AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM

This, the first mature original work of the author, was written in 1709, when Pope was in his twentieth year. It was not published till 1711.

PART I

Introduction. That it is as great a fault to judge ill as to write ill, and a more dangerous one to the public. That a true Taste is as rare to be found as a true Genius. That most men are born with some Taste, but spoiled by false education. The multitude of Critics, and causes of them. That we are to study our own Taste, and know the limits of it. Nature the best guide of judgment. Improved by Art and rules, which are but methodized Nature. Rules derived from the practice of the ancient poets. That therefore the ancients are necessary to be studied by a Critic, particularly Homer and Virgil. Of licenses, and the use of them by the ancients. Reverence due to the ancients, and praise of them.

'T is hard to say if greater want of skill

Appear in writing or in judging ill;

But of the two less dangerous is th' offence

To tire our patience than mislead our sense:

Some few in that, but numbers err in this;

Ten censure wrong for one who writes amiss;

A fool might once himself alone expose;

Now one in verse makes many more in prose.

'T is with our judgments as our watches, none

Go just alike, yet each believes his own.10

In Poets as true Genius is but rare,

True Taste as seldom is the Critic's share;

Both must alike from Heav'n derive their light,

These born to judge, as well as those to write.

who themselves excel,

And censure freely who have written well;

Authors are partial to their wit, 't is true,

But are not Critics to their judgment too?

Yet if we look more closely, we shall find

in their mind:20

Nature affords at least a glimm'ring light;

The lines, tho' touch'd but faintly, are drawn right:

But as the slightest sketch, if justly traced, }

Is by ill col'ring but the more disgraced, }

is good sense defaced: }

Some are bewilder'd in the maze of schools,

And some made coxcombs Nature meant but fools:

In search of wit these lose their common sense,

And then turn Critics in their own defence:

Each burns alike, who can or cannot write,

Or with a rival's or an eunuch's spite.31

All fools have still an itching to deride,

And fain would be upon the laughing side.

If Mævius scribble in Apollo's spite,

There are who judge still worse than he can write.

Some have at first for Wits, then Poets pass'd;

Turn'd Critics next, and prov'd plain Fools at last.

Some neither can for Wits nor Critics pass,

As heavy mules are neither horse nor ass.

Those half-learn'd witlings, numerous in our isle,40

As half-form'd insects on the banks of Nile;

Unfinish'd things, one knows not what to call,

Their generation 's so equivocal;

To tell them would a hundred tongues require,

Or one vain Wit's, that might a hundred tire.

But you who seek to give and merit fame,

And justly bear a Critic's noble name,

Be sure yourself and your own reach to know,

How far your Genius, Taste, and Learning go,

Launch not beyond your depth, but be discreet,50

And mark that point where Sense and Dulness meet.

Nature to all things fix'd the limits fit,

And wisely curb'd proud man's pretending wit.

As on the land while here the ocean gains,

In other parts it leaves wide sandy plains;

Thus in the soul while Memory prevails,

The solid power of Understanding fails;

Where beams of warm Imagination play,

The Memory's soft figures melt away.

One Science only will one genius fit;60

So vast is Art, so narrow human wit:

Not only bounded to peculiar arts,

But oft in those confin'd to single parts.

Like Kings we lose the conquests gain'd before,

By vain ambition still to make them more:

Each might his sev'ral province well command,

Would all but stoop to what they understand.

First follow Nature, and your judgment frame

By her just standard, which is still the same;

Unerring Nature, still divinely bright,70

One clear, unchanged, and universal light,

Life, force, and beauty must to all impart,

At once the source, and end, and test of Art.

Art from that fund each just supply provides,

Works without show, and without pomp presides.

In some fair body thus th' informing soul

With spirits feeds, with vigour fills the whole;

Each motion guides, and every nerve sustains,

Itself unseen, but in th' effects remains.

Some, to whom Heav'n in wit has been profuse,80

Want as much more to turn it to its use;

For Wit and Judgment often are at strife,

Tho' meant each other's aid, like man and wife.

'T is more to guide than spur the Muse's steed,

Restrain his fury than provoke his speed:

The winged courser, like a gen'rous horse,

Shows most true mettle when you check his course.

Those rules of old, discover'd, not devised,

Are Nature still, but Nature methodized;

Nature, like Liberty, is but restrain'd90

By the same laws which first herself ordain'd.

Hear how learn'd Greece her useful rules indites

When to repress and when indulge our flights:

High on Parnassus' top her sons she show'd,

And pointed out those arduous paths they trod;

Held from afar, aloft, th' immortal prize,

And urged the rest by equal steps to rise.

thus from great examples giv'n,

She drew from them what they derived from Heav'n.

The gen'rous Critic fann'd the poet's fire,

And taught the world with reason to admire.101

Then Criticism the Muse's handmaid prov'd,

To dress her charms, and make her more belov'd:

But following Wits from that intention stray'd:

Who could not win the mistress woo'd the maid;

Against the Poets their own arms they turn'd,

Sure to hate most the men from whom they learn'd.

So modern 'pothecaries, taught the art

By doctors' bills to play the doctor's part,

Bold in the practice of mistaken rules,110

Prescribe, apply, and call their masters fools.

Some on the leaves of ancient authors prey;

Nor time nor moths e'er spoil'd so much as they;

Some drily plain, without invention's aid,

Write dull receipts how poems may be made;

These leave the sense their learning to display,

And those explain the meaning quite away.

You then whose judgment the right course would steer,

Know well each ancient's proper character;

His fable, subject, scope in every page;120

Religion, country, genius of his age:

Without all these at once before your eyes,

Cavil you may, but never criticise.

Be Homer's works your study and delight,

Read them by day, and meditate by night;

Thence form your judgment, thence your maxims bring,

And trace the Muses upward to their spring.

Still with itself compared, his text peruse;

And let your comment be the Mantuan Muse.

When first young Maro in his boundless mind130

A work t' outlast immortal Rome design'd,

Perhaps he seem'd above the critic's law,

And but from Nature's fountains scorn'd to draw;

But when t' examine ev'ry part he came,

Nature and Homer were, he found, the same.

Convinced, amazed, he checks the bold design, }

And rules as strict his labour'd work confine }

As if the Stagyrite o'erlook'd each line. }

Learn hence for ancient rules a just esteem;

To copy Nature is to copy them.140

Some beauties yet no precepts can declare,

For there 's a happiness as well as care.

Music resembles poetry; in each }

Are nameless graces which no methods teach, }

And which a master-hand alone can reach. }

If, where the rules not far enough extend,

(Since rules were made but to promote their end)

Some lucky license answer to the full

Th' intent proposed, that license is a rule.

Thus Pegasus, a nearer way to take,150

May boldly deviate from the common track.

Great Wits sometimes may gloriously offend,

And rise to faults true Critics dare not mend;

From vulgar bounds with brave disorder part,

And snatch a grace beyond the reach of Art,

Which, without passing thro' the judgment, gains

The heart, and all its end at once attains.

In prospects thus some objects please our eyes, }

Which out of Nature's common order rise, }

The shapeless rock, or hanging precipice. }

But tho' the ancients thus their rules invade,161

(As Kings dispense with laws themselves have made)

Moderns, beware! or if you must offend

Against the precept, ne'er transgress its end;

Let it be seldom, and compell'd by need;

And have at least their precedent to plead;

The Critic else proceeds without remorse,

Seizes your fame, and puts his laws in force.

I know there are to whose presumptuous thoughts

Those freer beauties, ev'n in them, seem faults.170

Some figures monstrous and misshaped appear,

Consider'd singly, or beheld too near,

Which, but proportion'd to their light or...