Proceedings of the 1st Conference of the European Association on Quality Control of Bridges and Structures

Name: Proceedings of the 1st Conference of the European Association on Quality Control of Bridges and Structures | EUROSTRUCT 2021
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EUROSTRUCT 2021

Carlo Pellegrino Flora Faleschini Mariano Angelo Zanini José C. Matos Joan R. Casas Alfred Strauss(Editor)

Springer (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 11. December 2021

XXIV, 1430 pages

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978-3-030-91877-4 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Preface
Contents
Quantification of Uncertainties for Geodetic Observations in the Context of Bridge Surveillance
1 Introduction
1.1 Data Acquisition from Geodetic Observations
1.2 Measurements in Roding
2 Uncertainty in the Framework of the GUM
2.1 General Remarks
2.2 Statistical Treatment of Measurement
2.3 Analysis of Variance Using Bootstrapping
3 Experimental Assessment of Uncertainty
3.1 Measuring Procedure
3.2 Comparison to Manufacturer's Data
4 Uncertainty Quantification for the Geodetic Surveillance
4.1 Tachymetry
4.2 Test Series from Lasertracking
5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
A Survey of Bridge Condition Rating Systems
1 Introduction
2 Condition Rating Approaches
2.1 Weighted Averaging Approach
2.2 Qualitative Approach
2.3 Worst Conditioned Component Approach
3 Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Structural Health Monitoring at the Heart of the Decision-Making Process for Structural Asset Management
1 The Global Context
2 A Common Trend for Infrastructures
3 A Proposal for a Paradigm Shift
4 The Benefits of Structural Health Monitoring
5 An Integrated Process Decision Support Towards Structural Asset Assessment
6 Enhancing the Decision-Making Process
7 Example of an Integrated Process for Bridge Structural Asset Management
8 Conclusions
References
Cost Oriented Object-Related Damage Analysis with the Ultrasonic Method for Small Steel Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Object-Related Damage Analysis
3 Ultrasonic Method for Small Steel Bridges
4 Investigation of Steel Girders
5 Small Steel Bridges
References
Rapid Repair of Damaged RC Columns Through CFRCM Confinement
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Program
2.1 Materials Properties
2.2 Retrofitting and Loading Protocol
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Stress-Strain Behavior
3.2 Fiber and TSR Strains
4 Conclusions
References
Monitoring of Reinforced Concrete Structures by Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors
1 Introduction
2 The Experimental Campaign
3 The Experimental Test Results
4 Conclusions
References
Methodology for the Study of Prestressed Concrete Bridges Affected by Alkali-Silica Reaction
1 Introduction. Alkali-Silica Reaction
2 Objective
3 ASR in Prestressed Concrete Bridges
3.1 Characteristic Damage
3.2 Structural Impact
4 Study Methodology
4.1 Analysis of the Technical Documentation Available
4.2 Structure Inspection
4.3 Tests on Samples of Materials from the Bridge
4.4 Evaluation of the Dynamic Response of the Deck
4.5 Deck Modeling
5 Analysis of the Practical Application of the Proposed Study Methodology
5.1 About the Origin of the Damage
5.2 About the Structural Impact of the Damage
5.3 About the Evolution of the Damage
6 Conclusions
References
Evaluation of Post Tensioned Bridges' Tendon Ducts by NDT and Minor Invasive Measures
1 Introduction
2 Durability Problems of Post Tensioned Bridges
3 Regular Inspection Measures of the Prestressing System
4 NDT Techniques Suitable for Grout Injection Evaluation of Ducts
4.1 Ultrasound Tomography
4.2 The Impact - Echo System (IE)
5 Tendon Duct Evaluation by Minor Invasive Methods
6 Example Test Cases
6.1 Test Case 2
6.2 Test Case 2
7 Conclusions
References
Model Calibration of a Historic Masonry Arch Bridge Using a Probabilistic Approach
1 Introduction
2 The Arco Bridge
3 Experimental Campaign
3.1 Geometrical Characterization
3.2 Material Characterization
3.3 Ambient Vibration Testing
4 Numerical Model
5 Probabilistic Model Calibration
6 Conclusions
References
Metamodel-Based Reliability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Fatigue Loads
1 Introduction
2 Deterministic FEM Model
3 Reliability Analysis
4 Results
4.1 Deterministic Approach
4.2 Reliability Approach
5 Conclusions
References
Diagnostics and Evaluation of Bridge Structures on Cogwheel Railway
1 Introduction
2 Diagnostic Survey and Basic Parameters of Existing Bridge Structures
2.1 Bridge n. 1 at 0.435 km
2.2 Bridge n. 3 at 3.282 km
3 Results from Diagnostics
4 Static Calculation of Bridges Load-Carrying Capacity
5 Conclusions
References
Masonry Arch Bridges in Long-Term Operation on Slovak Railway Network
1 Introduction
2 Masoned Arch Bridges in the Slovak Railway Network (ZSR)
3 Numerical Analysis of Masonry Arches Bridges
4 Conclusion
References
Condition Assessment of a First Generation Precast Prestressed Bridges in Slovakia
1 Introduction
2 Basic Parameters of Observed Bridges
2.1 Bridge in Podbiel
2.2 Bridge in Nizná
2.3 Bridge in Trstená
3 Bridge Condition and Failures
3.1 Evaluation Methods and Investigation
3.2 Conceptual Problems and Consequences
4 Conclusions
References
Prolonging the Lifetime of Existing Reinforced Concrete Infrastructures with Thermal Sprayed Zinc Coating Anodes
1 Introduction
2 Thermal Sprayed Zinc Anodes
3 ICCP and SACP System Effectiveness Survey
3.1 ICCP: Coos Bay Bridge, Also Called the Conde McCullough Bridge
3.2 SACP: Lint Creek Bridge
4 Anode Service Life
5 Economics of Zinc Anodes
6 Conclusions
References
Development of Damage Detection Methodologies in Bridges Using Drive-by Methods and Machine Learning Algorithms: A Systematic Review of the Literature
1 Introduction
2 Scientometric Review and Bibliometric Networks
2.1 Literature Search Methodology - The Network Data Composition
2.2 Bibliometric Networks Analysis
3 Current and Upcoming Trends in Drive-by Damage Identification Methods Applied to Bridges
3.1 Drive-by Bridge Damage Detection in Structural Health Monitoring
3.2 Machine Learning Algorithms Approach
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Application of the Non-destructive Methods to the Determination of Discontinuities Between the Bridge Steel Box Girder and Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Impact-echo Method
3 Problem Description
3.1 Determining the Discontinuity Between the Steel Plate and Concrete
3.2 Interpretation of Results
4 Conclusion
References
Amplitude Dependency Effects in the Structural Identification of Historic Masonry Buildings
