The Safety Challenges and Strategies of Using Lithium-Ion Batteries
Description
Comprehensive reference detailing the manufacturing, storage, transportation, safety, and regulations of Li-Ion batteries
The Safety Challenges and Strategies of Using Lithium-Ion Batteries presents a comprehensive overview of the safety issues related to lithium-ion batteries. After an introduction explaining the basics of lithium-ion battery technology and the various components used throughout the manufacturing process, the book delves into the design and process of failure models and mechanisms including cell assembly, formation, and electrode preparation processes, discusses the compliance, regulations, and standards of lithium-ion battery transportation, and reviews how environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure can affect the durability, performance, and safety of batteries.
The reader is presented with the range of companies that are producing batteries, the various lithium-ion chemistries being implemented in batteries by these companies, and which chemistries are being used for which applications. Next, the various defects in design and manufacturing that can affect the propensity for fires are presented along with best practices. This section is followed by an overview of the qualification tests, quality assurance methods, and standards needed to ensure safe design.
The Safety Challenges and Strategies of Using Lithium-Ion Batteries includes information on:
- Types of batteries and the trade-off between energy density and safety risks
- Thermal runaway and mitigation strategies such as flame retardants and venting mechanisms
- The reuse, repurposing, and disposal of batteries and how new regulations in the European Union concerning the ability to replace batteries and the right to repair will affect safety risks
- The battery supply chain in the consumer, industrial, electric vehicle, and renewable energy sectors
- Data transparency challenges between manufacturers and end-users/system designers
Written by a team of experts, The Safety Challenges and Strategies of Using Lithium-Ion Batteries is essential reading for professionals working in a wide range of industries including batteries, EV, and energy storage.
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Michael G. Pecht is a Chair Professor and the Director of the Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) at the University of Maryland, USA. He earned his PhD in Engineering Mechanics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, and has authored over 30 books and more than 900 technical articles. He is a world-renowned expert in strategic planning, design, testing, and risk assessment of electronics and information systems.
Content
About the Editors, Authors, and Assistants xv
Preface xxiv
Acknowledgement xxxi
Acronyms xxxii
1 Basics of Lithium-Ion Battery Technology 1
Simin Peng, Yue Shen, Genkai Xia, Sahithi Maddipatla, Lingxi Kong, and Mohammed Saquib Khan
1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Structure and Chemistry 1
1.2 Definitions of Key Battery Performance Metrics 3
1.3 Energy Density and Safety Analysis of Battery Materials 4
1.4 Cathode Materials: LCO, LMO, LFP, NMC, NCA, and Li-SPAN 5
1.4.1 Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) Battery 5
1.4.2 Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) Battery 6
1.4.3 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Battery 6
1.4.4 Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese Oxide (NMC) Battery 6
1.4.5 Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum Oxide (NCA) Battery 7
1.4.6 Lithium-Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile (Li-SPAN) Battery 7
1.4.7 Summary of Cathode Materials 7
