Radiographic Projections & Positioning Guide
1st Edition
Published on 18. March 2023
376 pages
978-1-937143-66-4 (ISBN)
Description
A comprehensive overview of routine imaging procedures and positioning terminology in diagnostic imaging. Also included is a summary of patient care in radiology, infection control, patient communication and digital technology. Each projection file includes an image of the actual position with the corresponding labeled radiograph, plus technical information on patient positioning; body/part position and rotation; central ray angulation; point of entry; structures demonstrated; and image evaluation and critique.
Great student and educator resource. Handy summary of exam positions. Also, for use by student radiographers/technologists during registry reviews or as a refresher for practicing radiographer/ x-ray technologist/imaging technologists.
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Content
- Intro
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- PREFACE
- Radiographic Policies and Procedures
- Importance of Standard Precautions
- Hand washing
- Airborne Precautions
- Droplet Precautions
- Contact Precautions
- Clinical History Documentation
- Rule out errors
- Necessary for legal coding
- Patient Communication
- General Imaging Rules
- Proper use of anatomic side marker
- Palpation to identify landmarks
- Use of grid or Bucky device
- Types of Grids
- Grid Cutoff
- Air Gap Technique - Alternative Grid Use
- Two (2) projections minimum
- (Untitled)
- The 15% Rule
- Imaging Information
- Monitors
- Factors Controlling Image Quality-Digital
- Shapes and Size Distortion
- Function of AEC
- Limitations of AEC
- Limiting Radiation to Patient
- Units of Radiation
- Source to skin distance (SSD)-critical in fluoroscopy imaging
- Positioning
- Anatomical Position
- Radiographic Planes
- Spinal Curvature
- Body Habitus and Pathology
- Radiographic Terms
- Radiographic Body Positions
- Radiographic Projections
- Projection Terminology
- Specific Body Positions
- Relationship Terms
- Terms Related to Movement
- External Body Landmarks
- 1.Chest and Upper Airway Imaging
- Anatomy of Respiratory System
- Upper Airway-AP projection
- Upper Airway-Lateral
- Chest-PA projection
- Chest-Lateral projection
- Chest Oblique-Right Anterior Oblique position (RAO) or Left Anterior Oblique (LAO)
- Chest Oblique- Right Posterior Oblique (RPO)
- or Left Posterior Oblique position (LPO)
- Chest-Lordotic position
- Chest-Decubitus
- 2. Abdomen Imaging
- Divisions of the Abdomen
- Abdomen Positioning Considerations
- Abdomen-Supine, AP projection
- Abdomen-Prone, PA projection
- Abdomen-Erect, PA projection
- Abdomen-Lateral projection
- Abdomen-Lateral Decubitus position
- Abdomen-Dorsal Decubitus
- Abdomen-AP Oblique projections, LPO or RPO position or PA Oblique projection, LAO or RAO position
- 3. Upper Extremity Imaging
- Bones of Upper Extremity
- Finger-PA
- Finger-Oblique
- Finger-Lateral
- Thumb-PA
- Thumb-AP
- Thumb-PA Oblique
- Thumb-Lateral
- Hand-PA
- Hand-PA Oblique
- Hand-AP Oblique
- Hand-Lateral, (fan lateral)
- Hand-Lateral, (extension lateral)
- Hand-Lateral, (natural flexion lateral)
- Wrist-PA
- Wrist-PA oblique
- Semi-pronation or PA with lateral rotation
- Wrist-AP oblique
- Semi-supination or AP with medial rotation
- Wrist-Lateral
- Wrist-PA with Ulnar deviation
- Wrist-PA with Radial Deviation
- Wrist-PA Scaphoid
- Stecher method
- Wrist-Carpal Canal, Tangential Inferosuperior
- Gaynor-Hart method
- Forearm-AP projection
- Forearm-Lateral
- Elbow-AP
- Elbow-Lateral
- Elbow-Medial Oblique (internal rotation)
- Elbow-Lateral Oblique (external rotation)
- Elbow-AP Partial Flexion
- Part 1 of 2-Humerus parallel to the table-top
- Elbow-AP Partial Flexion
- Part 2 of 2-Forearm parallel to the table-top
- Elbow-Acute Flexion
- Elbow-Radial head Rotational Projection
- Part 1 of 4. Hand supinated & elbow lateral
- Elbow-Radial head Rotational Projections