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Case Studies
4 Discussion of Results
References
Optimizing Cover Rebuilding Maintenance for Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed to Chloride Attack
1 Introduction
2 Cover Rebuilding Technique and Chloride Transport in RC Before and After Repair
2.1 Cover Rebuilding
2.2 Mechanisms of Chloride Transport in RC Before and After Repair
3 Computational Approach for Modelling Chloride Penetration
4 Maintenance Model and Results
4.1 Factor of Expected Number of Repairs
4.2 Effects of Repair Depth
4.3 Effects of Repair Interval
5 Conclusions
References
Reliability-Based Bayesian Updating Using Visual Inspections of Existing Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Reliability Analysis
2.2 Analytical Degradation Models
2.3 Visual Inspections
2.4 Bayesian Updating
3 Case Study: Application Example
4 Conclusions
References
Utilization of Digital Twins for Bridge Inspection, Monitoring and Maintenance
1 Introduction
2 Implementation of a Bridge Digital Twin
2.1 Anomalies Detection and Machine Learning
2.2 FEM-Based Digital Twin and Model Update
2.3 Risk-Based Inspection and Predictive Maintenance
2.4 Bridge Digital Twin Overview
3 Railway Bridge Digital Twin
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Numerical Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridges Under Blast Loading
1 Introduction
2 Numerical Analysis
2.1 Geometrical and Material Characteristics
2.2 Definition of Blast Loading
2.3 Numerical Modelling of the Bridge
2.4 FEM Results
3 Structural Capacity of Cable-Stayed Bridges
4 Structural Demand of Cable-Stayed Bridges
5 Conclusion
References
Bridge Damage Detection and Quantification Under Environmental Effects by Principal Component Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Damage Detection Method
2.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
2.2 Damage Detection Methodology Based on Natural Frequency
3 Case Study - Numerical Benchmark
3.1 Numerical Bridge
3.2 Damage Scenarios
3.3 Natural Frequency and Temperature
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Natural Frequency
5 Conclusions
References
Autonomous IoT for Condition Monitoring, Assessment and Predictive Maintenance
1 Monitoring of Infrastructure Assets
1.1 Constraints, Requirements and Motivation
1.2 Overview of the Monitoring System
1.3 Description of the Sensor Node
2 Application Examples
2.1 Crack Monitoring
2.2 Monitoring of the Humidity Transfer in a Concrete Wall on the Highway
2.3 Monitoring of a Cathodic Protection System
3 Conclusions and Potential Applications
Reference
Concept to Assess the Performance on Degrading Concrete Structures Components
1 Malice of Standard Chloride Determination Methods
2 LA-ICP-MS for More Accurate Chloride Content in Concrete
3 Corrosion and Condition Index
3.1 Indicators for Corrosion
3.2 Condition Index
3.3 Condition Index Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
4 Case Study
4.1 Monitoring of Climate Conditions
4.2 Classical Condition Assessment
4.3 Survey and Detection Methods
4.4 Results and Findings
4.5 Corrosion Damage Index
5 Conclusions
References
Resilience-Based Decision Support Tool for Management of Transportation Infrastructure
1 Introduction
2 Resilience Approach
3 Decision Support Tool
3.1 The Features
4 Conclusion
References
Development of Conformity Criteria for Diffusion Coefficients of Concrete and Their Influence on the Service Life of Reinforced Concrete Structures
1 Introduction
2 Conformity Control
3 Filter Effect of Conformity Criteria
4 Application of Conformity Criteria to the Diffusion Coefficient
4.1 OC-Curves
4.2 Filter Effect on Mean and Standard Deviation
5 Influence of Conformity Control on the Condition Limit State of Depassivation
6 Conclusions
References
Taylor Series Expansion for Statistical Analysis of Existing Concrete Bridge
1 Introduction
2 Semi-probabilistic Approach
3 Taylor Series Expansion
4 Practical Example: Prestressed Concrete Bridge
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Compressive-Strength Evaluation of Recycled Aggregate Self-compacting Concrete Through Hammer Rebound Index
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Mix Design
2.3 Experimental Plan
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Slump Flow
3.2 Compressive Strength
3.3 Hammer Rebound Index
3.4 Models for Compressive Strength Prediction of Recycled Aggregate SCC
4 Conclusions
References
Modelling of Nonlinear and Uncertain Behavior of Concrete Bridges
1 Introduction
2 In-Depth Nonlinear Reliability-Based Assessment of Bridges
2.1 A Guideline for the Low-Risk Application of the In-depth Procedures
2.2 A Sustainable Training Program
3 Summary and Conclusions
References
Nonlinear Reliability Assessment of Post-tensioned Concrete Bridge Made of I-73 Girders
1 Introduction
2 Safety Formats for Global Design Resistance
2.1 EN 1992-2 Method
2.2 ECoV Method
2.3 Probabilistic Approach
2.4 Partial Safety Factor Method
3 Post-tensioned Concrete Bridge
3.1 Basic Information and Computational Model
3.2 Material Parameters
3.3 Limit States
4 Results
5 Conclusions
References
Design of the Data Transmission Component of a Micrometre Scale Chloride Ion Sensor Embedded Inside a Concrete Structure
1 Introduction
2 The PMUT Design
3 Finite Element Modelling
4 Geometry and Materials Used in PMUT Design
5 Physics Interfaces Used for the Simulations
6 Identification of Resonant Frequency
7 Von Mises Stress Levels in Concrete Sections
8 Result from Fluid Dome Calculations
9 Conclusions
References
Contactless Measuring Systems for Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges
1 Introduction
2 General Test Setup
3 Contactless Measurement Systems
3.1 Camera-Based System, Photogrammetry
3.2 Laser-Based Measurement System
4 Assessment of Contactless Measurement by Contacting Displacement Transducers
4.1 Camera-Based Versus Traditional Displacement Transducer-Based System
4.2 Laser-Based Versus Displacement Transducer-Based System
5 Summary and Conclusion
References
A Renewal Theory Formulation for the Quantification of the Benefits of Structural Health Monitoring
1 Introduction
2 Life-Cycle Performance Measures in RTLCA
2.1 Probability Density Function of Renewal Times with and Without Structural Health Monitoring
2.2 Expected Value of Life-Cycle Costs and Life-Cycle Value of Information
3 Example
4 Conclusions
References
Physics-Based Probabilistic Models for the Reliability Analysis of Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Formulation of Physics-Based Probabilistic Models
3 Reliability Analysis Using Physics-Based Probabilistic Models
