Topics in Cryptology - CT-RSA 2021

Name: Topics in Cryptology - CT-RSA 2021 | Cryptographers' Track at the RSA Conference 2021, Virtual Event, May 17-20, 2021, Proceedings
Brand: Springer
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Cryptographers' Track at the RSA Conference 2021, Virtual Event, May 17-20, 2021, Proceedings

Kenneth G. Paterson(Editor)

Springer (Publisher)

Published on 11. May 2021

XI, 684 pages

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978-3-030-75539-3 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Preface
Organization
Contents
Secure Fast Evaluation of Iterative Methods: With an Application to Secure PageRank
1 Introduction
2 Preliminaries
3 Banach Fixed Point Theorem and the Power Method
4 Stability of PageRank
4.1 Traditional Stability of PageRank
4.2 Stability Due to Approximate Computations
5 Effect of Early Termination of PageRank
6 A Multiparty Actively-Secure Protocol for the PageRank Algorithm
A Converses to Banach's Fixed Point Theorem
References
Compilation of Function Representations for Secure Computing Paradigms
1 Introduction
2 M-Circuits
2.1 Defining an M-Circuit
2.2 Executing an M-Circuit
2.3 Compiling M-Circuits
2.4 Security of M-Circuits
3 M-Circuits for Multi-party Computation
4 M-Circuits for MPC-in-the-Head
4.1 The Underlying MPC Protocol
4.2 Sub-procedures for MPCitH
4.3 The Construction of HVZK Argument of Knowledge
5 Using Different Correlated Randomness Sources
5.1 Dot-Product Computation
5.2 Matrix Triples
5.3 Tiny-Tables
6 Sacrificing
7 Executable Gadgets
References
Oblivious TLS via Multi-party Computation
1 Introduction
2 Notation and Preliminaries
2.1 An Overview of TLS 1.3
2.2 Multiparty Computation Protocols
3 Overview of the Solution
4 Handshake Operations
4.1 Diffie-Hellman
4.2 Signature Generation
5 Record Layer Operations
5.1 AES-GCM
6 Security and Performance
6.1 Performance
References
Noisy Simon Period Finding
1 Introduction
2 Simon's Algorithm in the Noisy Case
3 Quantum Period Finding on IBM-Q16
3.1 Function Choice
3.2 Minimizing the Gate Count of fs
3.3 Experiments on IBM Q 16
4 Smoothing Techniques
4.1 Quality Measures Statistics
5 LSN is Polynomial Time Equivalent to LPN
6 Theoretical Error Handling for Simon's Algorithm
7 Practical Error Handling for Simon's Algorithm
References
A Bunch of Broken Schemes: A Simple yet Powerful Linear Approach to Analyzing Security of Attribute-Based Encryption
1 Introduction
1.1 Our Contribution
1.2 Technical Details
2 Preliminaries
2.1 Formal Definition of (Multi-authority) Ciphertext-Policy ABE
2.2 The Security Model and Our Attack Models
3 Warm-Up: Attacking DAC-MACS (YJR+13 )
4 Systematizing Our Methodology
4.1 The Common Structure Implies a More Concise Notation
4.2 Modeling Knowledge of Exponents - Extending Zp
4.3 Formal Definitions of the Attacks in the Concise Notations
4.4 Definitions of Multi-authority-specific Attacks
4.5 Our Heuristic Approach
5 Examples of Our Attacks Demonstrating the Approach
5.1 Example Without Corruption: The YJR+13 scheme
5.2 Example with Corruption: The YJ14 scheme
5.3 Example Without Corruption: The JLWW13 scheme
6 More Attacks, on Several Other Schemes
6.1 Single-Authority ABE
6.2 Multi-authority ABE
7 Discussion
References
Zero-Correlation Linear Cryptanalysis with Equal Treatment for Plaintexts and Tweakeys
1 Introduction
2 Preliminaries
3 Zero-Correlation Linear Cryptanalysis with Equal Treatment for Plaintexts, Keys, and Tweaks
4 Applications
4.1 Application to TWINE
4.2 Application to LBlock
4.3 Application to SKINNY
5 Conclusion
A Zero-Correlation Linear Hulls for SKINNY-64/192
References
SoK: Game-Based Security Models for Group Key Exchange
1 Introduction
1.1 Systemizing Group Key Exchange Models
1.2 Basic Notions in Group Key Exchange
2 Syntax Definitions
2.1 Quantities
