High-Performance Metallic Biomaterials

Name: High-Performance Metallic Biomaterials | Surface Modification and Coating of Implants
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Surface Modification and Coating of Implants

Arbind Prasad Manoj Kumar Sinha J. Paulo Davim(Editor)

De Gruyter (Publisher)

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Published on 18. August 2025

X, 370 pages

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978-3-11-157142-3 (ISBN)

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__ Dr. Arbind Prasad has completed his Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering) from the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India. He has also earned the gold medal in his M. Tech. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor and Head (Mechanical Engineering) in the Department of Science, Technology and Technical Education, Government of Bihar, at Katihar Engineering College, Katihar, Bihar, India. He has four granted patents out of his research work. He has 15 international Journal papers, edited 09 books (Wiley, Elsevier, AAP, De Gruyter, and CRC Press (Taylor & Francis) USA), 35 book chapters, and 15 reputed international conference papers to his credit. Dr. Arbind Prasad has obtained various prestigious awards such as the Sponsored Research Industrial Consultancy (SRIC) award from IIT Kanpur, Best Oral Presentation from the American Chemical Society, and Best Paper awards from IIT Guwahati during Research Conclave. He has completed numerous projects funded by the State Government. He is an Associate Editor for the International Journal of Materials, Manufacturing and Sustainable Technologies (IJMMST) and an early career editor for the International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences (IJMEMS) Indexed in ESCI/Scopus and DOAJ. He is an editorial board member of various international journals and acts as an active review board member of 10 prestigious (Indexed in SCI/SCIE/Scopus) and guest editor in special issues of international journals with high impact factor i.e. Bioengineering, Journal of Design, Materials, Journal of functional materials, Molecules, etc. His main areas of research include Resorbable polymers, metallic biomaterials, biobased coating, nanocoating, recycling of biodegradable polymers, Healthcare devices, Implants, biomaterials, materials processing, design, and manufacturing techniques of biomedical implants . He is also a lifetime member of the Society of Polymer Science India, the Material Research Society of India, the Society of Biomaterials and Artificial Organs of India, the Asian Polymer Association, and the Indian Society of Technical Education.

_ Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana. Earlier He was associated with the National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, H.P., India. Dr. Sinha has completed his Ph.D. and MTech. from IIT Delhi and IIT Guwahati respectively. He has published 35 research papers in peer-reviewed journals. His area of research includes Sustainable Machining/manufacturing, biocomposite characterizations, nanomaterials, hydrogels, metallic surface texture, coatings, and implant devices. He is an active reviewer of various journals of repute.

_ Prof. J. Paulo Davim is a Full Professor at the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He is also distinguished as honorary professor in several universities/colleges/institutes in China, India and Spain. He received his PhD in Mechanical Engineering, MSc in Mechanical Engineering (materials and manufacturing processes) and Mechanical Engineering degree (5 years), from the University of Porto (FEUP), the Aggregate title (Full Habilitation) from the University of Coimbra and the DSc (Higher Doctorate) from London Metropolitan University. He is Fellow (FIET) of IET-London and Eur Ing by Engineers Europe FEANI-Brussels. He is also Senior Chartered Engineer by the Portuguese Institution of Engineers with an MBA and Specialist titles in Engineering and Industrial Management as well as in Metrology. He has more than 35 years of teaching and research experience in Manufacturing, Materials, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, with special emphasis in Machining, Tribology & Surface Engineering. He has also interest in Design, Management, Sustainability, Artificial Intelligence, Engineering Education and Higher Education for Sustainability. He has guided large numbers of postdoc, PhD and master's students as well as has coordinated and participated in several financed research projects. He has received several scientific awards and honors. He has worked as evaluator of projects for ERC-European Research Council and other international research agencies as well as examiner of PhD thesis for many universities in different countries. He is the Editor in Chief of several international journals, book Series Editor and Scientific Advisory for many conferences.