4 Time-Varying Reliability Analysis of Bridges
5 Example: Probabilistic Capacity Model for RC Bridge Columns with FRP Confinement
6 Conclusions
References
The MoRe Guidelines for Monitoring of Transport Infrastructures
1 Introduction
2 The PoliMI-Regione Lombardia Project
3 The MoRe Guidelines for Bridge Structural Monitoring
4 Nine Pilot Monitoring Systems
5 Conclusions and Further Developments
References
The Somigliana's Double Dislocation Method for the Calculation of the Live Loads Collapse Multiplier of Masonry Arch Bridges
1 Preliminary Limit Analysis of the Masonry Arch Bridge
2 Sequential Elastoplastic Analysis
3 Required Ductility in the Absence of "Local Unloadings"
4 The Compensating Elastic Stresses
5 Elastoplastic Strain Plotted Using SDD Method
6 Schematic of Incremental-Iterative Elastoplastic Computation
References
Structural and Durability Assessment of Heritage Reinforced Concrete Structures
1 Introduction
2 Overview of Test Methods
2.1 Overview of Test Methods
2.2 Levels of Assessment
3 Case Study on a Historic Theatre
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology of Structural Assessment
3.3 Conclusions of Static Analysis
4 Case Study on a Water Tower
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Durability Assessment
4.3 Conclusions of the Durability Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Assessment of Masonry Bridges with the Help of Combined NDT Methods
1 Introduction
2 Test Methods for Assessment
3 Test Programme
4 Selection of Test Methods
5 Conclusions
References
Arch Concrete Bridge Risk-Based Assessment Using a Portuguese Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Description of the System: Cró Bridge
3 Hazard Identification
3.1 Natural Hazards
3.2 Interceptable Hazards
4 Risk Evaluation
4.1 Analyze of Consequences
4.2 Fault Tree Analysis
4.3 Quantitative Risk Assessment
5 Conclusions
References
Load Testing and Structural Monitoring of a Reinforced Concrete Mid-century Bridge
1 Introduction
2 Diagnostics
2.1 Material Characterization
2.2 Dynamic Characterization and Preliminary Numerical Modelling
3 Structural Monitoring and Assessment
3.1 Monitoring System
3.2 Preliminary Monitoring Results
3.3 Static Load Test
4 Conclusions
References
Behavior of Real Scale Beams Manufactured with Electric Arc Furnace Slag Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Specimen Details and Test Setup
3.1 Flexural Test Set up
3.2 Long-Term Deformation Under Sustained Load Test
4 Results
4.1 Concrete Properties
4.2 Three-Point Bending Test
4.3 Long-Term Deformation Test
5 Conclusions
References
Monitoring Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridges with Operational Modal Analysis
1 Introduction
2 The BrivioBridge: Documentary Research, On-Site Tests, and FE Modelling
3 SHM Methodology
4 Description of the Monitoring System
5 Monitoring Results
6 Conclusions and Future Developments
References
Modeling Non-uniform Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers
1 Structural Modeling
2 Deterioration Modeling Approach
3 Software Implementation
4 Conclusions
References
Satellite-Based Structural and Hydraulic Monitoring of a 50-Year-Old Bridge over the Oglio River in Italy
1 Introduction
2 Isola Dovarese Bridge
2.1 Description of the Bridge
2.2 River-Structure Interaction
3 Bridge Monitoring System
3.1 GPS-Based Structural Monitoring
3.2 Hydraulic Monitoring
4 Preliminary Results
5 Conclusions
References
Structural Health Monitoring of Two Road Bridges in Como, Italy
1 Introduction
2 Merone Bridge
2.1 Description of the Bridge
2.2 SHM System
3 Ponte Lambro Bridge
3.1 Description of the Bridge
3.2 SHM System
4 Preliminary Results
5 Conclusions
References
Continuous Monitoring of Masonry Arch Bridges to Evaluate the Scour Action
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Candia Bridge
3 The Continuous Monitoring System
4 Data Analysis: Preliminary Results
5 Conclusions and Future Developments
References
Determining and Tuning Models of a Masonry Bridge for Structural Assessment
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Olla Bridge
3 Experimental Survey
4 FE Modelling and Updating
5 Conclusions
References
Fragility Analysis of Monitored Reinforced Concrete Bridges Subjected to Cumulative Effect of Seismic Damage and Corrosion Deterioration
1 Introduction
2 Combined Damage Accumulation Due to Earthquake and Corrosion
2.1 Seismic Damage Accumulation Model
2.2 Corrosion Damage Model
2.3 Seismic Damage Accumulation for Corroding Piers
3 Fragility Analysis of bridge's Piers Under Earthquake and Corrosion
3.1 Hazard Analysis
3.2 Structural Analysis
3.3 Damage Analysis
3.4 Probability of Failure Without Corrosion Sensor Data
3.5 Probability of Failure with Corrosion Sensor Data
4 Application to a Case Study
4.1 Case Study Bridge
4.2 Numerical Results
5 Conclusions
References
Application of a Simplified Load Rating Method for Scoring Existing Bridges: A Territorial Case Study in Basilicata
1 Introduction
2 Bridges Investigated and Appraisal Method Applied
3 Conclusions
References
Fast Adaptive Limit Analysis of Masonry Arch Bridges in Presence of Differential Settlements of Bridge Piles
1 Introduction
2 Method
3 Numerical Example
4 Conclusions
References
Combined Adaptive Limit Analysis and Discrete FE Approach for the Structural Assessment of Skew Arches
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 First Step: Adaptive NURS Kinematic Limit Analysis
2.2 SLP Kinematic Non-linear Analysis
2.3 Discrete-FE Non-linear Analysis
2.4 Coupling
3 Case Study
4 Conclusions
References
The SHM as Higher Level Inspection in the Evaluation of Structures
1 Introduction
2 Existing Structures: General Criteria for Evaluation
3 Reliability Indices for Evaluation in Canadian and US Codes
3.1 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (2014)
3.2 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Code, 2019
3.3 Evaluation Factor of CHBDC and AASHTO
4 Italian Guidelines for Existing Bridges and Viaducts
4.1 The Multilevel Approach
4.2 Load Factors
4.3 Levels of Knowledge, Confidence Factors and Safety Partial Factor
4.4 The SHM in the Italian Code and Possible Improvements
5 Conclusions
References
La Reale Viaduct Collapse: A Lesson to Improve the Effectiveness of Inspections of Segmental Post-tensionedBridges and Viaducts
1 Introduction
2 Analysis of La Reale Viaduct Executive Project
3 Collapse Mode
4 Notes on Evaluation of the Triggering of the Collapse Mode
5 In Site Inspections
6 Conclusions
References
Towards Standardized and Interoperable Platforms for Supporting the Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Seismic Monitoring of Italian Bridges and Viaducts
