Cells and Tissues

Preface To Volume IPreface To Volume IIIContributors To Volume III1. Freeze-Drying I. Introduction II. Theoretical Discussion on Diffusion III. Sampling IV. Quenching V. Drying VI. Embedding VII. Microtomy and Postdrying Treatment of Tissues VIII. An Evaluation of the Freezing and Drying of Tissues for Microscopy References2. Phase Contrast and Interference Microscopy in Cytology I. Introduction II. Observational Methods and Results III. Quantitative Techniques Reference3. Fluorescence Microscopy I. Introduction II. Methods III. Survey of Applications References4. Birefringence and Dichroism of Cells and Tissues I. Introduction II. Plant Cell Walls III. Cytoplasm IV. Chloroplasts V. Nerve Fibers VI. Muscle Fibers VII. Nucleus References5. Electron Microscopy of Microorganisms I. Introduction II. Preliminary Preparation of Materials for Drying III. Techniques for Drying Specimens IV. Techniques for Studying Dried Specimens V. Conclusion References6. Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues I. Introduction II. Physical Conditions for High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues III. The Material for High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues IV. Techniques V. The Ultrastructural Patterns of Basic Cell Component VI. The Ultrastructure of Layered Lipoprotein Structures VII. The Interpretation of the Ultrastructural Patterns Observed in the Electron Microscope VIII. The Structural Patterns Observed with the Electron Microscope and the Organization of the Living Cell IX. Fundamental, Actual, and Future Technical Problems in Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues References7. Techniques for the Mass Isolation of Cellular Components I. Introduction II. Isolation Techniques with Aqueous Media III. Isolation Techniques with Nonaqueous Media IV. Interpretation of Results References8. Microphotometry with Visible Light I. Introduction II. Instruments III. Alignment of the Instrument IV. Measuring Technique V. The Two-Wavelength Method VI. Photometric Variables VII. Testing the Instrument VIII. Examples of Microphotometer Use References9. Ultraviolet Absorption Techniques Part I I. Introduction II. Ultraviolet-Absorbing Compounds III. Errors Caused by the Biological Specimen and the Microscope IV. Radiation Damage V. Methods of Measurement Part II VI. Radiation Sources VII. Monochromators VIII. Microscopes IX. Photographic Recording X. Photoelectric Recording Part III XI. Biological Results XII. Conclusions References10. Historadiography I. Introduction II. Absorption and Scattering of X-Rays III. Methods to Obtain Enlarged X-Ray Images IV. Stereoscopic Techniques in X-Ray Microscopy V. Properties of Photographic Emulsions with High Resolution VI. Histochemical Elementary Analysis by X-Ray Absorption VII. The X-Ray Method for Weighing Histo- and Cytological Structures VIII. Qualitative Microradiography IX. Microangiography X. Preparation of the Biological Material for Historadiography and a Discussion of Errors XI. A Short Discussion of the Relative Merits of X-Ray Methods and Their Future Outlook References11. Autoradiography at the Cellular Level I. Introduction II. Techniques for Autoradiography III. Resolution and Quantitative Aspects IV.