Cardiovascular MR Manual
2nd Edition
Published on 15. September 2015
X, 487 pages
978-3-319-20940-1 (ISBN)
Description
The book provides an introduction to CMR imaging that is understandable and focused on the relevant information needed to using CMR imaging in clinical practice. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has become an established imaging modality with an expanding range of clinical indications. While in the past the availability of CMR imaging was limited to a few specialist centres the method is becoming more widely available. Most clinicians therefore need to have a general understanding of the diagnostic information that can be obtained from CMR imaging, the indications for referral as well as contraindications and limitations of the method. For cardiologists and radiologists in particular, CMR imaging will become a routine diagnostic tool and training curricula in Cardiology or Radiology reflect this trend by increasingly demanding training in CMR imaging.
More details
Series
Edition
2nd ed. 2015
Language
English
Place of publication
Cham
Switzerland
Publishing group
Springer International Publishing
Target group
Professional and scholarly
Product notice
Reflowable
Illustrations
X, 487 p. 288 illus., 150 illus. in color.
File size
28,83 MB
ISBN-13
978-3-319-20940-1 (9783319209401)
DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-20940-1
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
Sven Plein | John Greenwood | John P. Ridgway
Cardiovascular MR Manual
Book
09/2015
2nd Edition
Springer
€149.79
Shipment within 10-15 days
Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Contributors
- Part I: How Does CMR Work?
- 1: What's Inside the Magnet and Why?
- The Main Magnet
- The Gradient Coil Assembly
- The Integral Radiofrequency (RF) Body Transmitter Coil
- The Receiver Coil
- Further Reading
- 2: The MRI Environment
- The Examination Room and RF Shielding
- The Magnetic Fringe Field Hazard and the Controlled Area
- Active and Passive Magnetic Shielding
- References
- 3: Protons and Spins: The Origin of the MR Signal
- MR Images: What Are We Looking at?
- Proton Spin and Net Magnetisation
- What Determines the Size of the Net Magnetisation?
- Further Reading
- 4: Generating a Signal: RF Pulses and Echoes
- How Do We Generate a Signal?
- What Does the RF Pulse Do to the Magnetisation?
- Longitudinal and Transverse Components of Magnetisation
- Flip Angle and Common RF Pulses
- Low Flip Angle RF Excitation Pulse
- 90° RF Excitation Pulse
- 180° RF Pulse (Refocusing Pulse)
- 180° RF Pulse (Inversion Pulse)
- What Does the MR Signal Look Like?
- Further Reading
- 5: Relaxation Times, Gradient Echoes and Spin Echoes
- Relaxation: What Happens After the RF Excitation Pulse?
- What is T1 Relaxation?
- Transverse Relaxation and MR Signal Decay
- What is T2 Relaxation?
- What is T2* Relaxation?
- MR Echoes
- Gradient Echoes
- Spin Echoes
- Further Reading
- 6: Making an Image: Locating and Encoding Signals in Space
- Selecting an Image Slice
- Encoding the MR Signal within the Slice
- Phase Encoding
- Frequency Encoding
- How is the Frequency-Encoded Signal Decoded?
- How Do We Make Sure That the Gradients We Apply for Imaging don't Destroy the Signal?
- Why isn't a Single Phase and Frequency Encoded Signal Enough to Reconstruct an Image?