1 Introduction
2 Overview on Survey Forms and Procedures for Seismic Vulnerability and Static Safety Assessment of Bridges in Italy
3 Towards a Standardised and Interoperable Platform for Italian Bridges and Viaducts
3.1 ENEA Platforms PELL and CIPCast DSS
3.2 Standardised and Interoperable Platform for Italian Bridges and Viaducts.
4 Conclusions
References
Bridge Management System Based on Cost Action TU1406 Findings
1 Introduction
2 System Framework
2.1 Key Performance Indicators
2.2 Structural Level
2.3 Network Level
3 Conclusion
References
Variability in Section Loss and Maximum Pit Depth of Corroded Prestressing Wires
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Program
3 Measurement of Corroded Sections
4 Results and Discussion
5 Statistical Analysis of Maximum Pit Depth
6 Conclusions
References
Scour Repair of Bridges Through Vibration Monitoring and Related Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Bridge Instrumentation and Testing
2.1 Scour Repair of UBE30
2.2 Instrumentation of UBE30
2.3 Train Passage Data Recording before and after Scour Repair
3 Analysis of Measured Data
3.1 Methods of Analysis
3.2 Results of Frequency Domain Analysis
3.3 Results of Time Domain Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
From Uncertainty in Measurement to Certainty in Bridge Reassessment
1 Introduction
2 Reliability Reassessment of Structures Using Measured Data
2.1 The Concept
2.2 Role of Measurement Uncertainty in Modelling of Basic Variables
3 Case-Study
3.1 The Structure and Definition of the Limit State
3.2 Measurements and Measurement Result
3.3 Effects of Incorporating the Evaluated NDT-Results
4 Conclusion
References
On the Use of SAR Data for Structural Monitoring of Bridges: The Case of Albiano-Magra Bridge in Italy
1 Introduction
2 InSAR Remote Sensing Technique
3 Methodology
4 Case Study
4.1 The Albiano-Magra Bridge
4.2 InSAR Analysis
5 Results
6 Conclusions
References
Structural Risk Assessment of Existing Road Bridges According to Italian Guidelines Based on a Territorial Case Study
1 Introduction
1.1 General
2 The Considered Bridges
3 Critical Aspects
3.1 Hazard Aspects
3.2 Exposure Aspects
3.3 Vulnerability Aspects
4 Definition of Attention Classes
4.1 Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Class Definition
4.2 Structural and Foundational Attention Class Definition
5 Conclusions
References
Provisional Measures for Guaranteeing the Functionality of Existing Bridges: The Agnena Bridge in Caserta Province
1 Introduction
2 Bridge Description
2.1 Geometrical Features
2.2 Structural Issues
3 Structural Assessment of the Bridge
3.1 Numerical Modelling
3.2 Calculation Criteria
3.3 Structural Checks
3.4 Provisional Measures
4 Conclusions
References
Masonry Arch Bridges: Typical Features and Structural Issues
1 Introduction
2 The Considered Bridges
2.1 General
2.2 Geographical Distribution and Characterization of the Sample
3 Typical Structural Issues
3.1 Methodology
3.2 Structural Issues of Masonry Bridges
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Effect of Substructure Irregularity on the Seismic Vulnerability of Short-Span Bridges
1 Introduction
2 The Reference Bridge
3 Finite-Element Modelling
4 Incremental Dynamic Analysis
5 Conclusion
References
Innovative Strengthening of Road Bridges with Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloys (Fe-SMA)
1 Introduction
2 Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloys (Fe-SMA)
3 Fe-SMA Strengthening of Bridge Structures
4 Case Study Bridge
4.1 Design of Strengthening System
4.2 Preliminary Testing
4.3 Static Loading Tests
4.4 Fe-SMA Strengthening
5 Conclusions and Remarks
References
GENIA: Tool for Digitizing the Operational Flow Associated with the Main Inspections of Highway Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Development of the Methodology for Assessing the Condition Index
2.1 Description of the Assessment Methodology
2.2 Bridge Component Classification
2.3 Types and Classification of Damage
2.4 Damage Indicators
3 Implementation of the Assessment Methodology
4 Conclusions
References
Norwegian Experience with Zinc Thermal Spraying for Bridges
1 Introduction
1.1 Coating Specifications Used by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration
1.2 Corrosivity
2 Durability of TSZ Duplex Coatings on Norwegian Steel Bridges
2.1 Estimating Coating Lifetime
2.2 Coating Lifetime on Bridges in Different Categories of Corrosivity
2.3 Comparison to Paint Systems with Zinc Rich Primers
3 Lifecycle Costs for TSZ Duplex Coatings Compared to Paint Coatings
4 Conclusions
References
Estimation of Structural Fire Vulnerability Through Fragility Curves
1 Introduction
2 Procedure to Evaluate the Fire Fragility Curves
2.1 Evaluation of Fragility Function
2.2 Evaluation of Demand
2.3 Evaluation of Capacity
3 Fire Fragility Curves of Unprotected Steel Structures
4 Fire Fragility Curves of Protected Steel Structures
5 Fire Fragility Curves Varying the Thickness of Fire Protection
6 Conclusion
References
Numerical Investigation of a Medieval Masonry Arch Bridge Based on a Discrete Macro-element Modeling Approach
1 Introduction
2 Numerical Modeling
2.1 The DMEM Approach
2.2 The DMEM Model
3 Numerical Analysis
3.1 Validation of the Model in the Linear Field
3.2 Pushdown Analysis
3.3 Pushover Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
Seismic Retrofitting of Prestressed Concrete Bridges Through Friction Pendulum Isolation Bearings
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Case Study Bridge
3 Numerical Results: Existing Bridge Versus Isolated Bridge
4 Conclusions
References
Evaluation of Seismic Vulnerability of the Historical SS Filippo e Giacomo Masonry Arch Bridge in Ascoli Piceno (Italy)
1 Introduction
2 "SS. Filippo and Giacomo" Bridge
2.1 Description of the Bridge
2.2 Current Geometrical Configuration, Material and Geological Information
3 Structural Model of the Bridge
4 Seismic Hazard
5 Evaluation of Seismic Capacity
6 Conclusions
References
Acoustic Emission Monitoring of the Chloride-Induced Corrosion Process in Reinforced Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
2.1 Working Principle of the AE Technique
2.2 AE Analysis for Corrosion in RC
3 Experimental Program
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Remote Sensing Measurements for the Structural Monitoring of Historical Masonry Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Aim and Objectives
3 Methodology
3.1 Historical Bridge Monitoring by Multi-temporal InSAR
4 Experimental Framework
4.1 The Case Study: The Ponte Sisto Masonry Bridge
4.2 SAR Datasets
4.3 PSI Processing
5 Results and Short Discussion
6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Condition Monitoring of External Prestressing Tendons on a Concrete Multi-span Highway Viaduct
1 Introduction
2 Multi-span Highway Viaduct
3 Detailed Visual Inspection
4 Measurement of the Dynamic Characteristics of External Tendons
