
Physics I For Dummies
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Content
- Intro
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Table of Contents
- Introduction
- About This Book
- Foolish Assumptions
- Icons Used in This Book
- Beyond the Book
- Where to Go from Here
- Part 1 Putting Physics into Motion
- Chapter 1 Using Physics to Understand Your World
- What Physics Is All About
- Observing the world
- Making predictions
- Reaping the rewards
- Observing Objects in Motion
- Measuring speed, direction, velocity, and acceleration
- Round and round: Rotational motion
- Springs and pendulums: Simple harmonic motion
- When Push Comes to Shove: Forces
- Absorbing the energy around you
- Getting weighed down with pressures in fluids
- Feeling the Heat with Thermodynamics
- Chapter 2 Reviewing the Basics: Math and Measurement
- Measuring the World around You and Making Predictions
- Using systems of measurement
- From meters to inches and back again: Converting between units
- Using conversion factors
- Conversion factors at work
- Eliminating Some Zeros: Using Scientific Notation
- Checking the Accuracy and Precision of Measurements
- Knowing which digits are significant
- Finding the number of significant digits
- Rounding answers to the correct number of digits
- Estimating accuracy
- Arming Yourself with Basic Algebra
- Tackling a Little Trig
- Interpreting Equations as Real-World Ideas
- Chapter 3 Exploring the Need for Speed
- Going the Distance with Displacement
- Understanding displacement and position
- Examining axes
- Finding the distance
- Determining direction
- Speed Specifics: What Is Speed, Anyway?
- Reading the speedometer: Instantaneous speed
- Staying steady: Uniform speed
- Shifting speeds: Nonuniform motion
- Busting out the stopwatch: Average speed
- Contrasting average and instantaneous speed
- Distinguishing average speed and average velocity
- Speeding Up (or Down): Acceleration
- Defining acceleration
- Determining the units of acceleration
- Looking at positive and negative acceleration
- Changing speed
- Accounting for direction
- Speed can go up or down
- Examining average and instantaneous acceleration
- Taking off: Putting the acceleration formula into practice
- Understanding uniform and nonuniform acceleration
- Relating Acceleration, Time, and Displacement
- Not-so-distant relations: Deriving the formula
- Calculating acceleration and distance
- Finding acceleration
- Figuring out time and distance
- Finding distance with initial velocity
- Linking Velocity, Acceleration, and Displacement
- Finding acceleration
- Solving for displacement
- Arriving at final velocity
- Chapter 4 Following Directions: Motion in Two Dimensions
- Visualizing Vectors
- Asking for directions: Vector basics
- Looking at vector addition from start to finish
- Going head-to-head with vector subtraction
- Putting Vectors on the Grid
- Adding vectors by adding coordinates
- Changing the length: Multiplying a vector by a number
- A Little Trig: Breaking Up Vectors into Components
- Finding vector components
- Reassembling a vector from its components
- Finding the magnitude
- Finding and checking the angle
- Displacing and Accelerating in Two Dimensions
- Displacement: Going the distance in two dimensions
- Adding vector coordinates to find displacement
- Cutting the corners with a right triangle
- Velocity: Speeding in a new direction
- Acceleration: Getting a new angle on changes in velocity
- Accelerating Downward: Motion under the Influence of Gravity
- Looking at the golf-ball-off-the-cliff exercise
- Tackling a how-far-can-you-kick- the-ball exercise
- Part 2 May the Forces of Physics Be with You
- Chapter 5 When Push Comes to Shove: Force
- Newton's First Law: Resisting with Inertia
- Resisting change: Inertia and mass
- Measuring mass
- Newton's Second Law: Relating Force, Mass, and Acceleration
- Relating the formula to the real world
- Naming units of force
- Vector addition: Gathering net forces
- Calculating displacement given a time and acceleration
- STEP 1: FINDING NET FORCE
- STEP 2: FINDING ACCELERATION
- STEP 3: FINDING DISPLACEMENT
- Calculating net force given a time and velocity
- Newton's Third Law: Looking at Equal and Opposite Forces
- Seeing Newton's third law in action
- Pulling hard enough to overcome friction
- Pulleys: Supporting double the force
- Analyzing angles and force in Newton's third law
- Finding equilibrium
- Chapter 6 Getting Down with Gravity, Inclined Planes, and Friction
- Acceleration Due to Gravity: One of Life's Little Constants
- Finding a New Angle on Gravity with Inclined Planes
- Finding the force of gravity along a ramp
- Figuring out the angle
- Finding the component of the weight along a ramp
- Figuring the speed along a ramp
- Getting Sticky with Friction
- Calculating friction and the normal force
- Conquering the coefficient of friction
- On the move: Understanding static and kinetic friction
- Starting motion with static friction
- Sustaining motion with kinetic friction
- A not-so-slippery slope: Handling uphill and downhill friction
- Figuring out the weight components parallel and perpendicular to the ramp