1.5 Anode Materials: Carbon-Based, Silicon-Based, Metal, and Alloying Anodes 8
1.5.1 Carbon-Based Materials 8
1.5.2 Silicon-Based Materials 9
1.5.3 Metal and Alloying Anodes 9
1.6 Electrolytes: Liquid and Solid Electrolytes 10
1.6.1 Liquid Electrolytes 11
1.6.2 Solid Electrolytes 11
1.6.3 Summary of Electrolyte Comparisons 12
1.7 Separators 12
1.7.1 Polyolefin Separators 15
1.7.2 Nonwoven Separators 15
1.7.3 Ceramic Separators 15
1.8 Future Trends in Batteries 16
1.9 Summary 17
References 18
2 Global Suppliers of Battery Raw Materials 21
Simin Peng, Guanwei Jiang, Yu Zhang, Yulun Zhang, Kianoush Naeli, Virendra Jadhav, Sanjay Tiku, Sahithi Maddipatla, and Lingxi Kong
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Analysis of Raw Materials 22
2.3 Battery Cell Component Production 23
2.3.1 Positive Electrode Materials 24
2.3.2 Negative Electrode Materials 26
2.3.3 Electrolytes 28
2.3.4 Separators 30
2.3.5 Packaging Materials 32
2.4 Battery Management Systems 33
2.5 Summary 34
References 35
3 Lithium-Ion Cell Manufacturing Process and Form Factors 39
Simin Peng, Guanwei Jiang, Yuwei Nie, Yu Zhang, Lingxi Kong, and Sahithi Maddipatla
3.1 Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) Structure Overview 39
3.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Process 39
3.2.1 Electrode Sheet Preparation 42
3.2.2 LIB Cell Assembly 44
3.2.3 Sealing of LIBs 45
3.2.4 Formation and Testing of LIBs 46
3.3 Advancements and Refinements in LIB Manufacturing 48
3.4 Summary 48
References 49
4 The Lithium-Ion Battery Market and Key Cell Manufacturers 51
Hayder Ali and Hassan Abbas Khan
4.1 History of Lithium-Ion Battery Commercialization 52
4.2 Expansion of the Lithium-Ion Batteries Industry 54
4.3 Geographic Distribution of Battery Manufacturing 54
4.4 Demand for Batteries 56
4.5 Leading Battery Producers Worldwide 58
4.5.1 Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Ltd. (CATL) 59
4.5.2 BYD Co., Ltd. 59
4.5.3 LG Energy Solution, Ltd. 60
4.5.4 Panasonic Holdings Corporation 60
4.5.5 SK Innovation Co., Ltd. 61
4.5.6 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. 61
4.5.7 CALB Group Co., Ltd. 61
4.5.8 Farasis Energy (Gan Zhou) Co., Ltd. 62
4.5.9 Envision AESC 62
4.5.10 Sunwoda Electric Battery Co., Ltd. 62
4.6 Battery Suppliers and Their Market Clients 63
4.7 Summary 64
References 64
5 Lithium-Ion Battery Cell and Pack Design Considerations 73
Yulun Zhang, Kianoush Naeli, Virendra Jadhav, and Sanjay Tiku
5.1 Cell Design Considerations 73
5.1.1 Mechanical Structure 73
5.1.2 Chemical Architecture 74
5.1.3 Safety Architecture: TCO 75
5.2 Pack Design Considerations 76
5.2.1 Cell Configurations in a Pack 77
5.2.2 Battery Management System (BMS) 79
5.2.3 Electrical Assembly 81
5.2.4 Mechanical Assembly 82
5.3 OEM Device Design Considerations 83
5.3.1 Device Functional and Performance Requirements 83
5.3.2 Enclosure Design for Battery Protection 84
5.3.3 Replacement and Reworkability 84
5.3.4 BMS and Smart Charging 85
5.3.5 Usage Patterns and Telemetry 85
5.4 Summary 86
References 87
6 Design and Process Failure Modes and Mechanisms 89
Sahithi Maddipatla, Saurabh Saxena, and Michael G. Pecht
6.1 Introduction 89
6.2 Failure Mechanisms in Li-Ion Batteries 91
6.2.1 Negative Electrode (Anode) 91
6.2.2 Positive Electrode (Cathode) 92
6.2.3 Electrolyte 92
6.2.4 Separator 92
6.2.5 Current Collectors 93
6.2.6 Battery Cap Structure 93
6.3 Lithium-Ion Cell Manufacturing Process 94
6.4 Role of the Design and Manufacturing Process in Battery Safety 95
6.4.1 Internal Short Circuit 97
6.4.2 Localized Heating 97
6.4.3 Increased Gas Generation 97
6.4.4 Malfunctioning of Safety Devices 98
6.5 Summary 99
References 107
7 Thermal Runaway and Mitigation Strategies 113