2.2 Setup Assumptions
2.3 Operations
2.4 Return Values
2.5 Our Syntax Proposal
3 Communication Models
3.1 Partnering
3.2 Our Partnering Proposal
4 Security Definitions
4.1 Our Security Proposal
5 Concluding Remarks and Open Problems
References
EPID with Malicious Revocation
1 Introduction
1.1 Related Works
1.2 Our Contributions
2 Preliminaries
3 Specification of EPID
3.1 Syntax
3.2 Security Model
4 Our First Construction
4.1 Description
4.2 Security Proofs
5 An Efficient Variant with Limited Concurrent Enrolments
5.1 Description
6 Conclusion
References
Signed Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange with Tight Security
1 Introduction
1.1 Our Contribution
1.2 Protocol Comparison
2 Preliminaries
3 Security Model for Two-Message Authenticated Key Exchange
4 Verifiable Key Exchange Protocols
4.1 Example: Plain Diffie-Hellman Protocol
5 Signed Diffie-Hellman, Revisited
References
Lattice-Based Proof of Shuffle and Applications to Electronic Voting
1 Introduction
1.1 Our Contribution
1.2 Related Work
2 Preliminaries
2.1 The Rings R and Rp
2.2 The Discrete Gaussian Distribution
3 Lattice-Background: Commitments and ZK Proofs
3.1 Lattice-Based Commitments
3.2 Zero-Knowledge Proof of Linear Relations
4 Protocol: Zero-Knowledge Proof of Correct Shuffle
5 Applications to Electronic Voting
5.1 Verifiable Encryption
5.2 Return Codes
5.3 The Voting Scheme
6 Performance
6.1 Size
6.2 Timings
6.3 Comparison
References
More Efficient Shuffle Argument from Unique Factorization
1 Introduction
2 Preliminaries
3 Coefficient-Product Argument
4 A Characterization of Permutation Matrices
5 Shuffle Argument
6 Efficiency
7 Discussions
References
Cryptanalysis of a Dynamic Universal Accumulator over Bilinear Groups
1 Introduction
2 Au et al. Dynamic Universal Accumulator
2.1 Security Model and Attack Scenarios
3 Breaking Collision Resistance in the -Based Construction
4 The -Recovery Attack for the -Based Construction
4.1 Recovering fV()
4.2 Recovering
4.3 Estimating the Minimum Number of Witnesses Needed
5 Improving the -Recovery Attack
5.1 The Random-y Sieving Attack
5.2 The Chosen-y Sieving Attack
6 Experimental Results
7 Weak Non-membership Witnesses
8 Preventing Witness Forgery in the CRS-Based Construction
8.1 How to Ensure Some Accumulated Elements Remain Unknown
8.2 Recovering the CRS
9 Conclusions
References
FAN: A Lightweight Authenticated Cryptographic Algorithm
1 Introduction
2 Specification of FAN
2.1 Notations
2.2 State and Functions
2.3 Initialization
2.4 Processing Associated Data
2.5 Encryption
2.6 Finalization
2.7 Decryption and Verification
3 Design Rationale
3.1 Structure
3.2 S-Box
3.3 L-Layer
3.4 AEAD Mode
4 Security Analysis
4.1 Related Key Chosen IV Attack
4.2 Cube Attack
4.3 Randomness Test
4.4 Guess-and-Determine Attack
4.5 Time-Memory-Data Tradeoff Attack
4.6 Differential Attack
4.7 Correlation Attack
4.8 Algebraic Attack
4.9 Side-Channel Attack
4.10 Internal State Collision
4.11 Attacks on the Finalization
5 Performance
5.1 Software Performance
5.2 Hardware Performance
6 Conclusion
7 Appendix 1: Test Vector
8 Appendix 2: AES MixColumn with 92 XOR Gates
9 Appendix 3: Comparison Outline Diagram for Different Phases
10 Appendix 4: Gate Count for Fan
References
Related-Key Analysis of Generalized Feistel Networks with Expanding Round Functions
1 Introduction
2 Preliminaries
2.1 (Multi-user) RKA Security
2.2 The H-Coefficient Technique
3 Security Analysis of Expanding Feistel Networks
3.1 Bad Transcripts
3.2 Analyzing Good Transcripts
4 Security Analysis of Alternating Feistel Networks
4.1 Bad Transcripts
4.2 Analyzing Good Transcripts
4.3 AFN Using a Tweakable Round Function and Single Key
5 Conclusion
References
The Key-Dependent Message Security of Key-Alternating Feistel Ciphers
1 Introduction
2 Preliminaries
