
Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 2
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Content
- Intro
- Copyright
- Table of Contents
- Volume Contents
- Volume 1
- Volume 2
- Volume 3
- How to Use This Book
- Organization
- Reference versus Tutorial
- Theory and Practice
- Entries
- Subject Paths
- Inclusions and Exclusions
- Typographical Conventions
- Visual Conventions
- Photographic Backgrounds
- Component Availability
- Issues and Errata
- Safari® Books Online
- How to Contact Us
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1. SCR
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Switching Behavior
- Internal Configuration
- Breakdown and Breakover Voltage
- SCR Concept Demo
- AC Current Applications
- Variants
- Values
- Commonly Used Abbreviations
- How to Use It
- Phase Control
- Overvoltage Protection
- What Can Go Wrong
- Unexpected Triggering Caused by Heat
- Unexpected Triggering Caused by Voltage
- Confusion of AC and DC Ratings
- Maximum Current versus Conduction Angle
- Confusing Symbols
- Chapter 2. diac
- What It Does
- Symbol Variants
- How It Works
- Switching AC
- Variants
- Values
- What Can Go Wrong
- Unexpected Triggering Caused by Heat
- Low-Temperature Effects
- Manufacturing Tolerances
- Chapter 3. triac
- What It Does
- Symbol Variants
- How It Works
- Quadrants
- Threshold, Latching, and Holding Current
- Triac Testing
- Breakover Voltage
- Switching AC
- Triac Triggered by a Diac
- Other Triac Drivers
- Charge Storage
- Variants
- Values
- What Can Go Wrong
- Unexpected Triggering Caused by Heat
- Low-Temperature Effects
- Wrong Type of Load
- Wrongly Identified Terminals
- Failure to Switch Off
- Chapter 4. solid-state relay
- What It Does
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- How It Works
- Variants
- Instantaneous versus Zero Crossing
- NC and NO Modes
- Packaging
- Solid-State Analog Switch
- Values
- How to Use It
- What Can Go Wrong
- Overheating Caused by Overloading
- Overheating Caused by Bad Terminal Contact
- Overheating Caused by Changing Duty Cycle
- Overheating Caused by Component Crowding
- Overheating in Dual Packaging
- Reverse-Voltage Burnout
- Low Voltage Output Current May Not Work
- Inability to Measure AC Output
- Relay Turns On but Won't Turn Off
- Relays in Parallel Won't Work
- Output Device Doesn't Run at Full Power
- Solid-State Relays and Safety Disconnects
- Chapter 5. optocoupler
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Variants
- Internal Sensors
- Basic Optocoupler Types
- Values
- How to Use It
- What Can Go Wrong
- Age
- LED Burnout
- Transistor Burnout
- Chapter 6. comparator
- What It Does
- Hysteresis
- How It Works
- Differences from an Op-Amp
- Variants
- Values
- How to Use It
- AND gate
- Bistable Multivibrator
- Relaxation Oscillator
- Level Shifter
- Window Comparator
- Other Applications
- What Can Go Wrong
- Oscillating Output
- Confused Inputs
- Wrong Chip Type
- Omitted Pullup Resistor
- CMOS Issues
- Erratic Output
- Swapped Voltages
- Heat-Dependent Hysteresis
- Chapter 7. op-amp
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Dual Inputs
- Negative Feedback
- Op-Amps and Comparators
- Variants
- Values
- How to Use It
- Controlling the Gain
- Calculating Amplification
- Unintentional DC Voltage Amplification
- Low-Pass Filter
- High-Pass Filter
- Relaxation Oscillator
- Single Power Source
- Offset Null Adjustment
- What Can Go Wrong
- Power Supply Problems
- Bad Connection of Unused Sections
- Oscillating Output
- Confused Inputs
- Chapter 8. digital potentiometer
- What It Does
- Advantages
- How It Works
- Variants
- Volatile and Nonvolatile Memory
- Taper
- Data Transfer
- SPI
- I2C Protocol
- Up/Down Protocol
- Other Control Systems
- Connections and Modes
- Values
- How to Use It
- Achieving Higher Resolution
- What Can Go Wrong
- Noise and Bad Inputs
- Wrong Chip
- Controller and Chip Out of Sync
- Nonlinear Effects
- Data Transfer Too Fast
- Chapter 9. timer
- What It Does
- Monostable Mode
- Astable Mode
- How It Works
- Variants
- The 555 Timer
- 555 Monostable Operation
- 555 Astable Operation
- 556 Timer
- 558 Timer
- CMOS 555 Timer
- 5555 Timer
- 7555 Timer
- 7556 Timer
- 4047B Timer
- Dual Monostable Timers
- Values
- 555 Timer Values
- Time Calculation in Monostable Mode
- Time Calculation in Astable Mode
- Dual Monostable Timers
- How to Use It
- 555 Monostable Mode
- 555 Astable Mode
- Separate Control of High and Low Output Times
- 555 Fifty Percent Astable Duty Cycle: 1
