Grading

1 - Contents [Seite 6]
2 - Foreword by Peter Walker [Seite 8]
3 - Introduction [Seite 12]
4 - History of Site Grading [Seite 18]
4.1 - Developments in Plan Representation [Seite 19]
4.2 - Selected Projects [Seite 25]
4.2.1 - The Pueblo Grande Ball Court [Seite 26]
4.2.2 - The Pyramids of the Branitz Landscape Park [Seite 29]
4.2.3 - The "Poet's Garden" at the G 59 in Zurich [Seite 35]
4.2.4 - The Olympiapark in Munich [Seite 39]
4.2.5 - Irchel Park Zurich [Seite 45]
4.2.6 - Landform at the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art in Edinburgh [Seite 50]
5 - Landform [Seite 58]
6 - The Basics of Site Grading [Seite 68]
6.1 - Small and Large Scale [Seite 69]
6.2 - Slope [Seite 71]
6.2.1 - Slope Calculations in Percent [Seite 71]
6.2.2 - Ratio [Seite 72]
6.2.3 - Angle of Incline [Seite 72]
6.2.4 - Gradient Formations [Seite 73]
6.3 - Interpolation [Seite 75]
6.4 - Spot Elevations [Seite 77]
6.5 - Contour Lines [Seite 78]
6.6 - Embankments [Seite 84]
6.7 - Profile [Seite 85]
6.8 - Cut and Fill Calculations [Seite 87]
6.8.1 - Volume Calculations Using Profiles [Seite 87]
6.8.2 - Volume Calculations Using Contour Lines [Seite 88]
6.8.3 - Calculating Volume with Triangular Prisms [Seite 88]
6.9 - Grading: Purpose and Techniques [Seite 90]
6.9.1 - The Purpose of Site Grading [Seite 90]
6.9.2 - Important Criteria [Seite 94]
6.9.3 - Minimum and Maximum Slopes [Seite 95]
6.9.4 - Site Grading and Architecture [Seite 95]
6.9.5 - Approach to a Grading Plan [Seite 96]
6.10 - Grading and Layout Plan Contents [Seite 102]
7 - Landscape Stabilization [Seite 108]
7.1 - Soil [Seite 109]
7.2 - Erosion and Landslides [Seite 112]
7.3 - Embankment Angle and Construction Technology [Seite 114]
7.4 - An Overview of Slope Stabilization Construction Techniques [Seite 115]
7.5 - Bioengineering Construction Methods [Seite 116]
7.5.1 - Soil Protection Techniques [Seite 117]
7.5.2 - Ground Stabilization Techniques [Seite 118]
7.6 - Stabilization Using Lime and Cement [Seite 120]
7.7 - Reinforced Earth [Seite 122]
7.8 - Geotextiles [Seite 124]
7.9 - Retaining Walls [Seite 125]
7.9.1 - Cantilevered Retaining Walls [Seite 125]
7.9.2 - Gravity Retaining Walls [Seite 125]
7.9.3 - Gabions [Seite 128]
7.9.4 - Stone Block Walls [Seite 130]
7.9.5 - Pre-cast Element Retaining Walls [Seite 130]
7.9.6 - Natural Stone Retaining Walls [Seite 130]
8 - Grading Roads and Parking Spaces [Seite 132]
8.1 - Grading and Roads [Seite 133]
8.1.1 - Technical Basics [Seite 133]
8.2 - Grading and Parking Spaces [Seite 139]
8.2.1 - Terms [Seite 139]
8.2.2 - Arrangement and Dimensions [Seite 140]
8.2.3 - Horizontal Layout [Seite 140]
8.2.4 - Vertical Layout [Seite 141]
8.2.5 - Borders [Seite 142]
8.2.6 - Planting [Seite 142]
8.2.7 - Handicapped Parking [Seite 143]
8.2.8 - Parking Lots in Overview: Tables, Calculation Basics, Layout [Seite 143]
9 - Grading and Stormwater Management [Seite 152]
9.1 - Stormwater Management Basics [Seite 153]
