
Aviation Security: Countermeasures, Access Control, Air Cargo and Charter Operations
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1
- Aviation Security: Actions Needed to Systematically Evaluate Cost and Effectiveness across Security Countermeasures(
- Abbreviations
- Why GAO Did This Study
- What GAO Recommends
- What GAO Found
- Background
- Overview of Selected Aviation Security Countermeasures
- Passenger Prescreening (Secure Flight)
- Checkpoint Screening
- Checked Baggage Screening
- Explosives Detection Canines
- Behavior Detection and Analysis
- U.S. Federal Air Marshal Service
- TSA's System of Aviation Security Countermeasures
- TSA Has Effectiveness Data on Some Countermeasures That Show Mixed Results, But Does Not Measure Deterrence
- Data on the Effectiveness of Selected Countermeasures in Detecting and Disrupting Threats to Aviation Security Vary in Extent and Reliability
- TSA Effectiveness Data on Selected Countermeasures Indicate Mixed Results
- TSA Does Not Measure Deterrence for Any of Its Aviation Security Countermeasures
- TSA Can Compare the Effectiveness of Certain Combinations of Aviation Security Countermeasures, but Does Not Systematically Analyze Cost and Effectiveness Tradeoffs Across All Countermeasures
- TSA Has a Tool to Assess the Security Effectiveness of Alternate Combinations of Some Countermeasures
- TSA Has Not Systematically Analyzed Potential Cost and Effectiveness Tradeoffs across the Entire System of Aviation Security Countermeasures
- Conclusion
- Recommendations for Executive Action
- Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
- List of Requesters
- Appendix I: Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Information on the Direct Costs of Selected Countermeasures
- Appendix II: Fiscal Year 2015 Effectiveness Data for Selected Passenger Aviation Security Countermeasures
- Overview of Passenger Prescreening
- The Effectiveness of Passenger Prescreening in Fiscal Year 2015
- Overview of Checkpoint Screening
- The Effectiveness of Checkpoint Screening in Fiscal Year 2015
- Checkpoint Screening TSOs
- Annual Proficiency Reviews
- Threat Image Projection (TIP) Testing
- Aviation Screening Assessment Program (ASAP) Advantage Testing
- Checkpoint Screening Technology
- TSA's Checkpoint Screening System as a Whole
- Overview of Checked Baggage Screening
- The Effectiveness of Checked Baggage Screening in Fiscal Year 2015
- Checked Baggage Screening TSOs
- Annual Proficiency Reviews (APR)
- Aviation Screening Assessment Program (ASAP) Advantage
- Checked Baggage Screening Technology and TSA's Checked Baggage Screening System as a Whole
- Explosives Detection Canines
- The Effectiveness of Explosives Detection Canines in Fiscal Year 2015
- Annual Certification Evaluations
- Short Notice Assessments
- Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security
- Chapter 2
- Aviation Security: Airport Perimeter and Access Control Security Would Benefit from Risk Assessment and Strategy Updates(
- Abbreviations
- Why GAO Did This Study
- What GAO Recommends
- What GAO Found
- Background
- Airport Perimeter and Access Control Security Roles and Responsibilities
- Risk Management Approach
- TSA Has Made Progress Assessing Risks to Airport Security, but Limitations Remain in Updating Assessments, Assessing System-Wide Vulnerability, and Monitoring Trends
- TSA Has Assessed All Three Components of Risk
- TSA Has Not Updated Its Risk Assessment of Airport Perimeter and Access Control Security or Shared Updated Risk Information with Stakeholders
- TSA Has Not Assessed Vulnerability of Airports System-Wide
- TSA Does Not Analyze Its Security Event Data Specifically for Perimeter and Access Control Security
- TSA Has Taken Actions to Oversee and Facilitate Airport Security, but Has Not Updated its Strategy to Reflect Changes in Risk Assessments and Other Actions
- TSA Has Taken Various Actions since 2009 to Oversee and Facilitate Perimeter and Access Control Security
- TSA Developed a National Strategy to Guide Oversight of Airport Security, but Has Not Updated It to Reflect Changes in Its Risk Assessment of Airport Security and Other Actions
- Selected Commercial Airports Have Taken a Variety of Approaches Intended to Strengthen Perimeter and Access Control Security
- Technology-Based Approaches to Airport Security
- Nontechnology-Based Approaches to Airport Security
- Conclusion
- Recommendations for Executive Action
- Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
- List of Requesters
- Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology
- Appendix II: Requirements Addressing Security Measures at Commercial Airports
- Appendix III: Ongoing Efforts Initiated Prior to 2009 to Regulate and Facilitate Airport Perimeter and Access Control Security
- Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response (VIPR) Program
- Appendix IV: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
- Chapter 3
- Security of Air Cargo Shipments, Operations, and Facilities(
- Summary
- The Air Cargo Industry
- Security Threats to Air Cargo
- Hijackings
- Explosives
- The Insider Threat
- Enforcement Challenges
- Risk-Based Evaluations of Shipments
- The Known Shipper Program
- Vulnerability Assessments and Risk-Based Targeting
- Adopting and Harmonizing Global Standards and Industry Best Practices
- Cargo Screening Procedures
- The Certified Cargo Screening Program
- Cargo Screening Technologies
- Canine Teams
- Security of Air Cargo Facilities and Operations
- Supply Chain Security Measures
- Tamper-Evident and Tamper-Resistant Packaging
- Tracking Technologies
- Screened Cargo Identifiers
- In-Flight Security Measures
- Hardened Cockpit Doors and Protective Barriers
- Arming All-Cargo Pilots
- Blast-Resistant Cargo Containers
- Current Legislative Issues
- Chapter 4
- Aviation Security: Actions Needed to Better Identify and Track U.S.-Bound Public Charter Operations from Cuba(
- Why GAO Did This Study
- What GAO Recommends
- What GAO Found
- Background
- History of Civil Aviation between the United States and Cuba
- DHS Responsibilities for Ensuring the Security of U.S.-Bound Flights from Cuba
- TSA's Process for Conducting Foreign Airport Assessments
- TSA's Process for Conducting Air Carrier Inspections
- TSA's Assessments and Inspections in Cuba Generally Followed Standard Operating Procedures, but Improvements Can Help Ensure They Occur at the Established Frequency
- TSA's Foreign Airport Assessments and Air Carrier Inspections in Cuba Followed Standard Operating Procedures
- Documentation
- Recording, Tracking, and Resolving Findings
- Timeliness
- TSA Inspections of Air Carriers Did Not Always Occur at the Established Frequency
- TSA Assessments of Cuban Airport Security Found Mixed Levels of Compliance
- TSA Found Mixed Levels of Compliance with ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices at Cuban Airports
- Access Control
- Quality Control
- Aircraft and Inflight Security
- Passenger and Baggage Security
- Fencing
- Most Inspections Showed Air Carriers Fully Implemented All TSA Security Requirements and Cuban Personnel Continue to Oversee Security Measures for Each U.S.-Bound Flight
- Most Inspections Showed Air Carriers Fully Implemented All TSA Security Requirements
- Bilingual Signs/Notifications
- TSA-Approved Amendments to Air Carriers' Security Programs Allow Carriers to Use Cuban Personnel to Oversee Security Measures for Each U.S.-Bound Flight
- Conclusion
- Recommendations for Executive Action
- Agency Comments and our Evaluation
- Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology
- Appendix II: Comment from the Department of Homeland Security
- Index
- Blank Page
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