4.1 Geometric and Mechanical Properties
4.2 Calculation of Prestressing Force from Ambient Vibrations
5 Setup of Permanent Monitoring System Using Surveillance Cameras
6 Conclusion
References
Extending the Lifecycle of Damaged Structure by Retrofitting New Bridge Design Concepts in Old Structures
1 Observation of Existing Structures
1.1 In Need of Maintenance
1.2 In Need of Redesign
2 Methods of Bridge Reparation and Detailing
2.1 Structure Dewatering
2.2 Structure Connection to the Road
2.3 Reformation of Embankments and Substructure Protection
2.4 Restoration of Substructure Elements
3 Structure Redesign for Modern Capacity Requirements
3.1 Redesign of Simply Supported Structure as Frame Structure
3.2 Redesign of the Structure Height
4 Structure Redesign for Modern Serviceability Requirement
4.1 Thermally Continuous Deck Design
4.2 Replacement of Superstructure
4.3 Extension of Substructure Width
4.4 Expansion of Deck Width
5 Conclusion
References
Damage Detection of Post-tensioned Cables in Existing Bridges with Digital Radiography
1 Introduction
2 The Digital Radiography
3 Testing Methodology
3.1 Phase 1
3.2 Phase 2
3.3 Phase 3
4 Testing Campaign
4.1 Case Study 1
4.2 Case Study 2
5 Conclusions
References
Assessment and Upgrading of Weakly Shear Reinforced Bridge Decks: A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Brief Synthesis of Dated and New Shear Design Approaches
2.1 Dated Italian Shear Design Criteria
2.2 New Shear Design Criteria
3 Case Study
3.1 Viaduct Description
3.2 Assessment of the Shear Capacity of the Main Girders
3.3 Upgrading of the Shear Capacity of the Girders
4 Conclusions
References
Testing to Reassess - Corrosion Activity Assessment Based on NDT Using a Prestressed Concrete Bridge as Case-Study
1 Introduction
2 Testing Tasks, Methods and Measurements
3 Results of Testing and Assessment
3.1 Condition Assessment - Active Corrosion
3.2 Condition Assessment - Air-Permeability
3.3 Condition Assessment - Carbonation
4 Conclusion
References
Framework for Bridge Management Systems (BMS) Using Digital Twins
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Literature Review
3.1 Bridge Inspection
3.2 Digital Models
3.3 Digital Twins
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Remote Inspection and Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
1 Introduction
2 Integrated Methodology for the Remote Inspection and Monitoring of RC Structures
3 Remote Inspection and Automatic Crack Detection Using UAV
3.1 Strategy
3.2 Heuristic Techniques
3.3 Deep Learning Techniques
3.4 Application
4 Displacement Monitoring Using UAV
4.1 Strategy
4.2 Application
5 Conclusions
References
Convolution Neural Network-Based Machine Learning Approach for Visual Inspection of Concrete Structures
1 Introduction
2 Continuous Machine Learning Framework for Automatic Damage Detection for Concrete Structures
2.1 Continuous Learning Framework
2.2 Initial Network for Bounding Box Based Multi-label Damage Detection
2.3 Training for Bounding Box Based Multi-label Damage Detection
3 Results
4 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Utilization of Computer Vision Technique for Automated Crack Detection Based on UAV-Taken Images
1 Introduction
2 Field Deployment
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Analytical Models for the Force-Displacement Response of a Corroded Seven-Wire Strand
1 Introduction
2 The Proposed Analytical Approach
3 The Force-Displacement Model of the Basic Unit (Single Spring)
4 The Force-Displacement Models of the Corroded Seven-Wire Strand
4.1 No-Friction Model (PoS-1)
4.2 Friction Model (SoP-2)
4.3 Applicative Examples
5 Conclusion
References
Influence of the Deck Length on the Fragility Assessment of Italian R.C. Link Slab Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Adopted Probabilistic Framework
3 Applications
3.1 Geometry and Structural Details of the Case Studies
3.2 Numerical Models
3.3 Performance Levels
4 Results
5 Conclusions
References
Damage Scenario and Economic Losses Estimation of Historical Earthquakes Occurred in Northeastern Italy
1 Introduction
2 Historical Seismicity
3 Shaking Scenario
4 Residential Buildings Asset Analysis
5 Results
6 Conclusions
References
Seismic Reliability Assessment of an Open-Spandrel Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridge
1 Introduction
2 Case Study
2.1 Seismic Hazard Computation
2.2 Seismic Fragility Computation
3 Conclusion
References
A Study on Live Load Effects in Railway Backfilled Arch Bridges
1 Introduction
1.1 The Concept of Field Testing
1.2 Analyzed Structures
1.3 Testing Arrangement
2 Influence Line of Displacement
2.1 Single-Span Bridge
2.2 Multi-span Bridges
3 Estimation of Bending Effects in Masonry Arches
4 Conclusions
References
Time-Variant Seismic Reliability of Code-Compliant RC Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Methods and Models
2.1 Modeling Strategy
2.2 Material and Deterioration Modeling
2.3 Seismic Reliability Theoretical Background
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Pushover Analysis
3.2 Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA)
3.3 Probability of Failure
4 Conclusions
References
Building Information Modeling for Bridge Design and Construction
1 Introduction
2 Bridge Information Modeling
2.1 Background
2.2 Potential and Benefits
2.3 Efforts and Needs
3 IFC
4 Conclusions
References
Some Considerations on the Expected Resonance Frequencies of Bridges During Proof Load Tests
1 Introduction
2 Bridge-Truck Interaction Model
3 Parametric Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
Uniform and Local Corrosion Characterization and Modeling Framework for Long-Term Exposure of Different Rebars Used for RC Elements in the Presence of Chloride Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Procedure
3 Results
3.1 Framework for Local Attack
4 Conclusions
References
Magnetic and Electromagnetic Testing of Suspension Cables of Bridges and Structures
1 Introduction
2 Magnetic Rope Testing
3 Electromagnetic Testing of Cable Stays
4 Conclusion
References
The Effect of the Associative Friction in the Seismic Limit Analysis of Masonry Arches with Uncertain Geometry
1 Introduction
2 A Probabilistic Approach for the Geometrical Irregularities Modelling
3 Linear Programming for Rigid-Block Analysis
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Ambient Vibration Tests of Two Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Highway Overpasses
1 Introduction
2 Main Structural Characteristics of Bridges
3 Design of the Experimental Campaign
3.1 Preliminary FE Model
3.2 Modal Characterization Test Set-up
3.3 Static Load Test
4 Results
4.1 Static Load Test and Calibration of FE Model
4.2 Modal Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Detection of Corrosion Defects in Steel Bridges by Machine Vision
1 Introduction
2 Acquisition of Images in a Real Case Study
3 Unsupervised K-Means Clustering
4 Conclusions
References