9.2 - Workflow and Calculations for Stormwater Management [Seite 160]
9.2.1 - 1. Optimization [Seite 160]
9.2.2 - 2. Water infiltration is not possible in the following cases [Seite 161]
9.2.3 - 3. Calculating Stormwater Runoff [Seite 162]
9.2.4 - 4. Sizing Debris Traps, Box Gutters, Manholes, and Pipelines [Seite 163]
9.2.5 - 5. Infiltration Test to Determine the Specific Infiltration Rate (IRspec) [Seite 168]
9.2.6 - 6. Sizing the Infiltration System [Seite 170]
9.2.7 - 7. Calculating the Required Capacity [Seite 177]
10 - landscapingSMART and Digital Terrain Modeling [Seite 178]
10.1 - Data Bases and Data Collection [Seite 181]
10.2 - Small-Scale Data Collection and Staking Out Work [Seite 184]
10.3 - Wooden Pegs and Batten Profiles [Seite 186]
10.4 - Digital Terrain Models [Seite 188]
10.5 - Cloud Services [Seite 193]
10.6 - Analog models [Seite 195]
10.6.1 - History [Seite 195]
10.6.2 - Sand Models [Seite 195]
10.6.3 - Digital Models [Seite 197]
10.6.4 - Real-time Models [Seite 197]
11 - Grading and 3D Machine Control Systems [Seite 200]
11.1 - GNSS and DGPS [Seite 201]
11.2 - How 3D Machine Control Works [Seite 203]
11.3 - DTM Processing for 3D Machine Control Systems [Seite 208]
11.4 - The Requirements a DTM Must Fulfill to Be Applied by the Construction Company [Seite 209]
11.4.1 - Site Surveys / Basic Data [Seite 209]
11.4.2 - Interchange Format [Seite 209]
11.4.3 - Alignment [Seite 209]
11.4.4 - DTM "Surface Covering" [Seite 209]
11.4.5 - DTM "Subgrade" [Seite 209]
11.4.6 - Curbs [Seite 210]
11.4.7 - Road Construction Projects [Seite 210]
11.4.8 - Engineering Structures [Seite 210]
11.4.9 - Excavation Work [Seite 211]
11.4.10 - Lines and Pipes [Seite 211]
12 - Terrain Modeling and Construction Machinery [Seite 212]
12.1 - Machinery for Soil Ecavation and Loading [Seite 215]
12.2 - Machinery for Soil Transportation [Seite 219]
12.3 - Machinery for Soil Compaction [Seite 221]
12.4 - Construction Machines for "Rainbowing" [Seite 222]
13 - Grading in Practice [Seite 224]
13.1 - Ertingen-Binzwangen Flatbed Glide, Geitz und Partner GbR Landschaftsarchitekten [Seite 226]
13.2 - Erlentor Stadthof, Basel, Westpol Landschaftsarchitektur [Seite 230]
13.3 - Swiss Cottage Open Space, London, Gustafson Porter [Seite 232]
13.4 - Northumberlandia, Cramlington, Charles Jencks and the Banks Group [Seite 236]
13.5 - SGI/Google Corporate Headquarters, Mountain View, SWA [Seite 240]
13.6 - Desert Ridge Marriot, Phoenix, SWA [Seite 242]
13.7 - 2500 Hollywood Way, Burbank, SWA [Seite 244]
13.8 - Qiaoyuan Wetland Park, Tianjin, Turenscape Landscape Architects [Seite 246]
13.9 - Victorian Desalination Project, Victoria, ASPECT Studios [Seite 248]
13.10 - Millenium Parklands, Sydney, PWP Landscape Architecture [Seite 250]
14 - Appendix [Seite 252]
14.1 - Exercises in Grading [Seite 253]
14.2 - Glossary [Seite 275]
14.3 - Literature / Sources [Seite 281]
14.4 - Illustrations [Seite 284]
14.5 - Biographies [Seite 285]