Simin Peng, Yue Shen, Genkai Xia, Sahithi Maddipatla, Lingxi Kong, Weiping Diao, and MichaelG.Pecht
7.1 Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries 113
7.2 Safety Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies in Lithium-Ion Batteries 114
7.2.1 Current Interrupt Devices (CID) 114
7.2.2 Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) 116
7.2.3 Venting Mechanisms 117
7.2.4 Flame Retardants 118
7.2.5 Shutdown Separators 119
7.2.6 Metal-Polymer Current Collectors 120
7.2.7 Protection Circuitry and Battery Management System 120
7.2.8 Battery Thermal Management Systems 122
7.3 Safety Mechanisms Used in Cells with Different Form Factors 123
7.4 Summary 124
References 124
8 Battery Qualification 127
Rashed A. Islam
8.1 Key Performance Metrics 127
8.1.1 Capacity 128
8.1.2 Efficiency 128
8.1.3 Battery Cycle Life 129
8.1.4 Voltage Stability 130
8.2 Battery Qualification Process 130
8.3 Battery Qualification Testing Protocols 132
8.3.1 Cell-Level Qualification 133
8.3.2 Pack-Level Qualification 139
8.3.3 Product-Level Qualification 145
8.4 Caution Regarding Golden Samples 146
8.5 Analysis of Qualification Test Data 147
8.6 Ongoing Reliability Test 149
8.6.1 Cell- and Pack-Level ORT 149
8.6.2 Cell-Level ORT Guidelines 150
8.6.3 Pack-Level ORT Guidelines 152
8.6.4 Statistical Testing for ORT 154
8.7 Summary 155
References 155
9 Quality Control in Li-Ion Battery Production: Best Practices and Challenges 159
Dulja Bamunusinghe, Thisali S. Rathnayake, Raveen Sanjaya De Silva, Logeeshan Velmanickam, and Rashed A. Islam
9.1 Incoming Quality Control 159
9.2 Process Control Measures 160
9.2.1 Core Process Control Techniques in Lithium-Ion Battery Production 160
9.2.2 Implementing Effective Quality Control Measures 166
9.2.3 Interconnectedness of Process Control and Quality Management 168
9.3 Quality Gate Concept 171
9.4 Screening Technologies for Batteries 173
9.4.1 Optical Inspection 173
9.4.2 Ultrasonic Testing 174
9.4.3 X-Ray Inspection 175
9.4.4 Thermal Imaging 176
9.4.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 177
9.4.6 Acoustic Emission Testing 178
9.5 Best Practices in Battery Quality Assurance 179
9.6 Challenges and Pitfalls 181
9.6.1 Raw Material Quality 182
9.6.2 Electrode Manufacturing 182
9.6.3 Cell Assembly 183
9.6.4 Electrolyte Filling 183
9.6.5 Formation and Aging 183
9.6.6 Testing and Inspection 184
9.6.7 Ensuring Consistent Quality in High-Volume Manufacturing 184
9.7 Key Components of a Quality Control Facility 184
9.7.1 Specialized Equipment 186
9.7.1.1 Battery Cell Testers 186
9.7.1.2 Thermal Imaging Cameras 187
9.7.1.3 Cycle Life Testers 187
9.7.2 Testing Tools 187
9.7.3 Skilled Personnel 189
9.8 Future Trends and Advancements in Battery Quality Control 189
9.8.1 Digitalization and Automation in Quality Control 190
9.8.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI), Predictive Maintenance, and Real-Time Monitoring in Quality Control 191
9.8.3 Optimization and Quality Control in the Supply Chain Management 192
9.8.4 Advanced Material Testing and Inspection Methods 193
9.9 Summary 194
References 194
10 Battery Supply Chain: Quality, Risks and Audits 203
Yulun Zhang, Kianoush Naeli, Virendra Jadhav, and Sanjay Tiku
10.1 Introduction 203
10.2 Quality Assurance: A Tool for Risk Mitigation for Battery Safety 204
10.2.1 Metrics 206
10.2.2 Metrology 206
10.2.3 Supply Chain Management 207
10.2.4 Data Analysis 207
10.2.5 Training 207
10.2.6 Feedback and Audit 208
10.3 Cell Manufacturing and Quality Risks 208
10.3.1 Risk Mitigation Practices for Cell Manufacturing 208
10.4 Pack Manufacturing and Quality Risks 210
10.4.1 Risk Mitigation Practices: Pack 210
10.5 OEM Device Integration and Quality Risks 212
10.5.1 Risk Mitigation Practices: Device Integration 213
10.6 Auditing Considerations 214