- Field of View in the Phase Encoding Direction
- Phase Encoding, Image Matrix and Acquisition Time
- Further Reading
- 7: Image Space and k-Space
- Further Reading
- 8: Imaging Parameters and Image Attributes
- Spatial Resolution and Image Acquisition Time
- Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- Factors that Determine Image Quality
- Intrinsic Signal Amplitude
- Signal Averaging
- SNR and Receiver Bandwidth
- Imaging Parameters: Practical Examples
- 2D and 3D Imaging
- Further Reading
- 9: Improving SNR with Surface Coils and Array Coils
- Further Reading
- 10: Pulse Sequences and Image Contrast
- Dependence of the MR Signal on TR and TE
- Image Contrast and Weighting
- Long TR and Short TE (Fig. 10.2)
- Short TR, Short TE (Fig. 10.3)
- Long TR, Long TE (Fig. 10.4)
- Short TR, Long TE (Fig. 10.5)
- Further Reading
- 11: Gradient Echo Versus Spin Echo
- Further Reading
- 12: Black Blood Versus Bright Blood Imaging
- Black Blood (Spin Echo Pulse Sequence)
- Black Blood: Double Inversion Preparation Pulses
- Bright Blood (Gradient Echo Pulse Sequence)
- Further Reading
- 13: Dealing with Cardiac Motion: How Do We Image the Beating Heart?
- Still Imaging
- Cine Imaging
- Triggering Versus Gating for Cine Imaging
- Prospective Versus Retrospective ECG Gating
- Spoiled Gradient Echo Versus bSSFP
- Spoiled Gradient Echo
- Balanced Steady State Free Precession (bSSFP)
- Further Reading
- 14: Dealing with Respiratory Motion
- Respiratory Compensation (Respiratory Gating)
- Respiratory Gating Using Navigator Echoes
- Further Reading
- 15: Fast Imaging: How Do We Speed Up the Image Acquisition?
- Turbo (or Fast) Spin Echo
- Turbo (or Fast) Gradient Echo
- Fast Spoiled Gradient Echo
- Steady State Free Precession (SSFP)
- Echo Planar Imaging (EPI)
- Reducing the Total Number of Phase Encoding Steps Acquired for Each Image
- Parallel Imaging
- Further Reading
- 16: Special Pulse Sequences for Cardiac Imaging
- Selective Tissue Saturation
- Frequency Selective Fat Suppression
- Pros and Cons of Frequency-Selective Fat Suppression (cf. STIR)
- STIR and Turbo STIR
- Pros and Cons of STIR (cf. Frequency-Selective Fat Suppression)
- Black Blood FSE/TSE
- Black Blood TurboSTIR (Triple Inversion Recovery)
- Inversion Recovery Fast/Turbo Gradient Echo
- Navigator-Gated 3D Fast/Turbo Gradient Echo (Coronary Artery Imaging)
- Key Features of a Navigator-Gated 3D Coronary Artery Imaging Sequence
- Cine Gradient Echo
- Velocity Encoded Cine Gradient Echo (Velocity Mapping)
- Myocardial Tagging (Binomial Preparation Pulses)
- Saturation Recovery, Single-Shot Fast Gradient Echo for Dynamic, Contrast-Enhanced Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
- Further Reading
- 17: Common Artefacts
- Image Aliasing
- Aliasing Artefacts with Parallel Imaging
- Ghosting Artefacts from Motion (Respiratory)
- Ghosting Artefacts from Motion (Pulsatile Flow)
- Flow Related Signal Loss & Flow Jets
- Chemical Shift Artefact
- Magnetic Susceptibility Artefacts
- Metallic Artefact
- Radiofrequency Interference Artefacts
- Reference
- Further Reading
- 18: Influence of Field Strength on CMR
- Potential Benefits of Increasing Field Strength from 1.5 to 3.0 T
- Drawbacks and Technical Challenges of Imaging at 3.0 T
- Increased ECG Artefact
- Increased Magnetic Susceptibility Artefacts
- Increased Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
- Increased Inhomogeneity of the RF (B1) Field
- Changes to Relaxation Times
- Safety of Implanted Devices at 3.0 T
- Clinical CMR Techniques at 3.0 T
- Black-Blood Fast/Turbo Spin Echo
- Functional Cine Imaging
- Velocity-Encoded Cine Imaging
- Myocardial Tagging
- Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) Imaging
- Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
- Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
- 3D Navigator-Gated Coronary MRA
- References
- Further Reading
- Part II: How CMR Is Performed
