chen, PhD, is Distinguished Professor in the Department of Engineering Science at the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan. He received his PhD from the University of Oulu, Finland, in 1991. He is the author or co-author of over 400 technical papers.
Content
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxiii
About the Companion Website xxv
Part I Introduction and Mathematics Background 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 General Computer Communication Network Architecture 3
1.2 Different Types of Wireless Communication Systems 5
1.3 Network Security and Wireless Security 9
1.4 Summary 11
2 Basic Network Security Concepts 13
2.1 Security Attacks 13
2.2 Security Services 16
2.3 Security Mechanisms 21
2.4 Other Security Concepts 24
2.5 Summary 25
3 Mathematical Background 27
3.1 Basic Concepts in Modern Algebra and Number Theory 27
3.2 Prime Numbers, Modular Arithmetic, and Divisors 30
3.3 Finite Field and Galois Field 34
3.4 Polynomial Arithmetic 35
3.5 Fermat's Little Theorem, Euler's Totient Function, and Euler's Theorem 41
3.6 Primality Testing 44
3.7 Chinese Remainder Theorem 46
3.8 Discrete Logarithm 48
3.9 Summary 49
Part II Cryptographic Systems 51
4 Cryptographic Techniques 53
4.1 Symmetric Encryption 53
4.2 Classical Cryptographic Schemes 53
4.3 Stream Cipher 62
4.4 Modern Block Ciphers 63
4.5 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 67
4.6 Summary 76
5 More on Cryptographic Techniques 77
5.1 Advanced Encryption Standard 77
5.2 Block Cipher Modes of Operation 85
5.3 Public Key Infrastructure 92
5.4 The RSA Algorithm 95
5.5 Diffie-Hellman (D-H) Key Exchange 97
5.6 Summary 99
6 Message Authentication, Digital Signature, and Key Management 101
6.1 Message Authentication 101
6.2 MAC and Hash Algorithms 105
6.3 Digital Signature and Authentication 114
6.4 Key Management 122
6.5 Summary 128
Part III Security for Wireless Local Area Networks 129
7 WLAN Security 131
7.1 Introduction to WLAN 131
7.2 Evolution of WLAN Security 133
7.3 Wired Equivalent Privacy 135
7.4 IEEE 802.1X Authentication Model 140
7.5 IEEE 802.11i Standard 143
7.6 Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 and Opportunistic Wireless Encryption 150
7.7 Summary 152
8 Bluetooth Security 153
8.1 Introduction to Bluetooth 153
8.2 Link Key Generation 157
8.3 Authentication, Confidentiality, and Trust and Service Levels 163
8.4 Cryptographic Functions for Security Modes 1, 2, and 3 166
8.5 Cryptographic Functions in Security Mode 4 (SSP) 173
8.6 Summary 174
9 Zigbee Security 177
9.1 Introduction to Zigbee 177
9.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Security Features 179
9.3 Zigbee Upper Layer Security 182
9.4 Security-Related MAC PIB Attributes 187
9.5 Mechanisms Used in Zigbee Security 188
9.6 Summary 191
10 RFID Security 193
10.1 Introduction to RFID 193
10.2 Security Attacks, Risks, and Objectives of RFID Systems 195
10.3 Mitigation Strategies and Countermeasures for RFID Security Risks 196
10.4 RFID Security Mechanisms 199
10.5 Summary 205
Part IV Security for Wireless Wide Area Networks 207
11 GSM Security 209
11.1 GSM System Architecture 209
11.2 GSM Network Access Security Features 212
11.3 GSM Security Algorithms 215
11.4 Attacks Against GSM Security 225
11.5 Possible GSM Security Improvements 227
11.6 Summary 228
12 UMTS Security 229
12.1 UMTS System Architecture 229
12.2 UMTS Security Features 231
12.3 UMTS Network Access Security 232
12.4 Algorithms in Access Security 240
12.5 Other UMTS Security Features 249
12.6 Summary 250
13 LTE Security 251
13.1 LTE System Architecture 251
13.2 LTE Security Architecture 253
13.3 LTE Security 255
13.4 Handover Between eNBs 261
13.5 Security Algorithms 268
13.6 Security for Interworking Between LTE and Legacy Systems 273
13.7 Summary 278
Part V Security for Next Generation Wireless Networks 279
14 Security in 5G Wireless Networks 281
14.1 Introduction to 5G Wireless Network Systems 281
14.2 5G Security Requirements and Major Drives 283
14.3 A 5G Wireless Security Architecture 287
14.4 5G Wireless Security Services 289
14.5 5G Key Management 300
14.6 Security for New Communication Techniques in 5G 303
14.7 Challenges and Future Directions for 5G Wireless Security 308
14.8 Summary 310
15 Security in V2X Communications 311
15.1 Introduction to V2X Communications 311
15.2 Security Requirements and Possible Attacks in V2X Communications 314
