Principles of Wireless Access and Localization
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Content
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Elements of Information Networks 3
1.3 Evolution of Wireless Access to the PSTN 17
1.4 Evolution of Wireless Access to the Internet 21
1.5 Evolution of Wireless Localization Technologies 27
1.6 Structure of this Book 29
Part I PRINCIPLES OF AIR-INTERFERENCE DESIGN
2 Characteristics of the Wireless Medium 39
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Modeling of Large-scale RSS, Path Loss, and Shadow Fading 45
2.3 Modeling of RSS Fluctuations and Doppler Spectrum 60
2.4 Wideband Modeling of Multipath Characteristics 72
2.5 Emerging Channel Models 79
Appendix A2: What Is the Decibel? 84
3 Physical Layer Alternatives forWireless Networks 99
3.1 Introduction 99
3.2 Physical Layer Basics: Data rate, Bandwidth, and Power 100
3.3 Performance in Multipath Wireless Channels 107
3.4 Wireless Transmission Techniques 112
3.5 Multipath Resistant Techniques 120
3.6 Coding Techniques for Wireless Communications 136
3.7 Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access 145
Appendix A3 145
4 Medium Access Methods 153
4.1 Introduction 153
4.2 Centralized Assigned-Access Schemes 155
4.3 Distributed Random Access for Data Oriented Networks 173
4.4 Integration of Voice and Data Traffic 195
Part II PRINCIPLES OF NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN
5 Deployment ofWireless Networks 217
5.1 Introduction 217
5.2 Wireless Network Architectures 218
5.3 Interference in Wireless Networks 224
5.4 Deployment of Wireless LANs 233
5.5 Cellular Topology, Cell Fundamentals, and Frequency Reuse 238
5.6 Capacity Expansion Techniques 248
5.7 Network Planning for CDMA Systems 268
5.8 Femtocells 270
6 Wireless Network Operations 275
6.1 Introduction 275
6.2 Cell Search and Registration 281
6.3 Mobility Management 283
6.4 Radio Resources and Power Management 301
7 Wireless Network Security 321
7.1 Introduction 321
7.2 Security in Wireless Local Networks 324
7.3 Security in Wireless Personal Networks 330
7.4 Security in Wide Area Wireless Networks 334
7.5 Miscellaneous Issues 340
Appendix A7: An Overview of Cryptography and Cryptographic Protocols 341
Part III WIRELESS LOCAL ACCESS
8 Wireless LANs 357
8.1 Introduction 357
8.2 Wireless Local Area Networks and Standards 363
8.3 IEEE 802.11 WLAN Operations 369
9 Low Power Sensor Networks 405
9.1 Introduction 405
9.2 Bluetooth 406
9.3 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 424
9.4 IEEE 802.15.6 Body Area Networks 434
10 GigabitWireless 447
10.1 Introduction 447
10.2 UWB Communications at 3.1-10.6 GHz 451
10.3 Gigabit Wireless at 60 GHz 467
Part IV WIDE AREA WIRELESS ACCESS
11 TDMA Cellular Systems 479
11.1 Introduction 479
11.2 What is TDMA Cellular? 480
11.3 Mechanisms to Support a Mobile Environment 486
11.4 Communication Protocols 491
11.5 Channel Models for Cellular Networks 501
11.6 Transmission Techniques in TDMA Cellular 508
11.7 Evolution of TDMA for Internet Access 512
12 CDMA Cellular Systems 519
12.1 Introduction 519
12.2 Why CDMA? 520
12.3 CDMA Based Cellular Systems 521
12.4 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 522
12.5 Communication Channels and Protocols in Example CDMA Systems 534
12.6 Cell Search, Mobility, and Radio Resource Management in CDMA 546
12.7 High Speed Packet Access 554
13 OFDM and MIMO Cellular Systems 561
13.1 Introduction 561
13.2 Why OFDM? 562
13.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output 572
13.4 WiMax 576
13.5 Long Term Evolution 582
13.6 LTE Advanced 591
Part V WIRELESS LOCALIZATION
14 Geolocation Systems 597
14.1 Introduction 597
14.2 What is Wireless Geolocation? 598
14.3 RF Location Sensing and Positioning Methodologies 602
14.4 Location Services Architecture for Cellular Systems 613
14.5 Positioning in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 620
15 Fundamentals of RF Localization 625
15.1 Introduction 625
15.2 Modeling of the Behavior of RF Sensors 626
15.3 Performance Bounds for Ranging 631
15.4 Wireless Positioning Algorithms 639
16 Wireless Localization in Practice 653
16.1 Introduction 653
16.2 Emergence of Wi-Fi Localization 653
16.3 Comparison of Wi-Fi Localization Systems 657
16.4 Practical TOA Measurement 665
16.5 Localization in the Absence of DP 669
16.6 Challenges in Localization inside the Human Body 675
References 687
Index 701
