Asian Americans in Higher Education

Executive Summary vii Foreword ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Chapter Summaries and Outline 3 Defining "Asian American" 5 Research Literature on Race and Asian America 8 Limitations of the Review and Analysis 11 Historical Overview of the Model Minority Concept 13 Are Asian Americans Considered Racial Minorities in HigherEducation? 13 The Various Shades of the Yellow Peril 15 The Modern "Model Minority" Emerges 18 The Model Minority Goes to School 22 Asian Americans and the Educational Pipeline: TenuousCitizenship 31 Asian American Access to the Educational Pipeline 34 Higher Education and Segregation 38 Asian American Demands for Equal Representation in HigherEducation 40 Affirmative Action and Asian American Admissions 49 Affirmative Action Defined 49 Affirmative Action Toward the Turn of the Century: (Re)DefiningMerit 52 Negative Action Versus Affirmative Action 56 The Model Minority Goes to Court: The Impact of Bakke, Gratz,Grutter, and Fisher 58 Affirmative Action in Contemporary Asian America 61 Potential Implications of the Fisher Ruling 67 Influential Factors in the Asian American and Pacific IslanderCollege Student Experience 69 Campus Climate 70 Identity Development 73 Family and Intergenerational Concerns 76 Mental Health 78 Leadership and Involvement 81 College Choice 82 Community College 85 The Emergence of Asian American and Native American PacificIslander-Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs) 88 Conclusions and Recommendations 95 Recommendations for Future Research: Purposeful Disaggregationof Data 96 Multiracial AAPIs 97 Research Beyond the Model Minority 98 Implications for Policy 98 Implications for Practice 99 Challenges Looming on the Horizon: Conflation of AAPI CollegeStudents and Asian International Undergraduates 101 Concluding Thoughts 105 References 107 Name Index 123 Subject Index 129 About the Authors 135