
EU Regulation & Transatlantic Trade
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This timely study is of extraordinary value in its potential to elucidate comparable manifestations of this fundamental problem in a wide variety of cases, issue areas, and countries, and in its interdisciplinary approach. As such it will be valuable to all lawyers, policymakers, and scholars in the field of international trade and regulatory politics.
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Content
- Cover
- Half Title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Table of Contents
- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
- CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH PROBLEM
- 1.1 INTERNATIONALISATION AND DOMESTIC REGULATION
- 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THIS STUDY
- 1.3 THE CALIFORNIA EFFECT
- 1.4 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
- 1.4.1 The choice of policy areas
- 1.4.2 The type of standard
- 1.4.3 The countries involved in the process
- 1.4.4 Delimitation in time
- 1.4.5 The research problem
- 1.4.6 The selection of cases and the research questions
- 1.5 THE RESEARCH DESIGN AND THE USE OF THEORY
- 1.5.1 Causal inference from multiple case studies
- 1.5.2 The use of theory
- 1.5.3 Process-tracing
- 1.5.4 The use of sources
- 1.6 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK
- CHAPTER TWO A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
- 2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 2.1.1 The California effect and the two-level game approach
- 2.1.2 Preferences and constraints
- 2.2 INTERNATIONAL BARGAINING
- 2.2.1 Regulatory trade measures and the terms of trade
- 2.2.2 Strategy and commitment in international bargaining
- 2.2.3 Argumentation and legitimacy in international bargaining
- 2.2.4 The role of international law
- 2.3 DOMESTIC POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL BARGAINING
- 2.3.1 Domestic politics and the national interest
- 2.3.2 Governmental actors
- 2.3.3 Formal ratification by parliaments
- 2.3.4 Informal ratification by interest groups
- 2.3.5 The initial situation
- 2.4 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC POLITICS
- 2.4.1 Affecting the target country's win-set
- 2.4.2 Affecting the initiator country's win-set
- 2.4.3 Manipulation of the win-set in the domestic context
- 2.4.4 Transnational actors and coalitions in two-level games
- 2.5 SUMMARY AND HYPOTHESES
- CHAPTER THREE THE EUROPEAN LEGHOLD TRAP REGULATION
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
- 3.2 THE EUROPEAN BAN
- 3.3 THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN REGULATION ON THE US AND CANADA
- 3.3.1 The regulation of traps and trapping in the US and Canada
- 3.3.2 Trappers and the for industry in the US and Canada
- 3.3.3 The (potential) impact of the European Regulation
- 3.4 COMPATIBILITY WITH GATT/WTO LAW
- 3.4.1 The GATT/WTO's prohibitions
- 3.4.2 The general exceptions in GATT Article XX
- 3.4.3 The European leghold trap Regulation and GATT Article XX
- 3.5 NEGOTIATING AN AGREEMENT
- 3.5.1 The early initiatives
- 3.5.2 The ISO process
- 3.5.3 The negotiations between Canada, the US and the EC
- 3.5.4 The International Agreements on Humane Trapping Standards
- 3.6 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGREEMENTS AND FURTHER DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENTS
- 3.6.1 Developments and implementation in the US
- 3.6.2 Developments and implementation in Canada
- 3.6.3 Developments and implementation in the EC
- 3.7 CONCLUSIONS
- 3.7.1 A California effect or not?
- 3.7.2 Explaining the outcomes
- CHAPTER FOUR THE EUROPEAN BAN ON THE USE OF GROWTH-HORMONES IN MEAT PRODUCTION
- 4.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
- 4.2 THE EUROPEAN BAN ON THE USE OF GROWTH-HORMONES
- 4.3 THE INITIAL SITUATION IN THE US AND CANADA AND EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
- 4.3.1 The initial situation in the US and Canada
- 4.3.2 Early developments
- 4.4 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS AND THE WTO CASES
- 4.4.1 Standard-setting in the Codex Alimentarius Commission
- 4.4.2 The SPS Agreement and the cases before the WTO
- 4.5 THE PROCESS AFTER THE WTO CASES
- 4.5.1 Arbitration and retaliation
- 4.5.2 Developments in the EC
- 4.5.3 The talks on compensation and the exports of non-treated beef
- 4.5.4 Regulatory developments in the US and Canada
- 4.6 CONCLUSIONS
- 4.6.1 A California effect or not?
- 4.6.2 Explaining the outcomes
- CHAPTER FIVE GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS AND FOOD PRODUCTS
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
- 5.1.1 What is genetic modification?
- 5.1.2 The promises and risks inherent in agricultural biotechnology
- 5.1.3 International work on GM food safety
- 5.2 THE INITIAL SITUATION IN THE US AND CANADA
- 5.2.1 The initial situation in the United States
- 5.2.2 The initial situation in Canada
- 5.3 THE EUROPEAN REGULATION OF GM FOODS
- 5.3.1 Horizontal and vertical legislation
- 5.3.2 Developments in the late 1990s
- 5.3.3 The shifting political balance in the EC
- 5.4 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
- 5.4.1 Debates in international forums
- 5.4.2 Compatibility with GATT/WTO law
- 5.4.3 GATT/WTO law and the Cartagena Protocol
- 5.5 REACTIONS IN THE US AND CANADA
- 5.5.1 Impact on trade and bilateral initiatives
- 5.5.2 Domestic developments in the US
- 5.5.3 Domestic developments in Canada
- 5.6 CONCLUSIONS
- 5.6.1 A California effect or not?
- 5.6.2 Explaining the outcomes
- CHAPTER SIX THE EUROPEAN DATA PROTECTION DIRECTIVE
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
- 6.1.1 Data protection and international trade
- 6.1.2 International work on data protection and transborder data flows
- 6.2 THE EC DATA PROTECTION DIRECTIVE
- 6.2.1 History and background
- 6.2.2 Directive 95/46 and data transfers to third countries
- 6.3 THE EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
- 6.4 THE EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE AND THE US
- 6.4.1 The initial situation in the US
- 6.4.2 Domestic developments after the adoption of the European Directive
- 6.4.3 Setting the stage for an agreement
- 6.4.4 The Safe Harbour negotiations
- 6.5 THE EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE AND CANADA
- 6.5.1 The initial situation in Canada
- 6.5.2 Reactions to the European Directive and further developments
- 6.6 CONCLUSIONS
- 6.6.1 A California effect or not?
- 6.6.2 Explaining the outcomes
- CHAPTER SEVEN SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- 7.1 THE EIGHT CASES AND THEIR OUTCOMES
- 7.2 EXPLAINING THE OUTCOMES
- 7.2.1 Changing constraints
- 7.2.2 Changing preferences
- 7.2.3 Expanding participation
- 7.2.4 Providing an answer to the research problem
- 7.3 Generalising the conclusions to other cases
- 7.3.1 Generalising the conclusions to other issues
- 7.3.2 Generalising the conclusions to other issue areas
- 7.3.3 Generalising the conclusions to other countries
- LIST OF INTERVIEWS
- REFERENCES
- INDEX
- Back Cover
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