The Advanced Practitioner in Pathophysiology and Diagnostics
Description
An experienced and multi-disciplinary team of authors map out the intricate interplay between pathophysiology and diagnostic decision-making, two pivotal cornerstones of advanced practice in healthcare
The Advanced Practitioner in Pathophysiology and Diagnostics serves as an indispensable resource for practitioners seeking to deepen their understanding and refine their skills, as the mastery of these fundamental concepts becomes ever more crucial in an evolving healthcare landscape.
This authoritative and comprehensive guide provides readers with an evidence-based, person-centred approach to the study of the functional changes that occur within the body due to disease or injury. With this knowledge, advanced practitioners must then build their diagnostic and treatment strategies, synthesising patient history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. This text supports the advanced practitioner in developing a deeper understanding of both the mechanisms that drive disease and the critical thinking behind the diagnostic process.
The Advanced Practitioner in Pathophysiology and Diagnostics readers will also find:
- Practical guidance on diagnostic strategies, emphasising the importance of evidence-based practice and differential diagnosis
- A multi-disciplinary approach suitable for a range of clinical backgrounds
- Detailed discussion of topics including pathophysiological processes, providing a robust foundation for clinical decision-making
The Advanced Practitioner in Pathophysiology and Diagnostics is ideal for healthcare professionals interested in or undertaking advanced level practice, as well as for students completing the pathophysiology module on their MSc in advanced practice.
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The Editors
Ollie Phipps is the Professional Lead for Advanced Practice and Independent Prescribing at Canterbury Christ Church University, UK, and the Course Director for the MSc Advanced Clinical Practice (ACP) course. Ollie is also an Honorary Associate Professor at the University of East Anglia, UK. He continues to work clinically as an Advanced Clinical Practitioner in an Emergency Department in Kent, UK. Ollie has led the Health Education England (HEE) and Royal College of Physicians ACP Credential development for Acute Medicine and Respiratory Medicine. He was the HEE ACP Credential lead and continues to be a national subject matter expert for Advanced Practice in the UK.
Ian Setchfield is an Acute Care Consultant Nurse specialising in Same Day Emergency Care at East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust (EKHUFT), UK. Ian is also the Advanced Clinical Practice (ACP) lead at EKHUFT, a visiting senior lecturer in advanced practice at Canterbury Christ Church University and an Honorary Senior Fellow at the University of East Anglia, UK.
Dr Barry Hill is a Professor of Nursing, and Head of School for Nursing and Midwifery at Buckinghamshire New University, UK. He holds a BSc (Hons) in Critical Care Nursing, an MSc in Advanced Practice, and a PhD. Barry is a registered nurse (RN-Adult), registered teacher (TCH), and registered independent and supplementary prescriber (V300) with the NMC. He is a Senior Fellow (SFHEA) with Advance HE. Barry is the Commissioning Editor for the British Journal of Nursing and Consultant Editor for the International Journal of Advancing Practice.
Sadie Diamond-Fox is an Advanced Critical Care Practitioner (FICM ACCP Member), and Strategic Lead for Advanced Practice Programmes; Assistant Professor in Advanced Critical Care Practice (Fellow - HEA), and a PhD Candidate ('ImpACCPt' Study) at Northumbria University, UK.