10.6.1 Audit Process 216
10.6.2 Auditing Frequency 217
10.7 Key Steps in Battery Selection 218
10.8 Summary 221
References 223
11 Storage of Lithium-Ion Batteries 227
Haibo Huo, Gifty Pamela Afun, Manoj Kumar Lohana, and Sahithi Maddipatla
11.1 Introduction 227
11.2 Incidents During Lithium-Ion Battery Storage and Analysis 228
11.3 Safety Tests for Storage of Lithium-Ion Batteries 229
11.3.1 UN Standard 38.3 229
11.3.2 IEC Standard 62281 230
11.4 Regulations and Standards for Daily Warehousing and Battery Energy Storage Systems 231
11.5 Lithium-Ion Battery Storage in the United States 232
11.5.1 US Battery Storage Specifications 232
11.5.2 US Daily Warehousing 233
11.5.3 US Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) 234
11.6 Lithium-Ion Battery Storage in China 236
11.7 Lithium-Ion Battery Storage in South Korea 237
11.8 Recommendations for Safe Storage Practices 240
11.8.1 Segregation and Separation Requirements 240
11.8.2 Ventilation and Temperature Control Measures 240
11.8.3 Fire Detection and Suppression Systems 241
11.8.4 Emergency Response Planning and Personnel Training 241
11.8.5 Monitoring and Inspection Protocols 241
11.9 Summary 242
References 243
12 The Transportation of Lithium-Ion Batteries 247
Dinithi Senarath, Prabhashi Amanda Andrahennadi, Nipun Iranga Wijesekara, Logeeshan Velmanickam, Niles Perera, Haibo Huo, and Gifty Pamela Afun
12.1 Introduction 247
12.1.1 Environmental Factors That Affect Battery Performance During Transportation 247
12.1.2 Effects of Environmental Factors on Battery Performance During Transportation 248
12.2 Regulations and Standards (and Specifically UN 38.3) 249
12.2.1 Specific Testing and Compliance Requirements 250
12.2.2 Cell-Level Tests and Concerns in Battery Transportation and Storage 251
12.2.3 Pack-Level Tests and Concerns in Battery Transportation and Storage 254
12.2.4 Product-Level Tests and Concerns in Battery Transportation and Storage 257
12.2.5 Analysis of Costs 259
12.3 Global Regulations Governing the Secure Transportation of Lithium-Ion Batteries 261
12.3.1 Regulations for Transportation by Air 262
12.3.2 Regulations for Transportation by Surface (Road/Rail/Sea) 264
12.4 Lithium Battery Transportation Regulations in Different Countries 271
12.4.1 Transportation Regulations in the United States 271
12.4.2 Transportation Regulations in China 273
12.4.3 Transportation Regulations in Europe 276
12.4.4 Transportation Regulations in South Korea 278
12.5 Global Regulations on Lithium Battery Disposal 281
12.6 Packaging and Safety Best Practices for Shipping Lithium-Ion Batteries 282
12.7 Summary 283
References 284
13 Battery Safety and Reliability Standards 291
Ilknur Baylakoglu and Yan Ning
13.1 The Landscape of Battery Safety Standards 292
13.1.1 International and Regional Standards Organizations 293
13.1.2 Regional and National Regulatory Bodies 296
13.1.3 Certification Bodies 299
13.2 Battery Cell Safety and Reliability Standards 301
13.2.1 Transportation Standards 302
13.2.2 Abuse and Environmental Standards 303
13.2.3 Performance and Durability Standards 305
13.3 Battery Pack and System Safety and Reliability Standards 308
13.3.1 Transportation Standards 309
13.3.2 Abuse and Environmental Standards 310
13.3.3 Performance and Durability Standards 315
13.3.4 BMS Functional Standards 315
13.4 Safety Standards and Regulations Incorporating Batteries for Different Applications 317
13.4.1 Portable Devices (e.g., Smartphones, Laptops) 318
13.4.2 Automotive (Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles) 318
13.4.3 Uninterruptible Power Supplies and Power Systems 320
13.4.4 Marine and Navy Applications 321
13.4.5 Avionics 323
13.4.6 Space Applications 324
13.5 Trends in New Battery Safety Standards 325
13.5.1 Evolving Battery Technologies 327
