
Make: Electronics
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Content
- Intro
- Copyright
- Table of Contents
- What's New in the Second Edition
- Preface: How to Have Fun with This Book
- How to Contact Us
- Chapter 1. The Basics
- Necessary Items for Chapter One
- The Multimeter
- Ranging
- Values
- Safety Glasses
- Batteries and Connectors
- Test Leads
- Potentiometer
- Fuse
- Light-Emitting Diodes
- Resistors
- Experiment 1: Taste the Power!
- What You Will Need
- Caution: No More than Nine Volts
- Procedure
- Setting Up Your Meter
- Fundamentals: Ohms
- Measuring Your Tongue
- Fundamentals: Inside a Battery
- Further Investigation
- Background: The Man Who Discovered Resistance
- Cleanup and Recycling
- Experiment 2: Let's Abuse a Battery!
- Caution: Use a Small Battery
- What You Will Need
- Generating Heat with Current
- Background: Why Didn't Your Tongue Get Hot?
- Fundamentals: Volt Basics
- Fundamentals: Ampere Basics
- How to Blow a Fuse
- Fundamentals: Direct and Alternating Current
- Background: Inventor of the Battery
- Background: Father of Electromagnetism
- Cleanup and Recycling
- Experiment 3: Your First Circuit
- What You Will Need
- Setup
- Fundamentals: Decoding Resistors
- Lighting an LED
- Checking a Resistor
- Background: Puzzling Numbers
- Cleanup and Recycling
- Experiment 4: Variable Resistance
- What You Will Need
- Look Inside Your Potentiometer
- Testing the Potentiometer
- Caution: Don't Add Power
- Caution: Destructive Experiment Ahead
- Dimming Your LED
- Measuring Potential Difference
- Checking the Flow
- Caution: Meter Overload
- Checking the Current
- Making Measurements
- Fundamentals: Ohm's Law
- Fundamentals: Series and Parallel
- Using Ohm's Law
- How Big a Resistor?
- Background: Hot Wires
- Fundamentals: Decimals
- Theory: The Math on Your Tongue
- Background: The Watt
- Background: The Origins of Wattage
- Cleanup and Recycling
- Experiment 5: Let's Make a Battery
- What You Will Need
- Setup
- Lemon Test: Part One
- Theory: The Nature of Electricity
- Background: Positive and Negative
- Theory: Basic Measurements
- Practically Speaking
- Cleanup and Recycling
- Chapter 2. Switching
- Necessary Items for Chapter Two
- Essential: Small Screwdrivers
- Essential: Small Long-Nosed Pliers
- Optional: Sharp-Nosed Pliers
- Essential: Wire Cutters
- Optional: Flush Cutters
- Essential: Wire Strippers
- Essential: Breadboards
- Supplies
- Essential: Hookup Wire
- Jumpers
- Optional: Stranded Wire
- Components
- Essential: Toggle Switch
- Essential: Tactile Switch
- Essential: Relay
- Essential: Trimmer Potentiometer
- Essential: Transistors
- Essential: Capacitors
- Essential: Resistors
- Essential: Loudspeaker
- And More?
- Experiment 6: Very Simple Switching
- What You Will Need
- Fundamentals: All About Switches
- Sparking
- Checking Continuity
- Background: Early Switching Systems
- Introducing Schematics
- Fundamentals: Basic Schematic Symbols
- Schematic Layout
- Crossovers
- Colored Conductors
- Experiment 7: Investigating a Relay
- What You Will Need:
- The Relay
- Caution: Polarity Problems
- Procedure
- What's Going On Inside
- Other Relays
- Opening It Up
- What's Inside?
- Fundamentals: Relay Terminology
- Experiment 8: A Relay Oscillator
- What You Will Need
- A Beginner's Board
- Making Jumpers
- Power Up
- Inside the Board
- Dual-Bus Boards
- Relay Circuit, Revealed
- Making It Buzz
- Adding Capacitance
- Fundamentals: Farad Basics
- Caution: Getting Zapped by Capacitors
- Fundamentals: Capacitor Basics
- Caution: Observe Capacitor Polarity!
- Fundamentals: Fault Tracing
- Background: Michael Faraday and Capacitors
- Experiment 9: Time and Capacitors
- What You Will Need
- Charging a Capacitor
- An RC Network
- Voltage, Resistance, and Capacitance
- Background: The Time Constant
- Background: Graphing It
- Experimental Verification
- Capacitive Coupling
- Displacement Current
- Alternating Current
- Experiment 10: Transistor Switching
- What You Will Need
- The Finger Test
- Caution: Never Use Two Hands
- Inside the Finger Test
- Fundamentals: Transistor Variants
- Adding a Potentiometer
- Voltage and Current
- Fundamentals: All About NPN and PNP Transistors
- Caution: Fragile Component!
- Background: Transistor Origins
- Fundamentals: Transistors and Relays
- Experiment 11: Light and Sound
- What You Will Need
- Fluctuations
- Step by Step
- Coupling Capacitor
- But How Does It Start?