Content
Contributors ix
Preface xii
Interlude xiii
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Advanced Clinical Practice and Scope of Practice 1
Ollie Phipps and Ian Setchfield
Chapter 2 Clinical Decision-Making and Diagnostic Reasoning 7
Helen Francis-Wenger, Colin Roberts, and Jo Amy Bailey
Chapter 3 Clinical History Taking 21
Sadie Diamond- Fox, Rebecca Connolly, Alexandra Gatehouse, John Wilkinson, Angela Roberts, Caroline McCrea, and Sonya Stone
Chapter 4 Physical Examination and Diagnostic Reasoning 33
Sadie Diamond- Fox, Rebecca Connolly, and Alexandra Gatehouse
Chapter 5 Interpretation of Clinical Investigations - Blood Tests 58
Sarah Henry and James Hardie
Chapter 6 Interpretation of Clinical Investigations - Radiology 72
Jo Hardy and Tracey Maxfield
Chapter 7 Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Decision- Making in Inflammation and Sepsis 87
Ian Setchfield and Janine Mair Copyrighted Material
Chapter 8 Neurological Disorders 104
Sonya Stone and Rebecca Connolly
Chapter 9 Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Decision-Making in Ophthalmic and Associated Disorders 123
John Clulow and Mona Khandwala
Chapter 10 Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Decision-Making in ENT Disorders 144
Jaime Phipps and Barry Hill
Chapter 11 Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Decision-Making in Respiratory Disorders 161
Sandra Marti- Navarrete and Barry Hill
Chapter 12 Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Decision-Making in Cardiovascular Disorders 179
Valentino Oriolo and Esther Arnold
Chapter 13 Gastrointestinal Disorders 195
Nick Browning and Ollie Phipps
Chapter 14 Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Decision-Making in Renal Disorders 212
Inmaculada Diaz-Alonso and Ollie Phipps
Chapter 15 Endocrine Disorders 233
Sadie Diamond-Fox, Sonya Stone, Alexandra Gatehouse, and Rebecca Connolly
Chapter 16 Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Decision-Making in Haematological Disorders 253
Barry Hill
Chapter 17 Neoplasms 268
Amanda Riley, Holly Tant, and Katy Taylor
Chapter 18 Mental Health and Learning Disabilities 290
Jo Delrée, Mark Kitchingham, Michelle Hawes, Alex Rickett, Barry Hill, and Ollie Phipps
Chapter 19 Musculoskeletal Disorders 309
Nick Worth
Chapter 20 Frailty and Care of the Older Person 332
Claire Anne Pryor and Esther Clift
References 348
Further Reading 365
Index 366
Interlude
Mapping of Advanced Clinical Practice Chapters to National Frameworks and Specialist Curricula
Chapter Multi-Professional Framework (MPF) Statements Specialist Curricula and Capabilities 1. Introduction to Advanced Clinical Practice and Scope of Practice 1.1; 1.2; 3.1; 3.2; 3.8; 4.6 Acute Medicine: Generic CiPs 1 * Autism: Domain A - Capability 1 * Community Rehabilitation: Area-specific capabilities: 1.1.2 * Critical Care: 2.1 * Emergency Medicine: SLO 1-2 * Learning Disabilities: Domain A - Capability 1 & 2 * Rehabilitation & Long-term Conditions: Generic capabilities: 1.1 * Neurological Rehabilitation: Domain A - 1.1 * Mental Health: Domain A: Person-centred therapeutic alliance * Older People: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1, 2, 3, 4 * Specialist Clinical CiPs: 3 2. Clinical Decision-Making and Diagnostic Reasoning 1.1-1.11; 2.3-2.4; 3.1-3.2; 4.2 Acute Medicine: Generic CiPs 1-4; Speciality Clinical CiPs: 3-4 * Autism: Domain A - Capability 1, Domain B - Capability 4 * Community Rehabilitation: