Planning for Groundwater Protection

Preface1 Hydrogeologic Framework For Groundwater Protection I. The Role of Groundwater in the Hydrologic Cycle II. Transport of Chemicals through the Soil Zone to the Water Table III. Physical, Chemical, and Biological Defense Mechanisms IV. Groundwater Monitoring V. Mathematical Simulation VI. Areas of Uncertainty and Implications for Planning References 2 The Institutional Framework For Protecting Groundwater In The United States I. Introduction II. Overview III. The State Role in Groundwater Protection IV. Federal Laws and Institutions Protecting Groundwater V. Concluding Remarks and Summary References 3 Drinking Water and Health I. What Microcontaminants Are Found in Water Supplies? II. What Are the Health Implications of Toxic Contaminants in Drinking Water? III. Cancer IV. Cancer Processes V. Dose-Response Functions VI. Animal Studies· VII. Epidemiologic Studies VIII. Cancer Risk in Perspective IX. How Can We Protect the Health of the Public? X. Conclusions References 4 Technological Approaches to Removing Toxic Contaminants I. Introduction II. Alternatives to Treatment III. Treatment Options IV. Conventional Treatment V. Chemical Feed and Handling VI. Ion Exchange VII. Removal of Organics by Adsorption VIII. Aeration IX. Cost Comparisons References 5 Data and Organizational Requirements For Local Planning I. Introduction II. Rediscovering the Past III. Local Data Needs IV. Identifying Priority Areas V. Establishing a Local Protection Program VI. Broadening the Local Protection Program VII. Conclusion References 6 Long Island Case Study I. Physical Setting II. The Groundwater System III. Groundwater Problems IV. Institutional Roles V. Plan Recommendations VI. Citizen Participation VII. Implementation References 7 Dade County, Florida, Case Study I. Introduction II. Wellfield Protection Study III. Wellfield Protection Program IV. Conclusion References 8 Wausau, Wisconsin, Case Study I. Background II. Sequence of Events III. Sources of Outside Assistance IV. Protection Plan Elements References 9 Urban Growth Management and Groundwater Protection: Austin, Texas I. Introduction II. The Edwards Aquifer and Associated Watersheds III. Contributing Factors to Enactment of the Ordinances IV. Watershed Development Standards V. Current Events and Long-Range Issues VI. Concluding Observations References 10 Perth Amboy, New Jersey, Case Studies I. Background II. Nontoxics Problems at the Runyon Well Field III. Toxics Contamination Problems IV. Ground water Protection Plan Components References 11 Santa Clara Valley (Silicon Valley), California, Case Study I. Overview, Past and Present, of the Santa Clara Valley II. The Water System of the Santa Clara Valley III. Contamination Alarm-A New Awareness IV. Implementation of the Model Storage Ordinance V. Who's in Charge-Unresolved Issues VI. Conclusion References 12 South Brunswick, New Jersey, Case Study I. The Municipality II. Chronology of Toxics Pollution III. Response to Well Closings IV. Consulting Studies V. Corporate Response to Toxics Contamination VI. Government Roles in Developing Ground water Protection Policies VII. Protection Plan Elements VIII. Effectiveness of Plan Components References13 Bedford, Massachusetts, Case Study I. Introduction II. Background III. Hydrogeology of the Tributary Watershed IV. Institutional Structure V. Groundwater Crisis VI. State and Local Investigations VII. Results of Bedford's Technical Investigation VIII. Profile of Groundwater Supplies IX. Significant Local Initiatives X.