3 KDM Security and a Generic Lemma
3.1 Definitions
3.2 A Generic Lemma
4 Four-Round KAF
5 Attacks
5.1 Necessity of Offset-Freeness
5.2 Sliding Attacks
6 Discussion
References
Mesh Messaging in Large-Scale Protests: Breaking Bridgefy
1 Introduction
1.1 Contributions
2 Preliminaries
2.1 Reverse Engineering
2.2 Primitives Used
2.3 Related Work
2.4 Alternative Mesh Applications
3 Bridgefy Architecture
3.1 Bluetooth Messages
3.2 Handshake Protocol
3.3 Routing via the Bridgefy Server
4 Attacks
4.1 Privacy
4.2 Authenticity
4.3 Confidentiality
4.4 Denial of Service
5 Discussion
5.1 Responsible Disclosure
References
Inverse-Sybil Attacks in Automated Contact Tracing
1 Introduction
1.1 Automated Contact Tracing
1.2 False Positives
2 Protocol 1: Decentralized, Non-Interactive Exchange
2.1 Toy Protocol
2.2 Description of Protocol 1
3 Security of Protocol 1
3.1 Security Game
3.2 Security of Protocol 1
4 Protocol 2: Decentralized, Using Location for Chaining
4.1 Protocol Description
4.2 Correctness, Privacy and Epochs
5 Security of Protocol 2
5.1 Security Against Replay and Relay Attacks
5.2 Security Against Inverse-Sybil Attacks
References
On the Effectiveness of Time Travel to Inject COVID-19 Alerts
1 Introduction
2 How GAEN Works
3 Summary of Techniques for False Alert Injection
4 Time-Traveling Phones
4.1 Set Clock Manually
4.2 Rogue NTP Server
4.3 Rogue Base Station
4.4 Rogue GNSS
5 Master of Time Attack
6 Experiments
6.1 Rogue NTP Server
6.2 Rogue Base Station
6.3 Experimenting the Attack with a Journalist
6.4 Other GAEN-based Apps
7 KISS Attack
7.1 Still-Valid Keys
7.2 Consequences of Interoperability
8 My-Number Attack
9 Countermeasures
10 Conclusion
References
SoK: How (not) to Design and Implement Post-quantum Cryptography
1 Introduction
1.1 Our Findings
2 The Raw Material: Hard Problems
2.1 Baseline: Problems that are not Post-quantum
2.2 Problems on Lattices
2.3 Problems on Codes
2.4 Problems on Multivariate Systems
2.5 Problems on One-Way and Hash Functions
2.6 Problems on Isogenies
2.7 Summary of Problems
3 Paradigms are Guidelines, not Panaceas
3.1 Schnorr Signatures over Lattices
3.2 The SQISign Approach for Signatures
3.3 Beyond High Soundness Signatures
3.4 Full Domain Hash Signatures
3.5 Diffie-Hellman and El Gamal
4 Return of Symmetric Cryptography
4.1 Hash-Based Signatures
4.2 Signatures Based on ZKPs and OWFs
5 The Implementation Challenges in PQC
5.1 Decryption Failures and Reaction Attacks
5.2 Implementation Attacks in PQC
5.3 Side-Channels and Countermeasures
References
Dual Lattice Attacks for Closest Vector Problems (with Preprocessing)
1 Introduction
1.1 Contributions
2 Preliminaries
2.1 Lattices
2.2 Heuristic Assumptions
2.3 Lattice Algorithms and Cost Models
2.4 Model
3 Algorithms
3.1 The Aharonov-Regev Decoder
3.2 The Neyman-Pearson Decoder
3.3 The Simple Decoder
3.4 Distinguishing Algorithms
3.5 Search Algorithms
3.6 Choosing the Set of Dual Vectors W
4 Asymptotics
4.1 Output Distributions of the Decoders
4.2 Closest Vector Problems with Preprocessing
4.3 Closest Vector Problems Without Preprocessing
5 Experiments
5.1 Setup
5.2 Evaluating the Distinguishers
5.3 Evaluating the Search Algorithms
References
On the Hardness of Module-LWE with Binary Secret
1 Introduction
2 Preliminaries
2.1 Algebraic Number Theory Background
2.2 Lattices
2.3 Probabilities
2.4 Ring Leftover Hash Lemma
2.5 Module Learning with Errors
3 Hardness of M-LWE with Binary Secret
3.1 Choice of Embedding for Binary Secrets
3.2 First-is-Errorless M-LWE
3.3 Extended M-LWE
3.4 Reduction to bin-M-LWE
References
Multi-party Revocation in Sovrin: Performance through Distributed Trust
1 Introduction
1.1 Our Techniques
1.2 Our Contribution
1.3 Related Work
2 Preliminaries
2.1 UC Security and ABB
2.2 SPDZ, Shamir, and Derived Protocols
2.3 Accumulators
2.4 Pairing-Based Accumulator