Editor

Arbind Prasad

Manoj Kumar Sinha

J. Paulo Davim

ISNI: 0000 0001 2325 6429 GND: 1043445226

Content

Intro
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
Editors short bio
List of contributing authors
Chapter 1 Introduction to high-performance metallic biomaterials
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Defining high-performance metallic biomaterials
1.3 Titanium and its alloy
1.4 Cobalt and its alloys
1.5 Stainless steel
1.6 Magnesium and its alloy
1.7 High-entropy alloys
1.8 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Design strategy of metallic biomaterials for biomedical applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Design innovations in metallic implants
2.2.1 Alloy design for enhanced performance
2.2.2 Surface modification techniques
2.2.3 Emerging trends in metallic implants
2.2.3.1 Biodegradable metallic implants
2.2.3.2 Smart metallic implants
2.3 Design considerations for metallic biomaterials in biomedical applications
2.3.1 Material selection
2.3.2 Balancing strength, ductility, and biocompatibility
2.4 Corrosion and degradation of metallic implants
2.4.1 Pitting corrosion
2.4.2 Galvanic corrosion
2.4.3 Fretting corrosion
2.5 Surface engineering and functionalization
2.6 Additive manufacturing and customization
2.6.1 Emerging trends and future directions
2.6.2 Nanoengineered surfaces in biomaterials
2.6.3 Artificial intelligence in biomaterial design
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Stainless steel-based biomaterial for orthopedic fixations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Stainless steel and orthopedics
3.2.1 Stainless steel: a preferred material for implants
3.2.2 Other metal alloys for orthopedics
3.3 Metallurgical and compositional aspects of stainless steel
3.3.1 Stainless steel: 316L
3.3.2 Chromium, nickel, and molybdenum in stainless steel
3.3.3 Effect of microstructure and heat treatment on mechanical properties
3.4 Mechanical properties of stainless steel as an orthopedic implant
3.4.1 Elastic modulus, tensile strength, and yield strength
3.4.2 Fatigue resistance and durability
3.4.3 Load-bearing applications: screws, plates, and rods
3.5 Corrosion behavior of stainless steel in the human body
3.5.1 Chloride environment: pitting and crevice corrosion
3.6 Stainless steel implants and their biocompatibility
3.6.1 Stainless steel: bones and soft tissue interactions
3.6.2 Release and toxicity of metal ions
3.6.3 Immune-induced inflammatory responses
3.7 Strategies to mitigate corrosion: coating and surface treatment of stainless steel
3.7.1 Passivation, alloying, and electropolishing
3.7.2 Plasma nitriding and ion implantation
3.7.3 Antibacterial and bioactive coatings
3.7.4 Trends in surface modifications and future prospects
3.8 Stainless steel: applications in orthopedic fixations
3.8.1 Fracture fixation devices: plates, screws, and pins
3.8.2 Joint replacement components
3.8.3 Spinal fixation devices
3.9 Merits and demerits of stainless steel in orthopedic fixation
3.9.1 Merits of stainless steel as an orthopedic implant
3.9.2 Demerits of stainless steel as an orthopedic implant
3.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Magnesium alloys for biomedical applications
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Alloying with rare earth elements and other metals
4.2 Properties of Mg alloys relevant to biomedical applications
4.3 Techniques to enhance the properties of Mg alloys
4.3.1 Alloying strategies to enhance Mg properties
4.3.2 Surface modification techniques for enhancing properties of Mg alloys
4.3.2.1 Coating technologies
4.3.2.2 Calcium phosphate coatings
4.3.2.3 Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings
4.4 Emerging trends in surface treatments
4.4.1 Ion implantation
4.4.2 Nanocoatings
4.5 Additive manufacturing of Mg-based implants
4.5.1 3D printing techniques for Mg alloys
4.5.2 Design considerations and customized implants
4.5.3 Advantages of additive manufacturing in biomedical applications
4.6 Future scope and conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Titanium and titanium alloys in medical applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ti and Ti alloys used in medical applications
5.2.1 Wear resistance
5.2.2 Biofunctionality or osseointegration
5.2.3 Corrosion resistance
5.3 Need of surface modification
5.4 Important coatings for Ti and Ti alloys for medical applications
5.4.1 Hydroxyapatite (HAp)
5.4.2 Carbon-utilized coatings
5.4.3 High-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings
5.4.4 Metal oxides
5.4.5 Transition metal nitrides (TMeNs)
5.5 Surface modifications of Ti and Ti alloys for medical applications
5.5.1 Improving wear resistance
