
Sustainable Nanotechnology
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A robust examination of the use of nanotechnology in the manufacture of sustainable products
In Sustainable Nanotechnology: Strategies, Products, and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and up-to-date exploration of nanotechnology applications in environmental, pharmaceutical, and engineering products in the context of global sustainability. The book offers balanced coverage of the benefits and risks of nanotechnology.
Divided into three parts, the editors have included contributions from leading scholars discussing sustainability, toxicological impacts, and nanomaterial-based adsorbents. This edited volume helps readers understand how nanotechnology and nanomaterials apply in different global sustainability challenges. It also discusses models for understanding the lifecycle and risk assessments of manufactured nanomaterials.
Case studies are included to explore such topics as design, remediation, and technology assessment. The book also provides:
* Thorough introductions to nanotechnology-based research priorities for global sustainability and the challenges and opportunities of modern, sustainable nanotechnology
* Comprehensive explorations of improving the sustainability of bio-based products with nanotechnology and the improvement of the environmental sustainability of biopolymers using nanotechnology
* Practical discussions of nanotechnology-based polymers for drug delivery applications
* In-depth examinations of green nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems
Perfect for nanotechnology-focused professionals, sustainability experts, biomedical experts, and pharmaceutical industry practitioners, Sustainable Nanotechnology: Strategies, Products, and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of neuroscientists, bioengineering professionals, and those involved in neuroprosthetic engineering.
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Persons
Yashwant V. Pathak is Professor and Associate Dean for Faculty Affairs at College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida. He has written and edited over 250 publications in the fields of nanotechnology, drug delivery systems, and nutraceuticals.
Govindan Parayil is Dean of the Patel College of Global Sustainability and Professor at the University of South Florida, Tampa. He has authored, edited, or co-edited five books and published over 70 articles and book chapters.
Jayvadan K. Patel is Principal and Dean at Nootan Pharmacy College, Sankalchand Patel University. He has over 25 years' academic and research experience in the pharmaceutical field.
Content
List of Contributors ix
Preface xv
Foreword xvii
1 Nanotechnology-Based Research Priorities for Global Sustainability 1
Twishi Puri, Yashwant Pathak, and Govindan Parayil
2 The Road to Sustainable Nanotechnology: Challenges, Progress, and Opportunities 17
Sunita Chaudhary, Nishith Patel, and Jayvadan Patel
3 Opportunities and Challenges for Green and Eco-Friendly Nanotechnology in Twenty-First Century 31
P. Sreeramana Aithal and Shubhrajyotsna Aithal
4 Improving the Sustainability of Biobased Products Using Nanotechnology 51
Shirleen Miriam Marques and Lalit Kumar
5 Improving Sustainable Environment of Biopolymers Using Nanotechnology 71
Manish Patel and Jayvadan Patel
6 Toward Eco-friendly Nanotechnology-based Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications 89
Prachi Pandey, Jayvadan Patel, and Samarth Kumar
7 Green-Nanotechnology-Driven Drug Delivery Systems 117
Manish Patel, Jayvadan Patel, and Richa Dayaramani
8 Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Their Applications 135
Tabassum Siddiqui, Nida J. Khan, and Tasneem Fatma
9 Sustainable and Eco-safe Nanocellulose-based Materials for Water Nano-treatment 143
Carlo Punta, Andrea Fiorati, Laura Riva, Giacomo Grassi, Giulia Liberatori, and Ilaria Corsi
10 Nanotechnology Applications in Natural Nanoclays Production and Application for Better Sustainability 159
Manjir Sarma Kataki, Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti, Kangkan Deka, and Ananya Rajkumari
11 Eco-friendly, Biodegradable, and Biocompatible Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes and Applications 173
Sylvia Thomas, Bianca Seufert, William Serrano-Garcia, Manopriya Devisetty, Ridita Khan, Kavyashree Puttananjegowda, and Norma Alcantar
12 Plants for Nanomaterial: Improving the Environmental Sustainability 201
Debjani Nath, Baishakhi Bairagi, Pratyusha Banerjee, Anugrah Ray, and Puspendu Roy
13 Sustainable Nanobiocomposites 217
Jigar Shah, Vimal Patel, Vishal Chavda, and Jayvadan Patel
14 Role of Eco-friendly Nanotechnology for Green and Clean Technology 237
Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti, Kangkan Deka, and Manjir Sarma Kataki
15 Risk Assessment and Management of Occupational Exposure to Nanopesticides in Agriculture 249