- Part 2 of 4. Hand lateral & elbow lateral
- Elbow-Radial head Rotational Projections
- Part 3 of 4-Hand. Pronated & elbow lateral
- Elbow-Radial head Rotational Projections
- Part 4 of 4-Hand. Supinated & elbow lateral
- Elbow-Radial Head Projection
- Elbow-Coronoid Process Projection
- Humerus-AP
- Humerus-Lateral (mediolateral)
- Humerus-Lateral (lateromedial)
- 4. Shoulder Girdle
- Anatomy of the Shoulder
- Shoulder-AP projection, External Rotation
- Shoulder-AP projection, Internal Rotation
- Shoulder-AP projection, Neutral Rotation
- Shoulder-Transthoracic Lateral projection
- Lawrence method- for trauma imaging
- Shoulder-Inferosuperior Axial projection
- Lawrence method
- Shoulder- PA Oblique projection, RAO & LAO position, Scapular Y
- Shoulder-AP Oblique projection, RPO & LPO position, Scapular Y
- Shoulder-AP Oblique projections, Grashey method. LPO or RPO position with internal rotation
- Shoulder - Supraspinatus "Outlet" projection, Neer. RAO or LAO position
- Clavicle-AP projection
- or PA
- Clavicle-AP Axial projection
- or PA Axial projection
- Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint-AP projection
- Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint-AP projection
- Scapula-AP
- Scapula-Lateral, RAO or LAO positions
- To demonstrate the scapula body
- To demonstrate the acromion and coracoid process
- Scapula-Lateral, RPO or LPO positions
- To demonstrate the scapula body
- To demonstrate the acromion and coracoid process
- Bones of the Lower Extremity
- Toes-AP dorsoplantar
- Toes -AP Oblique
- Toes-Mediolateral or Lateromedial
- Sesamoid bones-Tangential projection
- Foot-AP Axial
- Foot-Medial Oblique (medial rotation)
- Foot-Lateral (mediolateral and lateromedial)
- Foot-Lateral, Weight Bearing
- Calcaneus-Axial
- (plantodorsal or dorsoplantar)
- Calcaneus-Lateral
- (Mediolateral or lateromedial) Os Calcis
- Ankle-AP projection
- Ankle-Oblique, Mortise 15-20 degree (medial rotation)
- Ankle-Oblique, 45-degree (medial rotation)
- Ankle-Lateral
- (Mediolateral or lateromedial) projection
- Ankle-AP Stress/subtalar projection
- Tibia & Fibula-AP projection
- Tibia & Fibula-Lateral projection
- Knee-AP projection
- Knee-Lateral (mediolateral) projection
- Knee-AP Oblique projection, medial/internal rotation
- Knee- AP Oblique projection, lateral/external rotation
- Knee-PA Axial intercondylar fossa projection
- Holmblad method
- Knee-PA axial, superoinferior intercondylar fossa projection
- Camp-Coventry method
- Knee-Posteroanterior (AP) axial, superoinferior intercondylar fossa projection
- Béclère method
- Knee-AP weight-bearing projection, bilateral
- Knee-PA weight-bearing projection, bilateral
- Rosenberg method
- Patella-PA projection
- Patella-Lateral (mediolateral) projection
- Patella-Tangential Axial projection or sunrise/skyline
- Settegast method
- Patella-Tangential Axial Hughston
- Patella-Tangential Axial projection or sunrise/skyline
- Merchant method
- Femur-AP projection
- Mid- and Distal Femur
- Femur-Lateral projection
- Mid- and Distal Femur
- Femur-Lateral projection
- Proximal and Mid Femur
- Bone leg length study (bilateral scanograms)
- Weight-bearing method - Single exposure
- Bone leg length study (bilateral)
- 6. Bones of the Hip & Pelvis
- Appearance of proximal femur with the leg rotation:
- Hip-AP projection
- Hip and proximal femur
- Hip-Lateral (mediolateral) projection
- Lauenstein method
- Hip-Axiolateral inferosuperior projection or Cross-table Lateral
- Trauma imaging: Danelius-Miller method to include Hip and proximal femur
- Hip-Modified Axiolateral trauma projection
- Acetabulum-Internal Oblique, LPO or RPO positions
- Judet Method
- Acetabulum-External Oblique, LPO or RPO positions
- Judet Method
- Ilium-AP Oblique projection, RPO & LPO positions
- Ilium-PA Oblique projection, RAO & LAO positions
- Pelvis-AP projection (bilateral hips)
- Pelvis-AP projection, unilateral or bilateral