13.5.2 Sustainability 327
13.5.3 Battery Management Systems and Data Analytics 329
13.5.4 Second-Life Applications 329
13.5.5 International Collaboration 330
13.5.6 Standardization Gap Analysis 331
13.5.7 Fire Hazard Gap Analysis 334
13.6 Summary 334
References 335
14 Battery Rewrapping and Counterfeits 341
Lingxi Kong and Michael G. Pecht
14.1 Counterfeiting 341
14.2 Rewrapping 343
14.3 Counterfeit Batteries in the Market 344
14.4 Hazards of Counterfeit Batteries 348
14.5 Summary 349
References 350
15 Supply Chain Battery Regulations 353
Shalini Dwivedi and Aparna Akula
15.1 EU Battery Regulation 2023 353
15.2 Unveiling the Regulatory Framework: Key Features and Insights 354
15.2.1 Evolutionary Shift: Battery Regulation 2023 Versus Battery Directive 2006 355
15.2.2 A Forward Look at EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 355
15.2.3 Navigating Challenges and Solutions 358
15.3 Battery Sustainability Practices Worldwide 358
15.3.1 United States of America (USA) 358
15.3.2 China 359
15.3.3 Japan 360
15.3.4 India 361
15.4 Summary 362
References 362
16 Right to Repair Legislation and the Implications on Battery Safety in the EU 365
Simin Peng, Quanqing Yu, and Yuwei Nie
16.1 Generation and Treatment of Electronic Waste in Europe 366
16.2 Key Points of the EU Right to Repair Regulations 369
16.3 Controversies and Discussions Triggered by the Right to Repair Rules 370
16.3.1 Manufacturers' Concerns 372
16.3.2 Environmental Impact 373
16.3.3 Consumer Experience and Safety 373
16.3.4 Insurance Industry Perspective 374
16.3.5 Legal Ambiguities 375
16.3.6 Economic Considerations 375
16.4 Measures Taken by the EU to Improve Consumer Ability to Replace Batteries in Portable Devices 375
16.5 Arguments Against Allowing Consumers to Replace Smartphone Batteries 377
16.6 Summary 378
References 379
17 Battery Reuse and Repurposing: Balancing Sustainability with Risk 383
Shalini Dwivedi, Aparna Akula, and Michael G. Pecht
17.1 Discarding of Batteries 384
17.2 Repurposing of Lithium-Ion Batteries 385
17.3 Responsible Battery Repurposing: Navigating Resilience and Safety Concerns 386
17.3.1 Health of Retired Batteries 388
17.3.1.1 Counterfeit Batteries 388
17.3.1.2 Inadequate Testing 388
17.3.1.3 Compatibility Issues 389
17.3.1.4 Insurance Coverage 389
17.3.2 Beyond "Can We?": Delving into the Imperatives and Challenges of Battery Repurposing 389
17.4 Summary 390
References 391
18 Risks Associated with Recycling and Disposal 395
Simin Peng, Jinkang Chen, Jie Wu, and Michael G. Pecht
18.1 Retired Batteries 395
18.2 Recycling 397
18.3 Disposal 399
18.4 Safety Risk Assessment and Suggestions for Different Treatments 399
18.5 Recycling of Batteries and Chemical Pollution Risks 400
18.6 Disposal of Batteries and Environmental Pollution Risks 401
18.7 Examples of Companies That Deal with the Retired Batteries 401
18.8 Standards for Retired Battery Treatment 403
18.9 Summary 406
References 407
Epilog: An Executive Summary 409
References 413
Index 415
The Editors, Authors, and Assistants
Michael G. Pecht (60,000+ citations, 105+ H-index) holds a BS in Physics, an MS in Electrical Engineering, and an MS and PhD in Engineering Mechanics from the University of Wisconsin. He is a Professional Engineer, an IEEE Fellow, an ASME Fellow, an ASM Fellow, and an SAE Fellow. He served on three US National Academy of Science studies, two US Congressional investigations in automotive safety, and as an expert to the US FDA. He is a Distinguished Professor and the Director of the Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) at the University of Maryland, which is funded by over 150 of the world's leading electronics companies at more than US$6M/year. He has written more than 30 books on product reliability and supply chain management, and a series of books on the electronics industry in China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and India. He has written over 700 technical articles and has 12 patents.