Anand Patel, Bhavin Patel, Pranav Shah, and Jayvadan Patel
16 Eco-friendly Natural Polymers-based Nanotechnology 265
Twishi Puri and Yashwant Pathak
17 Cobalt Oxide-engineered Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 277
Komal Parmar and Jayvadan Patel
18 Eco-friendly Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Opportunities, Toxicological Implications, and Occupational Risks 287
Layla Muraisi, Dewi M. Hariyadi, Umi Athiyah, and Yashwant Pathak
19 Novel Approaches to Design Eco-Friendly Materials Based on Natural Nanomaterials 297
Twishi Puri and Yashwant Pathak
20 Biomedical Applications of Nanofibers 309
Mehtap Sahiner, Saliha B. Kurt, and Nurettin Sahiner
21 Environmentally Sustainable and Safe Production of Nanomedicines 329
Samson A. Adeyemi, Pradeep Kumar, Viness Pillay, and Yahya E. Choonara
Index 355
1
Nanotechnology-Based Research Priorities for Global Sustainability
Twishi Puri1, Yashwant Pathak2,3, and Govindan Parayil4
1 Department of Biology, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, USA
2 Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
3 Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
4 Patel College of Global Sustainability, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
1.1 Introduction
Sustainable development is not a newly constructed idea. Since the 1970s, conversations about this particular field have been fueled by the fear that the world cannot sustain an immense growth in human population and economic activities without damaging the environment and our social fabric. Concerns that at some point in the not too distant future, we will reach a "limit to growth" prompted policy-makers to urgently seek solutions for global sustainability, a concept that is so vast that it is subject to various interpretations. The vastness of the topic, however, still generates three aspects that global sustainability can affect. There is a global consensus that is agreed upon by the general public and the business community at large that environmental responsibility, economic efficiency, and social equity are necessary conditions for attaining global sustainability. Environmental responsibility, as the name suggests, is concerned with the conservation of resources - i.e. food, water, energy, etc. and safe methods of disposal of waste products of all forms. Likewise, economic efficiency focuses on resource production and meeting the demands of the market place. It is concerned with open trade and no inhibition in terms of the allocation of resources for production. Social equity, on the other hand, is concerned with the distribution of resources based on the productivity of an individual or an organization. In other words, social equity allows people to make decisions and ensures that the rewards that they get are based upon their efforts [1]. So, why address sustainability? Today, concerns for maintaining sustainability have increased, especially among the younger generation. Concerns about the availability of natural resources and the safe and efficient disposal of the by-products of our production and consumption practices have added urgency to transitioning to a sustainable future. Consequently, finding solutions to these concerns have focused on using innovative science and technology applications. Therefore, applying nanotechnological research to maintain global sustainability has become a priority [2].
Nanotechnology refers to understanding and control of the material at the nanoscale. For reference, a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. The field was introduced almost half a century ago and, over time, it has established itself as an active research area [3]. It incorporates nanoscale science, engineering, and technology - three very useful fields with various applications. At the nanoscale, materials show unusual biological, physical, and chemical properties. In fact, according to quantum theory, nanomaterials, with size being within the range of 1 and 250 nm, lie between the quantum effects of atoms, molecules, and the bulk properties of materials. This nanoscale is known as the "no-man's-land" where their properties are controlled by the phenomenon that has its own critical dimensions. The structure of nanoparticles can be manipulated to produce materials with desired properties. Using nanomaterials with these unusual properties gives us an opportunity to enhance existing technology with profound features that have technical, economic, and societal implications [4]. Advocates of nanotechnology claim that the combinations of nanotechnology with various fields such as information technology, biotechnology, and cognitive sciences produce far-reaching advances. In terms of global sustainability, nanotechnology's influence in various areas can change the future of our efforts for sustainability [5].