- Determining the force of friction
- Object on the loose: Calculating how far an object will slide
- Figuring the acceleration and final velocity at the end of the ramp
- Figuring the distance traveled
- Let's Get Fired Up! Sending Objects Airborne
- Shooting an object straight up
- Going up: Maximum height
- Floating on air: Hang time
- Coming down: Factoring the total time
- Projectile motion: Firing an object at an angle
- Breaking down a cannonball's motion into its components
- Discovering the cannon's maximum range
- Chapter 7 Circling Around Rotational Motion and Orbits
- Centripetal Acceleration: Changing Direction to Move in a Circle
- Keeping a constant speed with uniform circular motion
- Describing the period
- Accelerating toward the center
- Finding the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration
- Seeking the Center: Centripetal Force
- Looking at the force you need
- Breaking down centripetal force
- Negotiating flat curves and banked turns
- Relying on friction to turn on a flat road
- Depending on the normal force to make a banked turn
- Getting Angular with Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
- Measuring angles in radians
- Relating linear and angular motion
- Letting Gravity Supply Centripetal Force
- Using Newton's law of universal gravitation
- Deriving the force of gravity on the Earth's surface
- Using the law of gravitation to examine circular orbits
- Calculating a satellite's speed
- Calculating the period of a satellite
- Looping the Loop: Vertical Circular Motion
- Chapter 8 Go with the Flow: Looking at Pressure in Fluids
- Mass Density: Getting Some Inside Information
- Calculating density
- Comparing densities with specific gravity
- Applying Pressure
- Looking at units of pressure
- Connecting pressure to changes in depth
- Diving down
- Varying blood pressure
- Pumping water upward
- Amplifying pressure with Pascal's principle
- Buoyancy: Floating Your Boat with Archimedes's Principle
- Fluid Dynamics: Going with Fluids in Motion
- Characterizing the type of flow
- Evenness: Steady or unsteady flow
- Squeezability: Compressible or incompressible flow
- Thickness: Viscous or nonviscous flow
- Spinning: Rotational or irrotational flow
- Picturing flow with streamlines
- Getting Up to Speed on Flow and Pressure
- The equation of continuity: Relating pipe size and flow rates
- Conserving mass with the equation of continuity
- Incompressible liquids: Changing the pipe size to change the flow rate
- Bernoulli's equation: Relating speed and pressure
- Pipes and pressure: Putting it all together
- Part 3 Manifesting the Energy to Work
- Chapter 9 Getting Some Work Out of Physics
- Looking for Work
- Working on measurement systems
- Positive work: Applying force in the direction of movement
- Negative work: Applying force opposite the direction of motion
- Using a tow rope: Applying force at an angle
- Pulling harder to do the same amount of work
- Cutting down on your work by reducing friction
- Making a Move: Kinetic Energy
- The work-energy theorem: Turning work into kinetic energy
- Using the kinetic energy equation
- Calculating changes in kinetic energy by using net force
- Energy in the Bank: Potential Energy
- Gaining potential energy by working against gravity
- Converting potential energy into kinetic energy
- Choose Your Path: Conservative versus Nonconservative Forces
- Keeping the Energy Up: The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
- Shifting between kinetic and potential energy
- The mechanical-energy balance: Finding velocity and height
- Determining final velocity with mechanical energy
- Determining final height with mechanical energy
- Powering Up: The Rate of Doing Work
- Using common units of power
- Powering through the calculations
- Chapter 10 Putting Objects in Motion: Momentum and Impulse
- Looking at the Impact of Impulse
- Gathering Momentum
- The Impulse-Momentum Theorem: Relating Impulse and Momentum
- Shooting pool: Finding force from impulse and momentum
- Singing in the rain: An impulsive activity
- When Good Objects Go Wild: Conserving Momentum
- Deriving the conservation formula
- Finding velocity with the conservation of momentum
- Finding firing velocity with the conservation of momentum
- When Worlds (or Cars) Collide: Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
- Determining whether a collision is elastic
- Colliding elastically along a line
- Bumping into a heavier mass
- Bumping into a lighter mass
- Colliding elastically in two dimensions
- Chapter 11 Winding Up with Angular Kinetics
- Going from Linear to Rotational Motion
- Understanding Tangential Motion
- Finding tangential velocity
- Finding tangential acceleration
- Finding centripetal acceleration
- Applying Vectors to Rotation
- Calculating angular velocity
- Solving angular acceleration
- Changing the speed and reversing direction
- Tilting the axle
- Doing the Twist: Torque
- Mapping out the torque equation
- Understanding lever arms
- Generating torque
- Recognizing that torque is a vector
- Spinning at Constant Velocity: Rotational Equilibrium