The New Guidelines of Italian Ministry of Infrastructures for the Structural Risk Classification of Existing Bridges: Genesis, Examples of Application and Practical Considerations
1 Introduction
2 The Multilevel Approach
2.1 The Level 2: The Classification Methodology
2.2 The Structural and Foundational Warning Class
3 Conclusions
References
The Structural Risk Assessment of Existing Bridges in Tuscany (Italy) a Quick Survey-Based Method
1 Introduction
2 The Multilevel Approach: Focus on the Evaluation on Territorial Scale
3 Visual Inspections and Statistical Analysis on Data About Bridges in Massa and Pisa Provinces
4 Conclusions
References
Service Life Extension of Early Age Steel Bridges by Reducing Dead Weight
1 Early Age Steel Bridges
1.1 Design and Shape
1.2 Material
2 Present State of the Structure
3 Refurbishment and Alternative Load
4 Replacement of Trambed
5 Conclusions
References
Fatigue Resistance of Steel Arch Bridge Hanger Connection Plates Due to Transverse Welding
1 Connecting Hangers to Arch Box Sections
2 Transversal Bending and Longitudinal Flange Compression
3 Biaxial Stress Variation Combination
4 Hot Spot Stress Simulation
5 Fatigue Hot Spot Failure
6 Conclusions
References
Assessment of the Residual Prestressing Force in Existing Bridges Through the X-ray Diffractometer
1 Introduction
2 Principles of Functioning of the X-ray Diffraction
3 The Application of X-ray Diffraction to 7-Wire Strands
3.1 Evaluation of kmean
4 Experimental Validation
5 Conclusions
References
Monitoring-Based Decision Support System for Risk Management of Bridge Scour
1 Introduction and Background
2 Current Practice for Scour Risk Management
3 SHM-Based Decision Support System
4 Case Study and Results
5 Conclusions
References
BIM Solutions for Existing Bridges Management
1 Introduction
2 BIM for Existing Bridges Management
3 The BIM Solution for La Botte Bridge
3.1 Short Description of the Case Study
3.2 The BIM Model
4 Conclusions
References
Derivation of Fragility Curves for the Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Railway Masonry Arch Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Modelling Criteria
3 Collapse Mechanisms for Arch Bridges
4 Derivation of the Capacity Curves for the Different Mechanisms
4.1 Local Transverse (Out-of-Plane) Overturning of the Spandrel Walls
4.2 Shear/Flexural Failures in Substructures
5 Simplified Seismic Verification Procedure
6 Examples of Application
7 Conclusions
References
Analytical Modelling of Transmission and Anchorage Length in Corroded Pre-Tensioned Concrete Elements
1 Introduction
2 Corrosion Effects in Pre-tensioned Concrete
3 Analytical Modelling of Transmission and Anchorage Length
3.1 Modelling of Transmission Length
3.2 Modelling of Corrosion-Induced Pressure
3.3 Modelling of Flexural Bond Length
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Zinc Spray Galvanizing
1 Introduction
2 Arc-Spray Process Versus Flame Spray
3 Comparison of Zn Spray Galvanizing with Hot Dip Galvanization
4 Some Suggestions to Extend LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)
5 Thermal Spraying Zn Anodes on Steel Reinforced Concrete
6 Thermal Spray Zinc Versus Painting
7 Metal Spraying System
8 Conclusion
References
Innovative Technologies for Structural Health Monitoring of SFTs: Combination of InfraRed Thermography with Mixed Reality
1 Introduction
2 Common Techniques for SHM in Waterway Crossing
3 The Role of AR/MR in Civil Engineering
4 Monitoring Techniques for SFTs
5 Combination of IR Thermography with Mixed Reality
6 Conclusive Remarks
References
KPI for Bridge Management. A First Step for Bridge Digitation
1 Introduction
2 Objectives
3 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and Previous Framework
3.1 Road
3.2 Rail
4 Bride Level and Network Level
5 Conclusions
References
Technical Risks and, Intervention and Mitigation Actions in Bridges. A Technical Management Strategy
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Identification of KPIs According to the Lifecycle Phase, the Stakeholder, the Module and the Transport Mode
2.2 KPIs and KPI Index Calculation and Control
2.3 Identification of Potential Risks for Intervention and Mitigation Actions Post-definition
2.4 Selection of the Best Intervention/Mitigation Action
2.5 SHM Technology Suggestion for Quality Control Assessment and Predictive Solution Implementations
2.6 Implementation of a Set of Thresholds, Operational Analysis, Warning and Nowcasting
2.7 KPI and WDM Updating
3 Conclusions
References
Digitalization Processes and Bridge Information Modeling for Existing Bridges
1 Introduction
2 HBIM: Concepts and Methodologies
3 Objectives of Present Study and Proposed Methodology
4 Experimental Application
4.1 Case Study Description
4.2 Implementation of Parametric BIM Model
4.3 Implementation of Mesh-to-BIM Procedure
4.4 Implementation of Italian Guidelines in BIM Environment
5 Results, Discussion and Conclusions
References
On-Site Corrosion Characterization of 50-Year-Old PC Deck Beams
1 Introduction
2 Evaluation Procedure
3 Results of Preliminary Inspection
3.1 Visual Inspection
3.2 Non-destructive Testing
4 Conclusions
References
Probabilistic and Semi-probabilistic Analyses of Bridge Structures - Multi-level Modelling Based Assessment of Existing Structures
1 Introduction
2 Field Study
3 Linear and Non-linear Finite Element Modelling
4 Performance Assessment
5 Discussion - Analysis of Results and Interpretation
6 Conclusions
References
Field Investigation on the Reinforcing Steel Corrosion of RC Infrastructures in Abruzzo
1 Introduction
2 Corrosion Phenomena in RC Infrastructures
3 Quantitative Estimation
4 Discussion: The Possible Use of Cold Zinc Galvanizing
5 Conclusions
References
Virtual Investigation of Masonry Arch Bridges: Digital Procedures for Inspection, Diagnostics, and Data Management
1 Introduction
2 Digital Analysis of Historical Infrastructures
3 Virtual Environments for Visual Inspection of Bridges
4 Final Remarks
References
The Role of Non-linear Finite Element Modelling in Practical Safety Assessments of Structures and Suitable Safety Formats for NLFEM
1 Introduction
2 Case Study
2.1 Basics
2.2 Materials
2.3 Loads
2.4 Finite Element -Models
3 Safety Assessment
3.1 Overview
3.2 GRF
3.3 ECOV
3.4 Full Probabilistic Assessment
4 Results and Interpretation
5 Conclusions
References
Residual Structural Performance of Existing PC Bridges: Recent Advances of the BRIDGE|50 Research Project
1 Introduction
2 Corso Grosseto Viaduct
3 Preliminary Investigations and Dismantling Process
4 Non-destructive Testing
5 Full-Scale Load Tests
6 Conclusions
References
Nonlinear Structural Analysis of PC Bridge Deck Beams
1 Introduction
2 Nonlinear Analysis of PC Structures
2.1 PC Beam Finite Element Formulation
2.2 Numerical Integration
2.3 Solution of the Nonlinear Equilibrium System
3 Experimental Validation
3.1 PC Deck Beams
3.2 Structural Modeling