- 19: The Basics of a CMR Study
- The Referral
- Indications for CMR
- Contraindications/Safety
- Screening
- Contraindications to CMR Scanning
- Medical Devices
- Heating Effects
- Contrast Agents and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
- Performing Stress Examinations in CMR
- Other Safety Issues
- Setting up a CMR Study
- Equipment
- ECG Signals
- Patient Preparation
- Commencing the Scan
- References
- 20: Components of CMR Protocols
- Introduction
- Localising Images and Simple Planning
- Interactive Planning
- Anatomical & Morphological Imaging
- T1-weighted (Black Blood) Imaging
- T2-weighted (Black Blood) Imaging
- T2* Relaxometry
- Cine Imaging
- Real-Time Cine Imaging
- Quantitation
- Myocardial Tagging
- Phase Contrast Velocity Encoding
- Contrast Enhanced MR Angiography (Excluding Coronary Arteries)
- Myocardial Perfusion CMR
- Spoiled Gradient Echo
- Balanced Steady State Free Precession (bSSFP)
- Echo Planar Imaging (EPI)
- Reproducible Planning of Three Short Axis Slices
- 'Dark Rim Artefact'
- Interpretation of CMR Myocardial Perfusion Images
- Visual Assessment
- Semi-Quantitative Assessment
- Quantitative Assessment
- Early and Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE)
- Protocol for Early & Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) Imaging
- T1, T2 and T2* Mapping Techniques
- T1 Mapping
- T2 and T2* Mapping
- Coronary Artery Imaging
- Whole Heart Technique
- Targeted Technique
- 21: Anatomy by CMR
- Cross-Sectional Anatomy
- Customised Views
- Comparison with Other Imaging Modalities
- 22: The CMR Report
- A Structured Approach to Reporting a CMR Study
- The Report
- Reference
- Part III: Clinical Indications for CMR Imaging
- 23: Aortic Disease
- Introduction
- CMR in the Assessment of Aortic Atherosclerosis and Dissection
- Acute Intramural Haematoma
- Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer
- Aortic Dissection
- Aortic Aneurysm
- Aortic Coarctation
- Aortic Vasculitis
- Chronic Atherosclerotic Disease
- Summary
- 24: Cardiomyopathies
- General Overview
- Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities in DCM
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Left Ventricular Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy (LVNC)
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Inflammatory Diseases: Myocarditis
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Inflammatory Diseases: Sarcoidosis
- Introduction
- Inflammatory Diseases: Vasculitis (Churg-Strauss Syndrome)
- Introduction
- Infiltrative/Storage Diseases: Amyloidosis
- Introduction
- Infiltrative/Storage Diseases: Siderotic Cardiomyopathy
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- References
- 25: Cardiac Transplantation
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Heart Transplant Anatomy
- The Early Post Operative Period (Up to 1 Year)
- Typical CMR Appearances
- Complications
- Primary Graft Dysfunction/Failure
- Myocardial Infarction
- Acute Rejection
- The Chronic Phase Post-transplant (Beyond 1 Year)
- Typical CMR Appearances
- Complications
- Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy (CAV)
- Acute Rejection
- Chronic Graft Failure
- Vascular
- Extracardiac Findings
- References
- 26: Pericardial Disease
- Pericardial Effusion
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Findings on CMR
- Black Blood Images (Spin Echo Sequence)
- CINE Imaging (b-SSFP)
- Targeted Sequences
- Constrictive Pericarditis
- Introduction
- The Role of CMR in Constrictive Pericarditis
- Findings on CMR
- Pericardial Thickening
- Indirect Signs of Constrictive Physiology
- Pericardial Tumours
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Findings on CMR
- CINE Imaging (b-SSFP)
- Myocardial Tagging
- Black Blood Images (TSE)
- First-Pass Perfusion Imaging
- Post Contrast T1 TSE and Delayed Enhanced Images
- Congenital Abnormalities of the Pericardium