Area-specific capabilities: 1.1.2; Generic Capabilities: 1.1, 2.1, 2.3, 3.3 * Critical Care: 2.2; 3.1-3.2; 4.2 * Emergency Medicine: SLO 1-2 * Learning Disabilities: Domain A - Capability 1 & 2 * Rehabilitation & Long-term Conditions: Area-specific capabilities: 1.1; Generic capabilities: 1.1, 1.3, 2.1-2.3 * Neurological Rehabilitation: Domain A - 1.1; Domain B - 2.1-2.2; Domain C - 3.1-3.2 * Mental Health: Domain A: Person-centred therapeutic alliance; Domain B: Assessment and investigations; Domain C: Formulation * Older People: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1-4; Specialist Clinical CiPs: 3, 3.3 3. Clinical History Taking 1.1-1.7; 2.1-2.3; 2.9; 3.1-3.2; 3.4; 4.1 Acute Medicine: Generic CiPs 1 * Autism: Domain A - Capability 1, Domain B - Capability 4 * Community Rehabilitation: ASC 2.1 * Critical Care: 2.1-2.2; 3.1-3.2; 4.2 * Emergency Medicine: SLO1-4; SLO7; SLO11; SLO12 * Learning Disabilities: Domain A - Capability 1 & 2 * Rehabilitation & Long-term Conditions: Area-specific capabilities: 1.1; Generic capabilities: 1.1, 1.3, 2.1-2.3 * Neurological Rehabilitation: Domain A - 1.1; Domain B - 2.1-2.2; Domain C - 3.1-3.2; Domain D - 4.1 * Mental Health: Domain A: Person-centred therapeutic alliance; Domain B: Assessment and investigations; Domain C: Formulation * Older People: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1-4; Specialist Clinical CiPs: 3, 3.3 4. Physical Examination 1.1-1.7; 2.1-2.3; 2.9; 3.1-3.2; 3.4; 4.1 Acute Medicine: Generic CiPs 1 * Autism: Domain A - Capability 1, Domain B - Capability 4 * Community Rehabilitation: ASC 2.1 * Critical Care: 2.1-2.2; 3.1-3.2; 4.2 * Emergency Medicine: SLO1-4; SLO7; SLO11; SLO12 * Learning Disabilities: Domain A - Capability 1 & 2 * Rehabilitation & Long-term Conditions: Area-specific capabilities: 1.1; Generic capabilities: 1.1, 1.3, 2.1-2.3 * Neurological Rehabilitation: Domain A - 1.1; Domain B - 2.1-2.2; Domain C - 3.1-3.2; Domain D - 4.1 * Mental Health: Domain A: Person-centred therapeutic alliance; Domain B: Assessment and investigations; Domain C: Formulation * Older People: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1-4; Specialist Clinical CiPs: 3, 3.3 5. Interpretation of Clinical Investigations - Blood Tests 1.1-1.7; 2.1-2.3; 2.9; 3.1-3.2; 3.4; 4.1 Acute Medicine: Generic CiPs 1-3; Specialty Clinical CiPs: 3 * Autism: Domain B - Capability 4 * Community Rehabilitation: Area-specific capabilities: 1.1.2; Generic Capabilities: 1.1, 2.1, 2.3, 3.3 * Critical Care: 2.2; 2.4; 2.5; 3.1-3.2; 4.2 * Emergency Medicine: SLO 1-2 * Learning Disabilities: Domain A - Capability 1 & 2 * Rehabilitation & Long-term Conditions: Generic capabilities: 1.3, 2.1-2.3 * Neurological Rehabilitation: Domain A - 1.1 * Mental Health: Domain B: Assessment and investigations * Older People: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1-4; Specialist Clinical CiPs: 3, 3.3 6. Interpretation of Clinical Investigations - Radiology 1.1-1.7; 2.1-2.3; 2.9; 3.1-3.2; 3.4; 4.1 Acute Medicine: Core CiPs: 2-4; General Clinical CiPs: 2, 4 * Autism: Domain B - Capability 4 * Community Rehabilitation: Area-specific capabilities: 1.1.2; Generic Capabilities: 1.1, 2.1, 2.3, 3.3 * Critical Care: 2.3; 2.5; 3.2; 3.5; 4.3 * Emergency Medicine: GP 1-10; GC 1-8; SuP 1-7; SuC 2, 4, & 12 * Learning Disabilities: Domain A - Capability 1 & 2 * Rehabilitation & Long-term Conditions: Generic capabilities: 1.3, 2.1-2.3 * Neurological Rehabilitation: Domain