3.3 Nonlinear Structural Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
Non Destructive Testing and Model Validation of Corroded PC Bridge Deck Beams
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Campaign
3 Non Destructive Testing (NDT)
3.1 Tested Beams
3.2 Experimental Setup
3.3 Ultrasonic Tests
3.4 Rebound Tests
3.5 SONREB Method
4 Experimental Results and Model Validation
5 Conclusions
References
BiNet: Bridge Visual Inspection Dataset and Approach for Damage Detection
1 Introduction
2 Approach
2.1 BiNet Database
2.2 Damage Detection Using CNNs and Transfer Learning Strategies
3 Results
4 Conclusion
References
Importance Sampling in Life-Cycle Seismic Fragility and Risk Assessment of Aging Bridge Networks
1 Introduction
2 Seismic Risk Assessment of Aging Bridge Networks
2.1 Regional Seismic Hazard
2.2 Bridge Fragility Curves and Damage-Induced Traffic Limitations
2.3 Traffic Analysis and User Cost-Based Life-Cycle Seismic Risk Measure
3 Simulation-Based Life-Cycle Seismic Risk Estimates
3.1 Time-Variant Monte Carlo Simulation
3.2 Efficient Simulation by Importance Sampling
4 Application
4.1 Highway Network with Aging Bridges
4.2 Life-Cycle Seismic Risk Estimates and Time-Variant Accuracy
5 Conclusions
References
Experimental Program and Full-Scale Load Tests on PC Deck Beams
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Program
3 Steel Reaction Frame
4 Experimental Test
5 Conclusions
References
Dynamic Identification of Damaged PC Bridge Beams
1 Introduction
2 The Corso Grosseto Viaduct
3 Dynamic Characterization
3.1 In-Situ Dynamic Tests on the Decks
3.2 Dynamic Tests on the Beams
4 Finite Element Modelling
4.1 Typical Deck Model
4.2 Beam Model
5 Conclusions
References
Theoretical and Experimental Assessment of Indirect Dynamic Measurements for Periodic Inspections of Road Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Numerical Simulation and Modal Parameters Estimation
3 Experimental Tests on a Sample Vehicle
4 Final Remarks
References
Ontologies as the Key for Common Understanding of Infrastructure Assets
1 Introduction
2 Ontologies
2.1 Serbian IAMS Ontology
2.2 Swiss IAMS Ontology
3 Infrastructure Asset's BIM Through the Eyes of Different Ontologies
4 Conclusion
References
Rigid-Block Analysis in Large Displacements of Masonry Arches on Vertically Moving Supports
1 Introduction
2 Rigid-Block Model
3 Algorithm
3.1 Research of the Three-Hinge Position
3.2 Collapse Analysis of the Three-Hinge Arch
4 Arch-Bridge on Vertically Moving Supports
4.1 Case Study
5 Conclusions
References
Assessment of Inspection Procedures for Pre-stressed Concrete Bridges with Post-tensioned Cables
1 Introduction
2 Special Inspections Methodology
2.1 Lab Experimental Specimens
2.2 Localization of the PT Cables and Ducts
2.3 Localization and Quantification of Defects/damage
2.4 Mechanical Characterization of the Steel Cables
2.5 Evaluation of the Residual Tensile Force in the Steel Cable
3 Conclusions
References
Dynamic Response of Infilled Frames Subject to Accidental Column Losses
1 Introduction
2 Progressive Collapse Modelling of an Infilled Frame
2.1 Modeling of the Concrete Frame
2.2 Modeling of Masonry Infills
3 Case Studies Structures
4 Analysis Results
5 Conclusions
References
Bridge Condition Assessment Using Supervised Decision Trees
1 Introduction
2 Bridge Condition Assessment
2.1 Bridge Classification
2.2 Bridge Health Index
3 Decision Tree
4 Decision Tree for Bridge Stock Classification
5 Conclusions
References
BIM-Based Organization of Inspection Data Using Semantic Web Technology for Infrastructure Asset Management
1 Introduction
2 Review on Related Work
3 Methodology
4 Demonstration
5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
A Comparison of CFRP Retrofitted Columns Under Lateral Impact Loads with Different Boundary Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results
3.1 Impact Force vs. Hammer Displacement
3.2 Post-impact Damage
4 Conclusions
References
An Example of Digital Twins for Bridge Monitoring and Maintenance: Preliminary Results
1 Introduction
1.1 Proposed Framework
2 Case Study
3 Physical System: Traffic and Vibration Measurements
3.1 Traffic Flow
3.2 Vibration Measurements and Structural Identification
4 Digital System: FE Model
5 Digital Twin Environment
6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Development of a Steel Fiber-Reinforced Rubber Concrete for Jacketing of Bridge Piers Against Vehicular Impacts: Preliminary Results
1 Introduction
2 Experiment Program
2.1 Materials Properties and Specimens
2.2 Test Equipment and Test Procedure
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Quasi-static Tests
3.2 SHPB Tests
4 Conclusions
References
Standardisation in Monitoring, Safety Assessment and Maintenance of the Transport Infrastructure: Current Status and Future Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Standardisation Outlook
3 The Challenge of Practical Implementation
3.1 Challenges of Practical Maintenance of the Transport Infrastructure
3.2 Challenges of Practical Assessment of Safety of Existing Structures
3.3 Challenges of Practical Data Acquisition and Sampling
4 Status of Standardisation
5 Barriers Analysis and Identification
6 Summary and Conclusion
References
Experimental Verification of Extradosed Railway Bridge Behaviour
1 Introduction
2 Structure Conceptions
3 Computational Analyses
4 In-situ Load Test
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Use of Copernicus Satellite Data to Investigate the Soil-Structure Interaction and Its Contribution to the Dynamics of A Monitored Monumental Building
1 Introduction
2 Satellite Data
2.1 Land Surface Temperature
3 Case Study: The Sanctuary of Vicoforte and Its FEM
4 Frequency Temperature Variations
4.1 Temperature Dependent Elastic Parameters
4.2 Simulations and Results
5 Conclusions
References
An Automated Machine Learning-Based Approach for Structural Novelty Detection Based on SHM
1 Data-Driven Analysis for SHM
2 Dataset Used
3 Time Series Regression
3.1 Tools Used: Recurrent Neural Networks
3.2 Application on Dataset
3.3 Results and Discussions
4 Anomaly Detection
4.1 Proposed Strategy
4.2 Application and Discussions
5 Conclusions
References
Instrumenting an Operational Train for Continuous Monitoring of Bridges and Track
1 Introduction
2 Train Instrumentation
2.1 Irish Rail Network
2.2 Network Monitoring System
3 Design of Measurement System
4 Conclusions
References
Dynamic Compressive Behavior of Recycled Bricks Aggregate Concrete Under SHPB Tests
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Materials
3.1 Mix Design
4 Test Program
4.1 Quasi-static Test Program
4.2 SHPB Test Program
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Quasi-static Compressive Strength
5.2 Dynamic Compressive Strength
5.3 Failure Modes
5.4 Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF)
6 Conclusions
References
Are Bridges Safe Under Near-Fault Pulse-Type Ground Motions Considering the Vertical Component?