5.5.2 Improving biofunction
5.5.3 Improving corrosion resistance
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Titanium dioxide coating for biomedical devices
6.1 Introduction to titanium dioxide (TiO2)
6.2 Properties of TiO2
6.2.1 Crystal properties
6.2.2 Optical properties
6.2.3 Electrochemical properties
6.3 Coating technique use to coat TiO2
6.3.1 Spin coating
6.3.1.1 Stage i: substrate preparation and solution dispensing
6.3.1.2 Stage ii: formation of wet film
6.3.1.3 Stage iii: solvent evaporation and final coating formation
6.3.2 Magnetron sputtering
6.3.3 Pulsed laser deposition
6.3.4 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
6.3.5 Electrodeposition
6.3.6 Spray coating
6.3.7 Dip coating
6.4 Characterization of TiO2 coating
6.4.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
6.4.1.1 Key aspects of XRD in TiO2 coating characterization
6.4.1.1.1 XRD testing for TiO2 coatings
6.4.2 Scanning electron microscopy
6.4.3 Transmission electron microscopy
6.4.4 Contact angle measurement of TiO2 coating
6.5 Application of TiO2 coating
6.5.1 Photocatalytic applications
6.5.2 Biomedical applications
6.5.3 TiO2 in the food industry and cosmetics
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Surface topographies in the manufacturing of biomedical implants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Surface characteristics in manufacturing
7.3 Role of surface topography in biomedical implants
7.4 Manufacturing and surface preparation
7.5 Emergence and control of surface roughness
7.6 Summary
References
Chapter 8 Nanocoating for medical devices
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of nanomaterials used in medical coatings
8.2.1 Nanoparticles
8.2.2 Nanostructured surfaces
8.2.3 Nanocomposites
8.3 Fabrication techniques for nanocoatings
8.3.1 Sol-gel processes
8.3.2 Chemical vapor deposition
8.3.3 Electrospinning
8.4 Applications of nanocoatings in medical devices
8.5 Biocompatibility and safety considerations
8.6 Challenges and future perspectives
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Surface modification of bone screws, reconstruction surgeries
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials commonly used for bone screws
9.2.1 Metallic materials
9.2.2 Biodegradable polymers
9.2.3 Composite materials
9.3 Surface modification techniques
9.3.1 Coating technologies
9.3.2 Roughening and texturing the surface
9.3.3 Surface modification techniques and their benefits
9.4 Clinical implications of surface modifications
9.4.1 Enhanced osseointegration
9.4.2 Lowered infection risk
9.4.3 Improved mechanical stability
9.4.4 Evolution of implants
9.4.5 Methods to determine osseointegration
9.4.6 Osseointegration: prime focus
9.4.7 Coating processes
9.4.8 Latest research on coatings and future direction
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Emerging application of modern additively manufactured medical implants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Additive manufacturing techniques for medical implants
10.2.1 Selective laser melting (SLM)
10.2.2 Electron beam melting (EBM)
10.2.3 Binder jetting
10.2.4 Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
10.2.5 Stereolithography (SLA)
10.3 Materials for additively manufactured implants
10.3.1 Titanium and titanium alloys
10.3.2 Cobalt-chromium alloys
10.3.3 Stainless steel
10.3.4 Bioceramics
10.3.5 Polymers
10.3.6 Magnesium alloys
10.4 Applications of additively manufactured medical implants
10.4.1 Orthopedic implants
10.4.2 Dental implants
10.4.3 Cardiovascular applications
10.4.4 Maxillofacial and craniofacial implants
10.4.5 Bioabsorbable and drug-eluting implants
10.4.6 Presurgical planning and training
10.4.7 Emerging applications: bioprinting and tissue engineering
10.4.8 Advantages of additive manufacturing for medical implants
10.5 Challenges in additive manufacturing of medical implants
10.6 Future trends and innovations
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Laser surface modification of metallic implant materials
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification of metallic biomaterials
11.2.1 Titanium and its alloys
11.2.2 Stainless steel
11.2.3 Cobalt alloys
11.2.4 Magnesium alloys
11.2.5 Zirconium alloys
11.2.6 Zinc alloys
11.2.7 High-entropy alloys
11.3 Surface modification techniques for implant material
11.4 Surface modification of implant materials by laser
11.4.1 Titanium and its alloys
11.4.2 Stainless steel
11.5 Failure of implant materials
11.5.1 Formation of biofilms
11.5.2 Weak osseointegration
11.5.3 Wear
11.5.4 Corrosion
11.6 Biocompatibility testing
11.7 Challenges and future trends
11.8 Summary
References