- 555 Fifty Percent Astable Duty Cycle: 2
- Use of the 555 Control Pin
- 555 Flip-Flop Emulation
- 555 Hysteresis
- 555 and Coupling Capacitors
- 555 Loudspeaker Connection
- Burst Mode
- "You Lose" Game Sound
- What Can Go Wrong
- Dead Timer
- CMOS Confused with Bipolar
- The Pulse that Never Ends
- Erratic Chip Behavior
- Interference with Other Components
- Erratic Behavior of Output Devices
- Fatal Damage Caused by Inductive Loads
- Chapter 10. logic gate
- What It Does
- Origins
- How It Works
- Inversion
- Single-Input Gates
- Gates with More than Two Inputs
- Boolean Notation
- Arithmetical Operations
- Other Operations
- Variants
- Part Numbers
- Families
- Family Interoperability
- Gates per Chip
- Two Inputs, Single Gate
- Three Inputs, Single Gate
- Single Gate, Selectable Function
- Two Inputs, Dual Gate
- Original 74xx 14-Pin Format
- Quad Two-Input 74xx Pinouts
- Triple Three-Input 74xx Pinouts
- Dual Four-Input 74xx Pinouts
- Single Eight-Input 74xx Pinouts
- 74xx Inverters
- Additional Variations
- Pinouts in the Original 4000 Series
- 4000 Series Inverters
- How to Use It
- Which Family
- Applications
- What Can Go Wrong
- Static
- Floating Pins
- Family Incompatibilities
- Overloaded Outputs
- Output Pulled Down
- Incorrect Polarity and Voltages
- Bent Pins
- Unclean Input
- Analog Input
- Chapter 11. flip-flop
- What It Does
- How It Works
- NAND-Based SR Flip-Flop
- NOR-Based SR Flip-Flop
- Forbidden States
- The JK Flip-Flop
- Master-Slave Flip-Flop
- D-Type Flip-Flops
- Summary
- Variants
- Packaging
- Values
- How to Use It
- What Can Go Wrong
- Ambiguous Documentation
- Faulty Triggering
- Metastability
- Other Issues
- Chapter 12. shift register
- What It Does
- Schematic Representation
- How It Works
- Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Parallel Outputs and Inputs
- Variants
- Serial In, Serial Out
- Serial In, Parallel Out
- Parallel In, Serial Out
- Parallel In, Parallel Out
- Universal
- Values
- Power Considerations
- Three-State Output
- How to Use It
- Dual Inputs
- Preloading the Shift Register
- Polling a Keyboard
- Arithmetical Operations
- Buffering
- What Can Go Wrong
- Confusing Classification
- Inadequate Setup Time
- Unconnected Input
- Output Enable Issues
- Floating Output Bus
- Chapter 13. counter
- What It Does
- Schematic Representation
- How It Works
- Modulus and Modulo
- Pin Identifiers
- Variants
- Ripple versus Synchronous
- Ring, Binary, and BCD
- Clock Sources
- Rising Edge and Falling Edge
- Multiple Stages
- Single and Dual
- High-State, Low-State, and Three-State
- Descending Output
- Programmable Counters
- Examples
- Values
- What Can Go Wrong
- Lock-Out
- Asynchronous Artifacts
- Noise
- Chapter 14. encoder
- What It Does
- Schematic Symbol
- Similar Devices
- How It Works
- Variants
- Values
- How to Use It
- Cascaded Encoders
- What Can Go Wrong
- Chapter 15. decoder
- What it Does
- Input Devices
- LED Driver
- Schematic Symbol
- Similar Devices
- How It Works
- Variants
- Values
- How to Use It
- What Can Go Wrong
- Glitches
- Unhelpful Classification
- Active-Low and Active-High
- Chapter 16. multiplexer
- What It Does
- Differential Multiplexer
- Similar Devices
- How It Works
- Schematic Symbol
- Pin Identifiers
- Variants
- Values
- How to Use It
- Other Application Notes
- What Can Go Wrong
- Pullup Resistors
- Break Before Make
- Signal Distortion
- Limits of CMOS Switching
- Transients
- Chapter 17. LCD
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Variants
- Active and Passive Types
- Crystal Types
- Seven-Segment Displays
- Additional Segments
- Dot-Matrix Displays
- Color
- Backlighting Options
- Zero-Power Displays
- How to Use It
- Numeric Display Modules
- Alphanumeric Display Module
- What Can Go Wrong
- Temperature Sensitivity
- Excessive Multiplexing
- DC Damage
- Bad Communications Protocol
- Wiring Errors
- Chapter 18. incandescent lamp
- What It Does
- History
- How It Works
- Spectrum
- Non-Incandescent Sources
- Power Consumption
- Variants
- Miniature Lamps
- Panel-Mount Indicator Lamps
- Halogen or Quartz-Halogen
- Oven Lamps
- Base Variants
- Values
- Power
- Illuminance
- Intensity
- MSCP
- Efficacy
- Efficiency
- How to Use It
- Relative Advantages
- Derating
- What Can Go Wrong
- High Temperature Environment
- Fire Risk
- Current Inrush
- Replacement Problems
- Chapter 19. neon bulb
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Construction
- Ionization
- Negative Resistance
- How to Use It
- Limited Light Output