There are many fields in which incorporating nanotechnology can lead us to global sustainability. The three focus areas are the environment, the economy, and society. There are various fields in which nanotechnological research has already affected the growth. This chapter focuses on the fields of medicine, food, environment, health, and industry. These fields fall perfectly under the three focus areas of global sustainability. The nanotechnology-based research done under these fields has not only enhanced them but also made them safe and sustainable.
1.2 Medicine
Medicine and nanotechnology, for the most part, go hand in hand. Whether it is the field of surgery or drug delivery, nanotechnological research has been very much involved in revolutionizing medicine. The growing interest in medical applications of nanotechnology has resulted in the emergence of the field popularly known as nanomedicine. Nanomedicine refers to applying nanoscale biotechnology to medicine. It allows us to use nanotechnology to improve the human biological system as well as create powerful tools for treating human diseases. In terms of sustainability, nanomedicine's aim is to improve the overall quality of life by working at a molecular level to target diseases and formulate treatments [6].
1.2.1 Nano Oncology
Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division and has the tendency to spread to other regions of the body. Healthy cells can be converted to tumor cells with the right combination, or in this case, the wrong combination of genes and environmental factors. According to the statistics published by the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN), in 2018, there were 18.1 million new cancer cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths, the leading cause being lung, bowel, prostate, and female breast cancer [7].
Over the past several decades, nanotechnology has made magnificent contributions to oncology, not just in terms of diagnosis but also regarding drug delivery for treatment. Specifically, in cancer therapy, the use of nanomaterials has allowed the development of targeted drug delivery, enhanced the properties of therapeutic molecules, and developed a sustainable or stimulus-triggered drug delivery [8]. There are a lot of factors involved in the effective management of cancer treatment, one of which is early detection. In order to detect uncontrolled growth, pathologists use cancer biomarkers. According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), biomarkers are "any measurable diagnostic indicator that is used to assess the risk or presence of disease" [9]. Every cell type in the body has unique molecular features and characteristics.
Cancer cells, or other cells in response to the presence of abnormal growth in the body, release biomolecules that are different from the biomolecules released from healthy cells. These biomolecules are defined as biomarkers and can be used to define the molecular definition of cancer [10]. Examples of biomarkers include genes; gene products; specific cells; enzymes; hormones present in blood, urine, tissues, and other bodily fluids; proteins or protein fragments; and DNA- or RNA-based fragments [11, 12].
There are several existing methods of detection available including:
- the Papanicolaou test to detect cervical cancer and mammography for breast cancer detection for women,
- prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test for a blood sample of men to detect prostate cancer,
- occult blood test for colon cancer detection, and
- endoscopy, X-rays, ultrasound imaging, CT scans, and MRI are used for various detection purposes.
However, there are many limitations to the current methods. Furthermost, these methods are not always successful at detecting cancer at early stages. In addition, they are neither affordable nor available to many people who require them. The priority should be to discover new methods of detections that are accessible when needed. For detection, nanomaterials' physical, optical, and electrical properties are quite useful. Over the years, the development of nanomaterials such as quantum dots, gold nanoparticles (GNPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), magnetic nanoparticles, gold nanowires, and many others works to lessen the limits of the standard methods of detection and increase the precision of detection [12].
1.2.1.1 Gold Nanoparticles
In comparison with other nanomaterials, the nanostructure of metallic nanoparticles is most flexible due to the synthetic control of their shape, size, structure, composition, assembly, and encapsulation, along with the tenability of their optical properties. Within these metals, GNPs are extremely useful in biomedical applications because their preparation time is shorter and the process is simpler than the others. Gold nanospheres can be prepared by reducing auric acid with different concentrations of sodium citrate for size variation. In addition, the citrate capping on the gold particles can be replaced with biomolecules such as DNA, peptides, and antibodies; they form covalent and noncovalent bonds with GNPs [13].
There are many applications of GNPs in cancer imaging and cancer therapy. The combination of GNPs and dynamic light scattering, a technique usually used for...
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