- Pericardial Cysts and Pericardial Defects
- Introduction
- The Role of CMR in Congenital Pericardial Abnormalities
- Findings on CMR
- 27: Cardiac Masses
- Introduction
- Benign Cardiac Tumours
- Myxoma
- Lipoma
- Papillary Fibroelastoma
- Fibroma
- Rhabdomyoma
- Haemangioma
- Malignant Cardiac Tumours
- Sarcomas
- Lymphoma
- Metastatic Tumours
- Others Masses & Tumours
- Thrombus
- Cysts
- Pseudo-Tumours
- Additional Reading
- 28: Valvular Heart Disease
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Congenital
- Regurgitation
- Stenosis
- Prosthetic Valves
- Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
- Patient Selection
- Aortic Valve Assessment
- Left Ventricle
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Myocardial Fibrosis
- Anatomical Suitability
- Aortic Root and LVOT
- Ascending Aorta and Peripheral Vasculature
- Vegetations
- Paravalvular Abscesses
- References
- 29: Ischemic Heart Disease
- Introduction
- Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging for the Detection of Myocardial Ischaemia
- Myocardial Perfusion CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Prognostic Performance
- How to Perform a CMR Myocardial Perfusion Study
- Safety Considerations
- Analysis of CMR Perfusion Images
- CMR Stress Wall Motion Imaging for the Detection of IHD
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Diagnostic Performance
- Prognostic Performance
- Method
- Safety Considerations
- Analysis
- Which Pharmacological Stress Agent Should I Choose?
- CMR for Assessment of Viability
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- CMR Methods for Viability Assessment
- Cine Imaging
- Contractile Reserve
- Late Gadolinium Enhancement
- CMR in Acute Coronary Syndromes
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- Methods
- Cine and LGE-CMR
- Oedema Imaging for Area at Risk Assessment
- Myocardial Salvage
- Microvascular Obstruction
- Myocardial Haemorrhage
- Complications of Acute MI
- Raised Cardiac Enzymes and Normal Coronary Arteries
- Potential Future Developments
- Hardware Development
- Software Development
- New Methods
- Non-invasive Arterial Wall Imaging
- Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Without Contrast?
- Targeted (Molecular) Contrast Agents
- References
- 30: Basic Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD)
- Introduction
- Sequential Segmental Analysis in ACHD
- Coarctation of the Aorta
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Transposition of the Great Arteries
- Coronary Anomalies
- Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (PAPVR)
- Reporting Guidelines
- Cardiovascular
- Pulmonary
- Musculoskeletal
- Other Findings
- Opinion
- Recommendations for Further Imaging
- Summary
- 31: CMR and Implantable Devices
- Introduction
- MRI Safety Terminology
- Pacemaker and or Lead Displacement/Force and Torque
- Tissue Heating
- Device Malfunction
- Reed Switches
- Electrical Reset
- Inappropriate Pacing and Inhibition of Therapies
- Capacitor and Transformer
- Image Quality
- MR Conditional Devices
- Scanning of IPG Patients
- Who Should Receive an MR-Conditional Device?
- Decision Making/Flow Charts/Check Lists
- Summary
- Future Perspective
- References
- 32: Pulmonary Vein Assessment
- Introduction
- CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
- CMR Protocol and Findings
- CMR Analysis
- 33: Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Introduction
- Interventional MRI Systems
- XMR Facility Design
- MR Visualization Strategies
- Performing XMR Procedures
- X-Ray Imaging as a Backup During MRI Cardiac Catheterization
- Performing X-Ray Fused MR-Guided Interventions
- Physiological Information
- Early Experiences
- Future Perspectives
- References
- 34: Incidental Extra-Cardiac Findings in CMR
- Introduction
- Incidence and Classification
- Detection of IEF
- Reporting
- Further Reading
- Index