15.3 IEEE WAVE Security Services for Applications and Management Messages 316
15.4 Security in Cellular Based V2X Communications 320
15.5 Cryptography and Privacy Preservation in V2X Communications 323
15.6 Challenges and Future Research Directions 329
15.7 Summary 331
References 333
Index 345
Preface
We first signed the book contract with Wiley in early 2006. Three years after signing this book contract, we only completed one third of the contents for the whole originally planned book, because of underestimating the challenges on writing such a specialized book. When the first author, Yi Qian, joined the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Nebraska-Lincoln in August 2009, he created a new course on wireless network security for the department. He has been teaching the wireless network security course in the same department every year in the spring semester since then. When preparing the course materials for wireless network security each year, we feel more and more strongly to have such a comprehensive textbook on wireless network security. In 2015, we signed the revised contract with Wiley and jointly with IEEE Press, and Feng Ye was added as a new co-author when he just received his Ph.D. degree in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Nebraska-Lincoln. We have been improving the contents of the wireless network security course every year, and gradually finished more chapters of the book. Fifteen years after first signing the contract and 12 years after teaching the same course, with over several thousands of hours joint efforts from all the three co-authors, we are very pleased that we have completed the first edition of "Security in Wireless Communication Networks" and published by Wiley/IEEE Press in 2021.
This book intends to be a self-contained and one semester textbook for both undergraduate senior level and graduate level courses. There are five parts with 15 chapters in the book. Part I, Introduction and Mathematics Background, includes the first three chapters on general introduction on computer communication networks and wireless networks, basic concepts on network security, and a brief review of the mathematical background that is needed to understand the rest of the chapters. Part II, Cryptographic Systems, includes the next three chapters on cryptographic techniques for both symmetric and public key crypto systems, as well as message authentication, digital signature, and key management. Part III, Security for Wireless Local Area Networks, includes four chapters on Wi-Fi security, Bluetooth security, Zigbee security, and RFID security. Part IV, Security for Wireless Wide Area Networks, includes three chapters on GSM security, UMTS security, and LTE security. Part V, Security for Next Generation Wireless Networks, includes two chapters on 5G wireless network security, and vehicular communication network security. In the following is a brief introduction for each of the fifteen chapters.
Chapter 1 delivers the general concept of computer networks, highlights the role of wireless communications in the whole picture of networking architecture, and classifies the wireless systems based on coverage, topology, and mobility. This chapter serves as a precursor to the rest of the book by providing the background of different types of wireless networks, including wireless personal area networks (WPAN), wireless local area networks (WLAN), and wireless wide area networks (WWAN). It also explains the security threats in wireless networks and discusses the relationship between network security and wireless security.
Chapter 2 gives an overview on the security concepts used in the rest of this book, including security attacks, security services, and security mechanisms. It first presents the classification of security attacks in terms of passive attacks (e.g. eavesdropping and traffic analysis) and active attacks (e.g. masquerade, replay, modification, and denial of service). It then introduces security services, or the features in system design against possible security attacks, such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, access control, authentication, and non-repudiation. Finally, to provide security service in a system, a list of popular security mechanisms, such as the encipherment, digital signature, etc., is discussed in the remaining part of the chapter.