- Why So Complicated?
- A Processed Pulse
- Upping the Speed
- Still More Mods
- Background: Mounting a Loudspeaker
- Chapter 3. Getting Somewhat More Serious
- Necessary Items for Chapter Three
- Essential: Power Supply
- Essential: Low-Power Soldering Iron
- Essential: General Duty Soldering Iron
- Soldering Iron Terminology
- Essential: Helping Hand
- Essential: Magnifying Lens
- Optional: Clip-on Meter Test Leads
- Optional: Heat Gun
- Optional: Desoldering Equipment
- Optional: Soldering Stand
- Optional: Miniature Hand Saw
- Optional: Deburring Tool
- Optional: Calipers
- Supplies
- Essential: Solder
- Optional: Heat-Shrink Tubing
- Essential: Copper Alligator Clips
- Optional: Perforated Board
- Optional: Plywood
- Optional: Machine Screws
- Essential: Project Boxes
- Essential: Power Connectors
- Optional: Headers
- Components
- Diodes
- Experiment 12: Joining Two Wires Together
- What You Will Need
- Caution: Soldering Irons Do Get Hot!
- Your First Solder Joint
- Background: Soldering Myths
- Fundamentals: Eight Soldering Errors
- Background: Soldering Alternatives
- Your Second Solder Joint
- Theory: Heat Transfer
- Insulating the Solder Joint
- Caution: Heat Guns Do Get Hot!
- Wiring Your Power Source
- Step One: Cut and Measure
- Step Two: Soldering
- Pruning a Power Cord
- Twelve Steps to a Shorter Cord
- What's Next?
- Experiment 13: Roasting an LED
- What You Will Need
- Where the Heat Goes
- Rules for Heat Sinking
- Experiment 14: A Wearable Pulsing Glow
- What You Will Need
- Fluctuations Revisited
- Bend Wires, Add Solder
- Step by Step
- Caution: Flying Wire Segments
- Finishing the Job
- Background: Maddened by Measurement
- Experiment 15: Intrusion Alarm, Part One
- What You Will Need
- Wish List
- Implementing the Wish List
- Magnetic Sensor Switches
- A Break-to-Make Transistor Circuit
- Self-Locking Relay
- Blocking Bad Voltage
- Fundamentals: All About Diodes
- One Problem Creates Another
- Solving the Problem
- Protection Diode
- Time to Breadboard
- Adding the Sound
- Reference: Take-Home Messages
- Chapter 4. Chips, Ahoy!
- Necessary Items for Chapter Four
- Components
- Fundamentals: Choosing Chips
- Optional: IC Sockets
- Essential: Subminiature Slide Switch
- Caution: Switching Overload
- Essential: Low-Current LEDs
- Essential: Numeric Displays
- Essential: Voltage Regulator
- Optional Extras
- Background: How Chips Came to Be
- Experiment 16: Emitting a Pulse
- What You Will Need
- Know Your Chips
- Monostable Test
- Timing the Pulse
- Caution: Beware of Pin-Shuffling!
- Fundamentals: Timer Duration
- Theory: Inside the 555 in Monostable Mode
- Fundamentals: Pulse Suppression
- Fundamentals: Why the 555 Is Useful
- Fundamentals: Bistable Mode
- Background: How the Timer Was Born
- Fundamentals: 555 Timer Specifications
- Caution: Not All Timers Are Equal
- Experiment 17: Set Your Tone
- What You Will Need
- Astable Test
- Theory: Output Frequency
- Theory: Inside the 555 in Astable Mode
- Fundamentals: Unequal On-Off Cycles
- Astable Modifications
- Chaining Chips
- Sounding Like a Siren
- Experiment 18: Intrusion Alarm (Almost) Completed
- What You Will Need
- Three Steps to a Functional Device
- Step 1
- Step 2
- Step 3
- What About the Noise?
- What About On and Off?
- Finalizing
- Most Common Perfboarding Errors
- Fundamentals: Perforated Board Fault Tracing
- The Project Box
- Soldering the Switches
- Fixing the Board
- Caution: Avoid Board Stress
- Final Test
- Alarm Installation
- Conclusion
- Experiment 19: Reflex Tester
- What You Will Need
- Caution: Protecting Chips from Static
- Caution: Be Careful When Grounded
- A Quick Demo
- Fundamentals: LED Displays
- Fundamentals: The Counter
- Pulse Generation
- Time for a Plan
- A Control System
- Progress Report
- The Delay
- Testing
- How Does It Work?
- Background: Development Issues
- Extra Digits
- Calibration
- Enhancements
- Next?
- Experiment 20: Learning Logic
- What You Will Need
- The Regulator
- Caution: Inappropriate Inputs
- Usage
- Your First Logic Gate
- Background: Logical Origins
- Fundamentals: Logic Gate Basics
- Background: The Confusing World of TTL and CMOS
- What You Don't Need
- Fundamentals: Part Numbers and Functions
- Fundamentals: Rules for Connecting Logic Gates
- Experiment 21: A Powerful Combination
- Caution: The Warranty Issue
- What You Will Need
- A Three-Part Circuit
- How It Works
- More than One Button?