2.5 UC Secure Accumulators
3 Multi-Party Public-Key Accumulators
3.1 Dynamic (Threshold) Secret-Shared Accumulator from the q-SDH Assumption
3.2 SPDZ vs. Shamir Secret Sharing
4 Implementation and Performance Evaluation
4.1 Evaluation of MPC-q-SDH
4.2 Further Improvement
5 Applications
5.1 Credential Revocation in Distributed Credential Systems
5.2 Privacy-Preserving Certificate-Transparency Logs
References
Balancing Privacy and Accountability in Blockchain Identity Management
1 Introduction
2 Preliminaries and Building Blocks
2.1 Notation
2.2 Pseudorandom Functions
2.3 Blind Signature Schemes
2.4 (Ad-Hoc) Threshold Encryption Scheme
3 System Design
4 ID-Layer Formalization
4.1 The ID Layer Functionality
4.2 Issuing Credentials - The Functionality
5 Formal Protocols Specifications
5.1 Identity Layer Protocol
5.2 Proof of Security for Identity Layer
5.3 Credential Issue Protocol
5.4 Proof of Security for Issue Protocol
6 Putting Everything Together
References
Non-interactive Half-Aggregation of EdDSA and Variants of Schnorr Signatures
1 Introduction
1.1 Our Contributions
2 Proof-of-knowledge for a Collection of Signatures
2.1 Schnorr/EdDSA Signatures
2.2 Three-Move (Sigma) Protocol
2.3 Proof-of-knowledge
3 Non-interactive Half-Aggregation of Schnorr/EdDSA Signatures
3.1 Aggregate Signature Security
3.2 Half-Aggregation
3.3 Half+-Aggregation
4 Deterministic Batch Verification of Schnorr Signatures
5 Impossibility of Non-interactive Compression by More Than a Half
Appendix A Related work
Appendix A.1 Security Proofs
Appendix A.2 Multi-signatures
Appendix A.3 Schnorr signature variants
Appendix A.4 Non-Schnorr schemes
Appendix A.5 Schnorr batching and aggregation
Appendix B EdDSA signatures
Appendix C Single signature security
Appendix D Proof of Theorem 6
Appendix E Proof of Theorem 8
Appendix F Parameter selection for almost-half-aggregation
Appendix G Formal analysis for the impossibility of non-interactive compression by more than a half
References
A Framework to Optimize Implementations of Matrices
1 Introduction
2 Preliminaries
2.1 Notations
2.2 Existing Heuristics for Optimizing Matrix Implementation
2.3 Techniques for Optimizing a Given Implementation
3 New Reduction for a Given Matrix Implementation
4 A General Framework of Optimization
5 Applications
5.1 Applications to Random Matrices
5.2 Applications to Cipher Matrices
6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Improvements to RSA Key Generation and CRT on Embedded Devices
1 Introduction
1.1 Notation
2 Generating Prime Numbers
2.1 Naïve Algorithm
2.2 Sieving Algorithms
2.3 New Sampling Algorithm with Quadratic Residuosity
2.4 Applications
3 RSA-CRT Without q-1 Mod p
3.1 Inverse-Free RSA Mod pk q
3.2 Generalized Batching
4 RSA with Compressed Private Keys
5 Performance
5.1 Discussion
6 Future Work
A Proof of Theorem1
B Minimizing u
B.1 Sparse Solutions to Linear Equations
B.2 Multiple u
B.3 Quadratic Minimization
References
On the Cost of ASIC Hardware Crackers: A SHA-1 Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Hash Functions and Cryptanalysis
2.1 SHA-1 and Related Attacks.
2.2 Birthday Search in Practice.
2.3 Differential Cryptanalysis
3 Hardware Birthday Cluster
3.1 Cluster Nodes
3.2 Hardware Design of Birthday Slaves
4 Verification
5 Hardware Differential Attack Cluster Design
5.1 Neutral Bits
5.2 Storage
5.3 Architecture
6 Chip Design
6.1 Chip Architecture
6.2 ASIC Fabrication and Running Cost
6.3 Results
6.4 Attack Rates and Execution Time
7 Cost Analysis and Comparisons
7.1 264 Birthday Attack
7.2 280 Birthday Attack
7.3 Chosen Prefix Differential Collision Attack
7.4 Limitations
8 Conclusion
A Chip layout
References
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Topics in Cryptology - CT-RSA 2021

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