Simin Peng received his PhD degree in electrical engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, in 2013. From 2016 to 2017, he was a Visiting Scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park, USA. He is an Associate Professor at Yancheng Institute of Technology, China. His research interests include modeling and control of wind power, microgrids, and battery energy storage systems. He is an IEEE Senior Member and the leader of the Advanced Energy Storage Technology and Applications Research Center at Yancheng Institute of Technology. He is the standing director of the IEEE PES Electric Vehicle Satellite Committee-China Battery System Subcommittee and IEEE PES Energy Storage Committee-China Energy Storage System and Equipment Subcommittee. He has authored over 50 academic papers and holds 40 patents.
Rashed A. Islam is a Design for Reliability Lead at Joby Aviation. His group is responsible for the powertrain and electronics reliability for Joby's revolutionary electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Previously, Rashed was the Head of Product Integrity at Lyft Bikes and Scooters and Technical Lead Manager at Google Devices and Services, where his team managed the Nest home automation products. He also led the Sustainable Materials Reliability efforts for Google's consumer hardware. Rashed has more than 15 years of industry experience in reliability engineering, failure analysis, and materials development (recycled plastics, Pb-free solder, piezoelectric, and magnetoelectric materials). Before Google, Rashed worked on e-readers and tablets (at Amazon), LEDs (at Philips), and energy harvesters and dielectric antennas (at Eoplex). Rashed has a PhD in Materials Science and Engineering and has published more than 50 journal and conference publications and book chapters. He has also authored three US patents.
Sanjay Tiku has an MS and PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Maryland, College Park. He currently works as Senior Director of Hardware Engineering at Microsoft. He directs the activities of a team of engineers and researchers to ensure the performance and reliability of complex electromechanical products and to drive product qualification. Previously, he worked at the Research Center of Tata Motors and taught mechanical engineering for a while in India. His research interests include the quality and reliability of electronic products and electronic parts selection and management. He has written several papers and book chapters in this area. He is a member of the IEEE and an invited member of the academic honor society Phi Kappa Phi.
Yan Ning serves as the Battery Performance and Reliability Lead at Dell Technologies, dedicated to delivering reliable and enduring batteries through testing and intelligent health management powered by AI. She collaborates closely with tier-one, established battery suppliers and emerging technology providers, fostering partnerships to integrate revolutionary battery technologies. Yan's expertise extends to telemetry data analysis and machine learning applications for batteries and computer systems, enabling her to diagnose field failures and extract valuable product insights for business optimization. Yan is the Vice Chair of the IEEE P1624 Working Group, where she contributes to updating the standard for Organizational Reliability Capability. Yan holds a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) at the University of Maryland. Yan has six US patents and six US patent applications pending.