- Modified Cleaves or frog-leg method
- Pelvis-AP axial projection, Outlet
- Taylor Method
- Pelvis-AP axial projection, Inlet
- Bridgeman method
- 7. Imaging the Bony Thorax
- Considerations When Imaging the Sternum
- Sternum-PA Oblique projection, RAO position
- Sternum-Lateral projection, right or left
- Sternoclavicular (S/C) joint-PA projection
- Sternoclavicular (S/C) joint- PA Oblique projections, RAO & LAO positions
- Ribs-AP or PA projection
- Upper ribs
- Ribs lower
- Ribs-PA Oblique projection, RAO or LAO positions
- Upper or Lower ribs
- Ribs-AP Oblique projection, RPO or LPO positions
- Upper or Lower ribs
- The Vertebral Column
- Cervical Spine, C1-2-AP projection
- Open mouth method
- Cervical Spine, C1-2-AP or PA projection
- Fuchs (AP) and Judd (PA) Methods
- Cervical Spine-AP Axial projection
- Cervical Spine-Lateral
- Cervical Spine-AP Oblique projections, RPO and LPO positions
- Cervical Spine-PA Oblique projections, LAO and RAO positions
- Cervical Spine-Hyperflexion Lateral
- Cervical Spine-Hyperextension Lateral
- Cervical Spine-Lateral Cervicothoracic (C7-T1)
- Swimmers' method
- Thoracic spine-AP projection
- Thoracic Spine-Lateral projection
- Thoracic Spine- AP Oblique projections, LPO and RPO positions or PA Oblique projection, LAO and RAO positions
- Lumbar Spine-AP or PA projection
- Lumbar Spine-AP or PA oblique projections, LPO or RAO positions
- Lumbar Spine-PA or AP oblique projections, LAO or RPO position
- Lumbar Spine-Lateral
- Lumbosacral junction (L5/S1)-Lateral projection
- Lumbosacral junction (L5/S1) &
- Sacroiliac joint AP axial projection
- Lumbosacral junction (L5/S1) &
- Sacroiliac joint-PA axial projection
- Sacro-Iliac (S/I) Joint-AP Oblique projections, LPO or RPO positions or PA Oblique projection, LAO or RAO positions
- Sacrum-AP axial projection
- Coccyx-AP projection
- Sacrum & Coccyx-Lateral projection
- Scoliosis-PA projection
- Scoliosis-Lateral projection
- Scoliosis-PA projection, Right and left Bending
- Scoliosis-Lateral hyperflexion projection
- Scoliosis-Lateral hyperextension projection
- 9. Imaging the Skull, Sinuses and Facial Bones
- Bones of the face (14)
- Location of bones of the skull
- Skull-Planes and Baselines
- Skull-BASELINES
- Skull-LANDMARKS
- Skull-Lateral
- Skull-PA axial projection
- Caldwell method
- Skull-PA projection
- Skull-AP axial projection
- Towne/Grashey method
- Skull-PA axial projection
- Haas, nuchofrontal method
- Imaging the Sinuses
- Sinuses-Lateral projection
- Sinuses-PA axial projection
- Modified Caldwell method
- Sinuses-Parietoacanthial projection
- Water's method
- Sinuses-Parietoacanthial, Open Mouth projection
- Open Mouth Waters method
- Sinuses-Submentovertex (SMV) projection
- Schüller or basal method
- Facial Bones-Lateral projection
- Facial Bones-Parietoacanthial projection
- Water's method
- Facial Bones-Acanthioparietal (AP) Axial projection
- "Reverse Water's"
- Facial Bones- Parietoacanthial projection
- (Modified Water's method)
- Facial Bones-PA 30-degree Axial projection
- Facial Bones, Zygomatic Arches-Submentovertex (SMV) projection
- Facial Bones, Zygomatic Arches-Oblique Inferosuperior or Tangential projection
- Facial Bones, Mandible-PA projection
- Facial Bones, Mandible-PA axial projection
- Facial Bones, Mandible-Axiolateral Oblique projection
- Part 1 of 3 projections
- Facial Bones, Mandible-Axiolateral Oblique projection
- Part 2 of 3 projections
- Facial Bones, Mandible-Axiolateral Oblique projection
- Part 3 of 3 projections
- Facial Bones, Nasal-Lateral projection
- Facial Bones, AP axial Temporomandibular Articulations (TMA)
- Facial Bone, Axiolateral projection Temporomandibular Articulations (TMA)
- Facial Bones, Axiolateral Oblique projection
- Petrous portions-Modified Law method
- Facial Bones, Parieto-orbital projection
- Optic Canals-Rhese method
- Bibliography
- Works of Fiction by Olive Peart writing as Jo Dinage
- Fiction