- Triggering the Relay
- The Logic Chip
- Time to Build!
- Setup
- Testing
- Dealing with Diodes
- Questions
- The Computer Interface
- Enhancements
- Experiment 22: Race to Place
- What You Will Need
- The Goal
- A Conceptual Experiment
- Breadboarding It
- Enhancements
- Experiment 23: Flipping and Bouncing
- What You Will Need
- How It Works
- Debouncing with NORs
- Debouncing with NANDs
- Jamming Versus Clocking
- Experiment 24: Nice Dice
- What You Will Need
- A Binary Counter
- Counter Testing
- Fundamentals: Binary Code
- Rising Edge, Falling Edge
- The Modulus
- Converting to Modulus 6
- Not Using a Seven-Segment Display
- Choosing the Gates
- The Finished Circuit
- Good News
- Chained Counters
- Going Further
- The Slowdown Problem
- Slowdown Alternatives
- Chapter 5. What Next?
- Tools, Equipment, Components, and Supplies
- Customizing Your Work Area
- Labeling
- On the Bench
- Reference Sources Online
- Books
- Experiment 25: Magnetism
- Fundamentals: A Two-Way Relationship
- What You Will Need
- Procedure
- Theory: Inductance
- Fundamentals: Coil Schematics and Basics
- Background: Joseph Henry
- Experiment 26: Tabletop Power Generation
- What You Will Need
- Procedure
- Lighting an LED
- Optional Extensions
- Caution: Blood Blisters and Dead Media
- Charging a Capacitor
- Next: Audio
- Experiment 27: Loudspeaker Destruction
- What You Will Need
- Procedure
- Background: Origins of Loudspeakers
- Theory: Sound, Electricity, and Sound
- Experiment 28: Making a Coil React
- What You Will Need
- Procedure
- A Collapsing Field
- Resistors, Capacitors, and Coils
- Theory: Alternating Current Concepts
- Experiment 29: Filtering Frequencies
- What You Will Need
- A Home for Your Speaker
- A Single Chip
- Test, 1-2-3
- Adventures in Audio
- Theory: Waveforms
- Mangling Some Music
- Background: Crossover Networks
- Experiment 30: Make It Fuzzy
- What You Will Need
- Making the Mods
- Background: Clipping
- Background: Stomp-Box Origins
- Experiment 31: One Radio, No Solder, No Power
- What You Will Need
- Step 1: The Coil
- Caution: High Voltage!
- Antenna and Ground
- Enhancements
- Theory: How Radio Works
- Experiment 32: Hardware Meets Software
- What You Will Need
- Definitions
- Real-World Applications
- The Right Tool for the Job?
- One Board, Many Chips
- Beware of Imitations?
- Setup
- Linux Installation
- Windows Installation
- Windows Troubleshooting
- Mac Installation
- If All Else Fails
- The Old Arduino Blink Test
- Verify and Compile
- Upload and Run
- Caution: Lost Code
- Programming Entails Detail
- Background: Origins and Options Among Programmable Chips
- Fundamentals: Advantages and Disadvantages
- Longevity
- Obsolescence
- Hybrid Circuits
- Individual Components: Advantages
- Individual Components: Disadvantages
- Microcontrollers: Advantages
- Microcontrollers: Disadvantages
- Summing Up
- Experiment 33: Checking the Real World
- What You Will Need
- Using a Thermistor
- Range Conversion
- Connections
- What, No Output?
- Hysteresis
- Line by Line
- Additional Details
- Enhancements
- Experiment 34: Nicer Dice
- What You Will Need:
- The Limits to Learning by Discovery
- Randomicity
- Pseudocode
- Button Inputs
- The System Clock
- Final Draft of Pseudocode
- Hardware Setup
- Now, the Program
- Short and Long Integers
- Setup
- The "for" Loop
- The Random Function
- The "if" Statement
- Flash Speed
- Creating a New Function
- Structure
- But Is It Too Difficult?
- Upgrading the Nicer Dice Program
- Other Microcontrollers
- Unexplored Territory
- In Closing
- Chapter 6. Tools, Equipment, Components, and Supplies
- Kits
- Searching and Shopping Online
- The Art of Searching
- Try the Chat Option
- Parts on Google
- Datasheets
- General Search Techniques
- Exclusions
- Alternatives
- Too Much Typing?
- Vendor Categories
- Which to Click First?
- A Real-Life Search
- eBay Options
- Amazon
- Killing Autocomplete
- Is Searching Worth the Trouble?
- Checklists of Supplies and Components
- Supplies
- Components
- Other Components
- Components for Chapter One
- Components for Chapter Two
- Components for Chapter Three
- Components for Chapter Four
- Components for Chapter Five
- Buying Tools and Equipment
- Tools and Equipment for Chapter One
- Tools and Equipment for Chapter Two
- Tools and Equipment for Chapter Three
- Suppliers
- Index
- About the Author
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