
Database Internals
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Content
- Cover
- Copyright
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- How to Contact Us
- Part I. Storage Engines
- Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview
- DBMS Architecture
- Memory- Versus Disk-Based DBMS
- Durability in Memory-Based Stores
- Column- Versus Row-Oriented DBMS
- Row-Oriented Data Layout
- Column-Oriented Data Layout
- Distinctions and Optimizations
- Wide Column Stores
- Data Files and Index Files
- Data Files
- Index Files
- Primary Index as an Indirection
- Buffering, Immutability, and Ordering
- Summary
- Chapter 2. B-Tree Basics
- Binary Search Trees
- Tree Balancing
- Trees for Disk-Based Storage
- Disk-Based Structures
- Hard Disk Drives
- Solid State Drives
- On-Disk Structures
- Ubiquitous B-Trees
- B-Tree Hierarchy
- Separator Keys
- B-Tree Lookup Complexity
- B-Tree Lookup Algorithm
- Counting Keys
- B-Tree Node Splits
- B-Tree Node Merges
- Summary
- Chapter 3. File Formats
- Motivation
- Binary Encoding
- Primitive Types
- Strings and Variable-Size Data
- Bit-Packed Data: Booleans, Enums, and Flags
- General Principles
- Page Structure
- Slotted Pages
- Cell Layout
- Combining Cells into Slotted Pages
- Managing Variable-Size Data
- Versioning
- Checksumming
- Summary
- Chapter 4. Implementing B-Trees
- Page Header
- Magic Numbers
- Sibling Links
- Rightmost Pointers
- Node High Keys
- Overflow Pages
- Binary Search
- Binary Search with Indirection Pointers
- Propagating Splits and Merges
- Breadcrumbs
- Rebalancing
- Right-Only Appends
- Bulk Loading
- Compression
- Vacuum and Maintenance
- Fragmentation Caused by Updates and Deletes
- Page Defragmentation
- Summary
- Chapter 5. Transaction Processing and Recovery
- Buffer Management
- Caching Semantics
- Cache Eviction
- Locking Pages in Cache
- Page Replacement
- Recovery
- Log Semantics
- Operation Versus Data Log
- Steal and Force Policies
- ARIES
- Concurrency Control
- Serializability
- Transaction Isolation
- Read and Write Anomalies
- Isolation Levels
- Optimistic Concurrency Control
- Multiversion Concurrency Control
- Pessimistic Concurrency Control
- Lock-Based Concurrency Control
- Summary
- Chapter 6. B-Tree Variants
- Copy-on-Write
- Implementing Copy-on-Write: LMDB
- Abstracting Node Updates
- Lazy B-Trees
- WiredTiger
- Lazy-Adaptive Tree
- FD-Trees
- Fractional Cascading
- Logarithmic Runs
- Bw-Trees
- Update Chains
- Taming Concurrency with Compare-and-Swap
- Structural Modification Operations
- Consolidation and Garbage Collection
- Cache-Oblivious B-Trees
- van Emde Boas Layout
- Summary
- Chapter 7. Log-Structured Storage
- LSM Trees
- LSM Tree Structure
- Updates and Deletes
- LSM Tree Lookups
- Merge-Iteration
- Reconciliation
- Maintenance in LSM Trees
- Read, Write, and Space Amplification
- RUM Conjecture
- Implementation Details
- Sorted String Tables
- Bloom Filters
- Skiplist
- Disk Access
- Compression
- Unordered LSM Storage
- Bitcask
- WiscKey
- Concurrency in LSM Trees
- Log Stacking
- Flash Translation Layer
- Filesystem Logging
- LLAMA and Mindful Stacking
- Open-Channel SSDs
- Summary
- Part I Conclusion
- Part II. Distributed Systems
- Chapter 8. Introduction and Overview
- Concurrent Execution
- Shared State in a Distributed System
- Fallacies of Distributed Computing
- Processing
- Clocks and Time
- State Consistency
- Local and Remote Execution
- Need to Handle Failures
- Network Partitions and Partial Failures
- Cascading Failures
- Distributed Systems Abstractions
- Links
- Two Generals' Problem
- FLP Impossibility
- System Synchrony
- Failure Models
- Crash Faults
- Omission Faults
- Arbitrary Faults
- Handling Failures
- Summary
- Chapter 9. Failure Detection
- Heartbeats and Pings
- Timeout-Free Failure Detector
- Outsourced Heartbeats
- Phi-Accrual Failure Detector
- Gossip and Failure Detection
- Reversing Failure Detection Problem Statement
- Summary
- Chapter 10. Leader Election
- Bully Algorithm
- Next-In-Line Failover
- Candidate/Ordinary Optimization
- Invitation Algorithm
- Ring Algorithm
- Summary
- Chapter 11. Replication and Consistency
- Achieving Availability
- Infamous CAP
- Use CAP Carefully
- Harvest and Yield
- Shared Memory
- Ordering
- Consistency Models
- Strict Consistency
- Linearizability
- Sequential Consistency
- Causal Consistency
- Session Models
- Eventual Consistency
- Tunable Consistency
- Witness Replicas
- Strong Eventual Consistency and CRDTs
- Summary
- Chapter 12. Anti-Entropy and Dissemination
- Read Repair
- Digest Reads
- Hinted Handoff
- Merkle Trees
- Bitmap Version Vectors
- Gossip Dissemination
- Gossip Mechanics
- Overlay Networks
- Hybrid Gossip
- Partial Views
- Summary
- Chapter 13. Distributed Transactions
- Making Operations Appear Atomic
- Two-Phase Commit
- Cohort Failures in 2PC
- Coordinator Failures in 2PC
- Three-Phase Commit
- Coordinator Failures in 3PC
- Distributed Transactions with Calvin
- Distributed Transactions with Spanner
- Database Partitioning
- Consistent Hashing
- Distributed Transactions with Percolator
- Coordination Avoidance
- Summary
- Chapter 14. Consensus
- Broadcast
- Atomic Broadcast
- Virtual Synchrony
- Zookeeper Atomic Broadcast (ZAB)
- Paxos
- Paxos Algorithm
- Quorums in Paxos
- Failure Scenarios
- Multi-Paxos
- Fast Paxos
- Egalitarian Paxos
- Flexible Paxos
- Generalized Solution to Consensus
- Raft
- Leader Role in Raft
- Failure Scenarios
- Byzantine Consensus
- PBFT Algorithm
- Recovery and Checkpointing
- Summary
- Part II Conclusion
- Appendix A. Bibliography
- Index
- About the Author
- Colophon
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