A - 1.1 * Mental Health: Domain B: Assessment and investigations * Older People: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1-4; Specialist Clinical CiPs: 3, 3.3 7. Inflammation and Sepsis 1.2; 1.4; 1.6-1.7; 2.5; 3.1 Acute Medicine: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1; Presentations and Conditions: Infectious diseases, Oncology * Autism: Domain A - Capability 1, Domain B - Capability 4 * Community Rehabilitation: ASC 2.1 * Critical Care: 2.4; 2.5; 3.2; 3.5; 4.3 * Emergency Medicine: SLO1-4; SLO7; SLO11; IP1-3 * Learning Disabilities: Domain A - Capability 1 & 2 * Rehabilitation & Long-term Conditions: Area-specific capabilities: 1.1; Generic capabilities: 1.1, 1.3, 2.1-2.3 * Neurological Rehabilitation: Domain A - 1.1 * Mental Health: Domain B: Assessment and investigations; Domain C: Formulation * Older People: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1-4; Specialist Clinical CiPs: 3, 3.3 8. Neurological Disorders 1.2; 1.4; 1.6-1.8; 3.1-3.2 Acute Medicine: Generic CiPs: 1-4; Speciality Clinical CiPs: 3-4; Presentations and Conditions: Endocrinology and diabetes mellitus, Neurology * Autism: Domain A - Capability 1, Domain B - Capability 4 * Community Rehabilitation: ASC 2.6 * Critical Care: 2.2; 2.4-2.6; 3.1-3.3; 3.5; 3.6-3.7; 3.9-3.11 * Emergency Medicine: SLO1-2; NeuP1-9 * Learning Disabilities: Domain A - Capability 1 & 2 * Rehabilitation & Long-term Conditions: Generic capabilities: 1.1, 1.3, 2.1-2.3 * Neurological Rehabilitation: Domain A - 1.1-1.2; Domain B - 2.1-2.2; Domain C - 3.1-3.2; Domain D - 4.1 * Mental Health: Domain B: Assessment and investigations; Domain C: Formulation * Older People: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1-4; Specialist Clinical CiPs: 3, 3.3 9. Ophthalmology and associated Disorders 1.1-1.7; 2.1-2.3; 2.9; 3.1-3.2; 3.4; 4.1 Acute Medicine: Generic CiPs: 1-4; Speciality Clinical CiPs: 3-4 * Autism: Domain A - Capability 1, Domain B - Capability 4 * Community Rehabilitation: Area-specific capabilities: 1.1.2; Generic Capabilities: 1.1, 2.1, 2.3, 3.3 * Critical Care: 2.1-2.2; 3.1-3.2; 3.5 * Emergency Medicine: SLO1-2; OptP1-5 * Learning Disabilities: Domain A - Capability 1 & 2 * Rehabilitation & Long-term Conditions: Generic capabilities: 1.3, 2.1-2.3; Area-specific capabilities: 1.1 * Neurological Rehabilitation: Domain A - 1.1-1.2; Domain B - 2.1-2.2; Domain C - 3.1-3.2; Domain D - 4.1 * Mental Health: Domain B: Assessment and investigations; Domain C: Formulation * Older People: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1-4; Specialist Clinical CiPs: 3, 3.3 10. Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders 1.1-1.7; 2.1-2.3; 2.9; 3.1-3.2; 3.4; 4.1 Acute Medicine: Generic CiPs: 1-4; Speciality Clinical CiPs: 3-4 * Autism: Domain A - Capability 1, Domain B - Capability 4 * Community Rehabilitation: Area-specific capabilities: 1.1.2; Generic Capabilities: 1.1, 2.1, 2.3, 3.3 * Critical Care: 2.1-2.2; 3.1-3.2; 3.5 * Emergency Medicine: SLO 1-2 * Learning Disabilities: Domain A - Capability 1 & 2 * Rehabilitation & Long-term Conditions: Generic capabilities: 1.3, 2.1-2.3; Area-specific capabilities: 1.1 * Neurological Rehabilitation: Domain B - 2.1 * Mental Health: Domain B: Assessment and investigations; Domain C: Formulation * Older People: Generic Clinical CiPs: 1-4; Specialist Clinical CiPs: 3, 3.3 11. Respiratory Disorders 1.1-1.7; 2.1-2.3; 2.9; 3.1-3.2; 3.4; 4.1 Acute Medicine: Generic CiPs: 1-4;...