Hassan Abbas Khan is the Director of the Energy and Power Systems Lab, a Lead for the Horizon EU project (LOCEL-H2), and a founding member of the LUMS Energy Institute. He received his BSc in Electronic Engineering from GIKI, Pakistan, and his MS and PhD in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Manchester, UK, in 2006 and 2010, respectively. Currently, he is co-Editor-in-Chief for Elsevier's e-Prime, and a Senior Member of IEEE. He is an expert on batteries and their applications in a spectrum of applications from EVs to grid-scale storage. Dr. Khan also evaluates drivers changing the conventional grid, focusing on storage-based systems and EVs to develop evidence-based policymaking for disruptive technologies in the evolving utility grid. He has contributed to over 100 peer-reviewed research publications and has advised the Government of Pakistan on a 100 MWp flagship solar project in Pakistan and has also led various energy efficiency-related projects at LUMS.
Haibo Huo received a PhD degree in Control Theory and Control Engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, in 2008. From 2015 to 2016, she was a visiting scholar at the Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, USA. She is currently an Associate Professor at Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Marine Renewable Energy, Shanghai Ocean University, China. Her research interests include fuel cell and hydrogen energy storage system integration, modeling, and control and health. She is an IEEE member and the Standing Director of the IEEE PES China Satellite Technical Committee-Electric Vehicle Committee - Battery System Subcommittee. She has authored over 40 academic papers.
Yulun Zhang is a battery reliability engineer at Microsoft Corporation, where he works extensively on battery-related reliability analyses, accelerated testing, and root cause investigations for Microsoft Surface products. He has over 10 years of experience in the areas of electrochemistry and lithium-ion batteries. He has authored and co-authored more than 10 papers in different journals, such as Nature Energy and Proceedings of the IEEE. Dr. Zhang received a PhD degree in chemistry from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, in 2018 and a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, in 2014. Before joining Microsoft, Dr. Zhang was a postdoctoral fellow at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID, USA, from 2019 to 2021.
Kianoush Naeli is a reliability engineer (CRE). He completed his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering. His PhD research at the Georgia Institute of Technology was on static and resonant sensors in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). After his PhD, he worked as a postdoc in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech. He joined Hewlett-Packard (now HP Inc.) in 2010 as a process integration engineer, working on inkjet printheads. In 2013, Dr. Naeli shifted his career toward reliability engineering, while still working on inkjet printers. He worked on the reliability of metamaterial antennas at Kymeta Corporation starting in 2016. He joined Microsoft in 2018, where he has been focusing on the reliability of lithium-ion batteries. Since then, he has been leading the battery reliability of multiple generations of Microsoft Surface products.
Virendra Jadhav received his D.Sc. degree from Washington University in St. Louis. He has been a practicing engineer for over 25 years, in the areas of electronics hardware design, mechanical analysis, and reliability. During his tenure at IBM as a Development Engineer, he worked on stress analysis and testing of electronics and packaging, such as low-K dielectric materials in high end ICs, solder fatigue of BGA packages, and thermomechanical design of high-end CPU packages. In his current capacity as a Reliability Engineer at Microsoft, he has been working on the reliability of high-end personal computers. He is currently the Director of Reliability Engineering at Microsoft in Redmond, WA. Since 2017, he and his team have been actively working on the reliability of lithium-ion batteries.
Weiping Diao earned her PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Maryland, College Park, USA, in 2021. She also holds a BE and ME in Electrical Engineering from Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China. Currently, she is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Binghamton University. Before joining academia, she spent three years at Apple Inc. as a Battery Algorithm Engineer in Cupertino, USA. Her research focuses on lithium-ion battery technologies, including reliability testing, lifetime modeling, degradation mechanisms analysis, battery management...