1 Introduction
2 Analyzed Bridges: General Layout and Finite Element Models
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Uncertainty and Track Stability: Analysis of Partial Safety Factors for High-Speed Railway Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Results
3.1 Case Study: Canelas Bridge
3.2 Deterministic Design Scenarios
3.3 Definition of the Critical Speed
3.4 Obtained Partial Safety Factor
4 Conclusion
References
Water-Structure Interaction Analysis of a Segmental Bridge Using Ambient Vibration Testing at Different Water Levels
1 Numerical Simulation of Mass Equations
2 Case Study
2.1 Finite Element Model of the Bridge
2.2 Ambient Vibration Test
2.3 Results
3 Conclusions
References
Modelling the Long-Term Behaviour of a High-Speed Railway Transition Zone Using a Lumped Parameter Track Model
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Case Study
4 Results
5 Conclusions and Further Work
References
Application of Different Methods for Determination of DAF from Moving Loads on Roadway Reinforced Concrete Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Methods for Determination of the DAF
2.1 Processing the Raw Measured Signals
2.2 Determination of Cut-Off Frequencies
2.3 Filtering of the Measured Dynamic Signals
2.4 Calculation of the Dynamic Amplification Factor
3 Application of Methods for Determination of the DAF
3.1 Natural and Cut-Off Frequency Determination
3.2 Maximum Static and Dynamic Response
3.3 DAF Calculated Values
4 Conclusions
References
Fast and Robust Structural Damage Analysis of Civil Infrastructure Using UAV Imagery
1 Introduction
2 Previous Works
3 Proposed Method
3.1 Object Detection and Segmentation
3.2 Defect Matching
4 Results
4.1 Object Detection and Segmentation
4.2 Defect Matching
5 Conclusion and Discussion
References
Dynamic Response of Poles Built on Railway Bridges Under High-Speed Train Passages
1 Introduction
2 Experimental and Numerical Methods
2.1 Experimental Measurement Method
2.2 Numerical Simulation Method
3 Experimental and Numerical Results
3.1 Experimental Measurement Results
3.2 Experimental Validation Results
3.3 Parametric Simulation Results
4 Conclusions
References
Influence of Bridge Deterioration on Its Natural Frequencies and Serviceability
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Factorial Design
2.2 Work Sequence
2.3 Damage Representation Variables
2.4 Structural Modelling and Analysis with CSiBridge
2.5 Example of Application with Real Monitoring Data
3 Results
3.1 Sensitivity Analysis
3.2 Regression Analysis
3.3 Application with Real Direct Monitoring Data
4 Conclusions
References
An Experimental Study on the Sorption in UHPFRC: Adaptation of the DVS Measurement Procedure
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Adaptations on the Experimental Procedure
4 Results
4.1 Results Following the DVS Procedure for Ordinary Concrete
4.2 Results with Modified DVS Procedure
4.3 Results with Modified Hysteresis Model on Sorption Isotherm
5 Conclusion
References
Accelerated Corrosion Test to Study Atmospheric Corrosion on Steel Girder Bridges
1 Introduction
2 Accelerated Corrosion Test Program
3 ACT for Steel Washing Evaluation
4 ACT for Spot Painting Evaluation
5 Discussion of Results
References
Towards Automated Detection of Cracked Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Concrete Crack Simulation in the Laboratory
3 Development of an Automated Concrete Crack Detection Algorithm
4 Conclusions
References
Acoustic Emission Monitoring to Evaluate the Detection of Adhesion of Reinforcing Rebar in the Concrete Beams
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Models
2.1 Beam A and Beam B
2.2 Integrity/Homogenous Evaluation of Concrete Through Ultrasonic Velocity
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Test on Beam B
4 Conclusion
5 Future Research
References
Application of Petri Nets to Manage Bridge Decks
1 Introduction
2 Petri Nets
3 Maintenance Model
4 Application to Pre-stressed Concrete Decks
4.1 Degradation Process
4.2 Maintenance Strategies
4.3 Results
5 Conclusions
References
FRCM-Confined Concrete: Influence of Cross-Section Geometry on Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials and Specimens Realization
2.2 Testing Protocol
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Stress-Strain Behaviour
3.2 Fibres Exploitation
3.3 Influence of Cross-Section Geometry
4 Conclusions
References
Discussion on the Nonlinear Horizontal Behavior of a Multi-span Masonry Bridge
1 Introduction
2 Masonry Arch Bridge Under Study
2.1 Geometrical Characteristics
2.2 FEM Modelling
3 Influence of the Resisting Bridge Elements to the Modal and Pushover Analysis
4 Conclusion
References
Numerical Analysis of Masonry Arch Bridges Subject to Scour Effect
1 Introduction
2 Case Study: Bridge over Cesano River
2.1 Geometrical Characteristics
2.2 Geometrical Characteristics
3 Numerical Modeling of the Bridge
3.1 Contact Interface Between Nonlinear Element
3.2 Riverbed Soil Modelling
3.3 Numerical Modelling of the Scour Effect
3.4 Simulation of Erosion-Induced Collapse
4 Conclusion
References
Environmental Performance Indicators for Roadway and Highway Infrastructures Management
1 Introduction
2 PIs Based on Mass Flows and Balance
3 PIs Based on LCA
3.1 Primary Energy Demand Indicator
3.2 Abiotic Depletion Indicator
3.3 Global Warming Potential (GWP) Indicator
3.4 Ozone Depletion Indicator
3.5 Human/Terrestrial Toxicity Indicator
3.6 Acidification Potential Indicator
3.7 Eutrophication Potential Indicator
3.8 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Indicator
4 Conclusions
References
Evolution of Design Traffic Loads for Italian Road Bridges
1 Introduction
2 The Italian Code Evolution
2.1 General
2.2 The First National Code of 1933
2.3 The Post II World War Code of 1945
2.4 The Transitory Period Until the 1962 Code
2.5 Introduction of Conventional Loads: 1980
2.6 The Modern Approaches of 1990 and 2005 Codes
2.7 The Current Standard: Technical Standards for Constructions» (NTC 2018)
3 The Parametric Study
3.1 Definition of the Study
3.2 The Obtained Results
4 Conclusions
References
Thermal and Bonding Behavior of Synthetic Thin Pavements for Concrete Bridge Decks
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Program
2.1 Materials and Samples Preparation
2.2 Testing Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Thermal Coefficient of Expansion
3.2 Pull-Off Bond Strength
4 Conclusions
References
Simulation-Based Life-Cycle Structural Reliability of Deteriorating RC Bridges Using Bayesian Updating
1 Introduction
2 Deterioration in RC Structures
2.1 Corrosion Damage and Propagation Modeling
3 Life-Cycle SHM of RC Bridges
4 Bayesian Updating
4.1 Basics of Bayesian Statistics
4.2 Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm
5 Case Study
5.1 Continuous RC Box Girder Bridge
5.2 Simulation of Corrosion Processes and Bayesian Updating
5.3 Bayesian Updating and Structural Reliability Assessment
6 Conclusions
References
CFRP Strengthened Reinforce Concrete Square Elements Under Unequal Lateral Impact Load
1 Introduction
1.1 Research Significance
1.2 Impact Test
2 Experimental Results
2.1 Failure Modes
2.2 Strain Time History Curve
2.3 Relationship Between Impact Force - Lateral Deflection Curve
2.4 Effect of Number CFRP Layers
3 Applicability of Proposed Numerical Formulas
4 Numerical Dynamic Equilibrium
5 Conclusions
References
Seismic Reliability and Cost Analysis of Code Compliant RC Italian Frames
1 Introduction
2 Framework for Reliability Computation
3 Evaluation of Frames Materials Costs
4 Conclusions
References
Reliability-Targeted Behaviour Factor Evaluation for Code Compliant RC Italian Frames
1 Introduction
2 Framework for Reliability Computation
3 Reliability-Targeted Behavior Factors Evaluation
4 Conclusions
References
Modal Characterization of a Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Bridge Composed by Decks with Different Ages
1 Introduction
2 Main Characteristics of Bridges
3 Design of Experimental Campaign
3.1 Preliminary FE Model
3.2 Modal Characterization Test Set-Up
4 Results
4.1 Modal Analysis
4.2 Calibration of FE Model
5 Conclusions
References
Development of a Bridge Management System (BMS) Based on the New Guidelines of the Italian Ministry of Transport
1 Introduction
2 The Italian Guideline Applied at the BMS
2.1 SQL Database Management System
2.2 The Inspection Techniques
3 Attention Class: A Simplified Risk Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
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Proceedings of the 1st Conference of the European Association on Quality Control of Bridges and Structures

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