Chapter 12 Electrochemical investigations and corrosion stability of the metallic implants
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methodology
12.3 Results
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 In vitro studies of metallic biomaterials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Types of metallic implant
13.2.1 Stainless steel
13.2.2 Titanium and its alloys
13.2.3 Cobalt-chromium alloys
13.2.4 Magnesium alloys
13.3 Cytocompatibility of different metallic implants
13.3.1 Cell adherence to substances
13.4 In vitro cytotoxicity test for metallic implants
13.4.1 Colony formation assay for cytotoxicity
13.4.2 ISO 10993-5
13.4.3 Direct contact assays
13.4.4 Tetrazolium salt-based assays (e.g., MTT and WST-8)
13.4.4.1 MTT assay
13.4.4.2 WST-8 assay
13.4.5 3D cell culture models
13.4.6 Biochemical assays
13.4.7 Inflammatory response assessment
13.5 Challenges and future directions
13.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Surface modification and coating of metallic implants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Metallic biomaterials: an overview
14.2.1 Titanium and its alloys
14.2.2 Stainless steel
14.2.3 Cobalt-chromium alloys
14.2.4 Magnesium-based alloys
14.2.5 Nitinol
14.2.6 Other metallic biomaterials
14.3 Processing techniques
14.3.1 Casting
14.3.2 Powder metallurgy
14.3.3 Additive manufacturing
14.3.4 Surface modification
14.3.5 Cold spray processing
14.3.6 Rapid solidification processing
14.3.7 Electroforming
14.4 Characterization techniques
14.4.1 Mechanical testing
14.4.2 Corrosion testing
14.4.3 Microstructural analysis
14.4.4 Surface characterization
14.4.5 Biocompatibility testing
14.5 Case studies
14.5.1 Titanium alloy implants
14.5.2 Magnesium-based biodegradable implants
14.5.3 Nitinol stents
14.6 Future directions
14.6.1 Advanced manufacturing technologies
14.6.2 Nanotechnology and surface engineering
14.6.3 Smart and functional biomaterials
14.6.4 Biodegradable metallic biomaterials
14.6.5 Computational modeling and simulation
14.6.6 Regulatory and standardization advances
14.6.7 Interdisciplinary collaboration
14.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Challenges and prospects of metallic biomaterials: innovations, advances, and future directions
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Overview of metallic biomaterials
15.1.2 Importance in modern medicine and engineering
15.2 Fundamentals of metallic biomaterials
15.2.1 Definition and classification
15.2.2 Historical evolution and milestones
15.2.3 Properties and requirements for biomedical applications
15.2.4 Biocompatibility and corrosion resistance considerations
15.3 Types of metallic biomaterials and their applications
15.3.1 Titanium and titanium alloys
15.3.1.1 Properties and biocompatibility
15.3.1.2 Applications in orthopedics and dentistry
15.3.2 Stainless steel alloys
15.3.2.1 Mechanical properties and limitations
15.3.2.2 Applications in surgical implants
15.3.3 Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys
15.3.3.1 Strength and wear resistance
15.3.3.2 Applications in joint replacements
15.3.4 Magnesium (Mg)-based alloys
15.3.4.1 Biodegradability and challenges
15.3.4.2 Applications in temporary implants
15.3.5 Nitinol (nickel-titanium) alloys
15.3.5.1 Shape memory and superelasticity
15.3.5.2 Applications in stents and orthodontics
15.4 Manufacturing and processing techniques
15.4.1 Traditional fabrication methods
15.4.2 Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
15.4.3 Surface modifications for enhanced performance
15.4.4 Coating technologies for improved biocompatibility
15.5 Challenges in metallic biomaterials
15.5.1 Corrosion and degradation issues
15.5.2 Wear and fatigue failure
15.5.3 Ion release and toxicity concerns
15.5.4 Immune response and inflammatory reactions
15.5.5 Cost and accessibility of advanced alloys
15.6 Innovations and advances in metallic biomaterials
15.6.1 Smart and bioactive coatings
15.6.1.1 Types of smart and bioactive coatings
15.6.2 Hybrid and composite metallic materials
15.6.2.1 Hybrid and composite metallic biomaterials
15.6.3 Nanotechnology and surface engineering
15.6.3.1 Nanotechnology innovations in biomaterials
15.6.4 AI and computational approaches in biomaterials design
15.6.4.1 Applications of AI in biomaterials design
15.7 Regulatory and ethical considerations
15.7.1 Global standards and approvals (FDA, ISO, CE)
15.7.2 Ethical concerns in biomedical implantation
15.7.3 Long-term safety and post-market surveillance
15.8 Future prospects and emerging trends
15.9 Conclusion
References
Index
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High-Performance Metallic Biomaterials

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