- Efficiency
- Ruggedness
- Power-Supply Testing
- Life Expectancy
- Variants
- Nixie Tubes
- What Can Go Wrong
- False Indication
- Failure in a Dark Environment
- Premature Failure with DC
- Premature Failure through Voltage Fluctuations
- Replacement
- Chapter 20. fluorescent light
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Ballast and Starter
- Flicker
- Variants
- CCFLs
- Sizes
- Comparisons
- Values
- Brightness
- Spectrum
- What Can Go Wrong
- Unreliable Starting
- Terminal Flicker
- Cannot Dim
- Burned Out Electrodes
- Ultraviolet Hazard
- Chapter 21. laser
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Laser Diode
- Coherent Light
- Variants
- CO2 Lasers
- Fiber Lasers
- Crystal Lasers
- Values
- How to Use It
- Common Applications
- What Can Go Wrong
- Risk of Injury
- Inadequate Heat Sink
- Uncontrolled Power Supply
- Polarity
- Chapter 22. LED indicator
- What It Does
- Schematic Symbols
- Common Usage
- How It Works
- Multicolor LEDs and Color Mixing
- Variants
- Size and Shape
- Intensity
- Efficacy
- Diffusion
- Wavelength and Color Temperature
- Internal Resistor
- Multicolored
- Infrared
- Ultraviolet
- Values
- Forward Current
- Low-Current LEDs
- Forward Voltage
- Color Rendering Index
- Life Expectancy
- Light Output and Heat
- View Angle
- How to Use It
- Polarity
- Series Resistor Value
- LEDs in Parallel
- Multiple Series LEDs
- Comparisons with Other Light Emitters
- Other Applications
- What Can Go Wrong
- Excessive Forward Voltage
- Excessive Current and Heat
- Storage Issues
- Polarity
- Internal Resistors
- Chapter 23. LED area lighting
- What It Does
- Trends in Cost and Efficiency
- Schematic Symbol
- How It Works
- Visible Differences
- Side-by-Side Comparison
- Heat Dissipation
- Efficacy
- Dimming
- Ultraviolet Output
- Color Variation
- Variants
- Comparisons
- Values
- What Can Go Wrong
- Wrong Voltage
- Overheating
- Fluorescent Ballast Issues
- Misleading Color Representation
- Chapter 24. LED display
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Variants
- LCD comparisons
- Seven-Segment Displays
- Multiple Numerals
- Additional Segments
- Dot-Matrix Displays
- Pixel Arrays
- Multiple Bar Display
- Single Light Bar
- Values
- How to Use It
- Seven-Segment Basics
- Driver Chips and Multiplexing
- Sixteen-Segment Driver Chip
- Dot-Matrix LED Display Modules
- Pixel Arrays
- Multiple Bar Display Driver
- One-Digit Hexadecimal Dot Matrix
- What Can Go Wrong
- Common Anode versus Common Cathode
- Incorrect Series Resistance
- Multiplexing Issues
- Chapter 25. vacuum-fluorescent display
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Anode, Cathode, and Grid
- How to Use It
- Modern Application
- Variants
- Color
- Character Sets and Pictorial Design
- Comparisons
- What Can Go Wrong
- Fading
- Chapter 26. electroluminescence
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Phosphors
- Derivation
- Variants
- Panels
- Flexible Ribbons
- Rope Light
- OLED
- Chapter 27. transducer
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Variants
- Electromagnetic
- Piezoelectric
- Ultrasonic Transducer
- Formats
- Values
- Frequency Range
- Sound Pressure
- Weighted Sound Values
- Unweighted Values
- Measurement Location
- Limitations
- Voltage
- Current
- How to Use It
- Appropriate Sound Intensity
- Volume Control
- AC Supply
- Self-Drive Transducer Circuit
- What Can Go Wrong
- Overvoltage
- Leakage
- Component Mounting Problems
- Moisture
- Transducer-Indicator Confusion
- Connection with a Microcontroller
- Chapter 28. audio indicator
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Audio Frequency
- History
- Variants
- Sound Patterns
- Formats
- Values
- Voltage
- Current
- Frequency
- Duty Cycle
- How to Use It
- Appropriate Sound Intensity
- Volume Control
- Wiring
- What Can Go Wrong
- Chapter 29. headphone
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Audio Basics
- Variants
- Moving Coil
- Other Types
- Mechanical Design
- Values
- Intensity
- Frequency Response
- Distortion
- Impedance
- What Can Go Wrong
- Overdriving
- Hearing Damage
- Mismatched Impedance
- Incorrect Wiring
- Chapter 30. speaker
- What It Does
- How It Works
- Construction
- Multiple Drivers
- Venting
- Resonance
- Miniature Speakers
- Variants
- Electrostatic Speaker
- Powered Speakers
- Wireless Speakers
- Innovative Designs
- Values
- What Can Go Wrong
- Damage
- Magnetic Field
- Vibration
- Index
- About the Authors
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