- Determining how much weight Hercules can lift
- Hanging a flag: A rotational equilibrium problem
- Ladder safety: Introducing friction into rotational equilibrium
- Chapter 12 Round and Round with Rotational Dynamics
- Rolling Up Newton's Second Law into Angular Motion
- Switching force to torque
- Converting tangential acceleration to angular acceleration
- Factoring in the moment of inertia
- Moments of Inertia: Looking into Mass Distribution
- Merry-go-rounds and torque: A spinning-disk inertia example
- Angular acceleration and torque: A pulley inertia example
- Wrapping Your Head around Rotational Work and Kinetic Energy
- Putting a new spin on work
- Moving along with rotational kinetic energy
- Rolling down a hill: Kinetic energy on a ramp
- Can't Stop This: Angular Momentum
- Conserving angular momentum
- Case study: Satellite orbits
- Chapter 13 Springs 'n' Things: Simple Harmonic Motion
- Bouncing Back with Hooke's Law
- Stretching and compressing springs
- Pushing or pulling back: The spring's restoring force
- Getting Around to Simple Harmonic Motion
- Around equilibrium: Examining horizontal and vertical springs
- Catching the wave: A sine of simple harmonic motion
- Understanding sine waves with a reference circle
- Getting periodic
- Remembering not to speed away without the velocity
- Including the acceleration
- Finding the angular frequency of a mass on a spring
- Factoring Energy into Simple Harmonic Motion
- Swinging with Pendulums
- Part 4 Laying Down the Laws of Thermodynamics
- Chapter 14 Turning Up the Heat with Thermodynamics
- Measuring Temperature
- Fahrenheit and Celsius: Working in degrees
- Zeroing in on the Kelvin scale
- Analyzing absolute zero
- Making kelvin conversions
- The Heat Is On: Thermal Expansion
- Linear expansion: Getting longer
- Relating temperature changes to changes in length
- Workin' on the railroad: A linear expansion example
- Volume expansion: Taking up more space
- Tanker trucks: Looking at expanding liquids
- Radiators: Seeing expanding liquids and containers
- Heat: Going with the Flow (of Thermal Energy)
- Getting specific with temperature changes
- Just a new phase: Adding heat without changing temperature
- Breaking the ice with phase-change graphs
- Understanding latent heat
- Chapter 15 Here, Take My Coat: How Heat Is Transferred
- Convection: Letting the Heat Flow
- Hot fluid rises: Putting fluid in motion with natural convection
- Controlling the flow with forced convection
- Too Hot to Handle: Getting in Touch with Conduction
- Finding the conduction equation
- Working with thermal conductivity
- Camping with the Johnsons: A conduction example
- Considering conductors and insulators
- Radiation: Riding the (Electromagnetic) Wave
- Mutual radiation: Giving and receiving heat
- Blackbodies: Absorbing and reflecting radiation
- The Stefan-Boltzmann constant
- The Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation
- Chapter 16 Best of the Best: The Ideal Gas Law
- Digging into Molecules and Moles with Avogadro's Number
- Relating Pressure, Volume, and Temperature with the Ideal Gas Law
- Forging the ideal gas law
- Working with standard temperature and pressure
- A breathing problem: Checking your oxygen
- Boyle's and Charles's laws: Alternative expressions of the ideal gas law
- Tracking Ideal Gas Molecules with the Kinetic Energy Formula
- Predicting air molecule speed
- Calculating kinetic energy in an ideal gas
- Chapter 17 Heat and Work: The Laws of Thermodynamics
- Getting Temperature with Thermal Equilibrium: The Zeroth Law
- Conserving Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Calculating with conservation of energy
- Practicing the sign conventions
- Trying a first-law-of-thermodynamics sample problem
- Staying constant: Isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes
- At constant pressure: Isobaric
- At constant volume: Isochoric
- At constant temperature: Isothermal
- At constant heat: Adiabatic
- Flowing from Hot to Cold: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat engines: Putting heat to work
- Evaluating heat's work: Heat engine efficiency
- Finding heat from a car engine
- Finding heat from your race car
- Limiting efficiency: Carnot says you can't have it all
- Finding efficiency in Carnot's engine
- Using the equation for a Carnot engine
- Going against the flow with heat pumps
- Heating with less work
- Checking a heat pump's performance
- Going Cold: The Third (and Absolute Last) Law of Thermodynamics
- Part 5 The Part of Tens
- Chapter 18 Ten Ways Physics Runs Your Day
- Waking Up
- Turning On the Lights
- Checking Your Morning Email
- Brewing the Coffee
- Getting to Work
- Sitting Down in the Office
- Climbing the Stairs
- Idling the Day Away
- Heading Home
- Calling It a Day
- Chapter 19 Ten Physics Heroes
- Galileo Galilei
- Sir Isaac Newton
- Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
- William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
- Marie Salomea Sklodowska Curie
- Albert Einstein
- Emmy Noether
- Maria Goeppert Mayer
- Chien-Shiung Wu
- Jocelyn Bell Burnell
- Glossary
- Index
- EULA
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