Chapter 3 goes into the mathematical background related to wireless security, including number theory and modern algebra, modular arithmetic and divisors, finite fields, polynomial arithmetic, Fermat's little theorem, Euler's totient function, Euler's theory, etc. The aforementioned knowledge is critical for the ones to understand cryptography, such as advanced encryption standards and public-key cryptographic systems. In addition, the fundamental principles and exemplary cases are concisely presented from the perspective of mathematics.
After the mathematical background, Chapters 4 and 5 deal with cryptographic techniques. Chapter 4 first introduces several symmetric key cryptographic techniques by illustrating a few classical cryptographic algorithms with substitution and transposition techniques. It then presents the basic concept of modern stream/block cipher as well as Feistel cipher structure. Chapter 5 explains more cryptographic techniques using block ciphers and public key algorithms, including advanced encryption standard, block cipher mode of operations, public key infrastructure, RSA algorithm, etc.
Chapter 6 introduces message authentication and digital signature to protect the integrity of a message and the identity of a sender and a receiver, respectively. First, this chapter discusses MAC and hash functions thoroughly, both widely used to provide message authentication. Then, it goes into the characteristics of digital signature and a series of digital signature standards such as DSA, RSA, and ECDSA. These can protect the sender and receiver against each other. Within the aforementioned mechanisms, key management and distribution play a critical role. The rest of the chapter gives a general idea and some examples of key management schemes. Both symmetric and asymmetric key distributions have been illustrated. The key distribution mechanisms adopt symmetric and public key mechanisms for different purposes. Besides, practical communication systems with massive users need hierarchical key distribution mechanisms. Readers are expected to understand the basic concepts of the cryptographic techniques illustrated in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6. These algorithms will be seen in the wireless systems introduced in the later chapters. The background of the advanced mathematical contents, such as elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange and elliptic curve digital signature, etc., may be skipped.
The remaining chapters from 7 to 15 focus on the security of specific wireless communication systems, covering different scales of networks and different technologies including WLAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, RFID, GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G. As the emerging vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications are receiving great attention, the fifteenth chapter especially discusses the security of V2X communications.
Chapter 7 discusses the security of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) or interchangeably Wi-Fi nowadays. It starts with an introduction of WLAN in terms of operating modes and security challenges. WLAN is more vulnerable to attacks than wired connections due to the lack of physical connections. It illustrates a few generations of WLAN security protocols, which evolved from the original Wired Equivalent Privacy defined by the IEEE 802.11, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), WPA2, to the recent WPA3 to improve the security. It also analyzes the implementation details of these security protocols.
Chapter 8 deals with Bluetooth security. Bluetooth is an open standard designed for wireless personal area networks (WPAN). Bluetooth technology enables many wireless devices, such as smartwatches, wireless headphones, wireless keyboards, etc. Bluetooth standard specifies authentication, authorization, and confidentiality for securing data transmission. In this chapter, it analyzes the security mode, trust level, and service level configurations that enable flexibility of Bluetooth security policies and highlight that Bluetooth specifications do not ensure secure connections from all adversary penetrations. If using Bluetooth technology in an organization, it is important to develop security policies to address the use of Bluetooth-enabled devices and the responsibilities of users.
Chapter 9 discusses the security of Zigbee. It first gives an overview of Zigbee standards related to different network layers, and then mainly analyzes the key cryptographic mechanisms. As Zigbee adopts symmetric-key cryptographic mechanisms, it especially emphasizes that the secure storage and distribution of keys is the premise of ensuring the security of Zigbee. In practice, the security provided by Zigbee standards is not enough. For example, if a Zigbee device joins a network, intruders can intercept unprotected keys. Moreover, an attacker may easily get physical access to a Zigbee device and extract privileged information due to the low-cost nature. The security must be carefully considered to provide those applications.
Chapter 10 deals with the security of RFID. It first gives an overview of RFID subsystems, different types of RFID tags, and the frequency bands. It then analyzes the security attacks, risks, and security objectives of RFID systems. RFID systems are vulnerable to some attacks (e.g. counterfeit tag, eavesdropping, and electronic collisions) and privacy risks (e.g. disclosure of location information of users). The security objectives of the RFID system include confidentiality, integrity,...
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