Polymer Processing

Name: Polymer Processing | Modeling and Simulation
Brand: Hanser
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Modeling and Simulation

Tim A. Osswald Juan P. Hernandez-Ortiz(Author)

Hanser (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 18. March 2013

633 pages

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978-3-446-41286-6 (ISBN)

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Intro
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
I.1 MODELING AND SIMULATION
I.2 MODELING PHILOSOPHY
I.3 NOTATION
I.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
PART I BACKGROUND
CHAPTER 1 POLYMER MATERIALS SCIENCE
1.1 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
1.2 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
1.3 CONFORMATION AND CONFIGURATION OF POLYMER MOLECULES
1.4 MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
1.4.1 Copolymers and Polymer Blends
1.5 THERMAL TRANSITIONS
1.6 VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS
1.6.1 Stress Relaxation
1.6.2 Time-Temperature Superposition (WLF-Equation)
1.7 EXAMPLES OF COMMON POLYMERS
1.7.1 Thermoplastics
1.7.2 Thermosetting Polymers
1.7.3 Elastomers
Problems
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 PROCESSING PROPERTIES
2.1 THERMAL PROPERTIES
2.1.1 Thermal Conductivity
2.1.2 Specific Heat
2.1.3 Density
2.1.4 Thermal Diffusivity
2.1.5 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
2.1.6 Thermal Penetration
2.1.7 Measuring Thermal Data
2.2 CURING PROPERTIES
2.3 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
2.3.1 Flow Phenomena
2.3.2 Viscous Flow Models
2.3.3 Viscoelastic Constitutive Models
2.3.4 Rheometry
2.3.5 Surface Tension
2.4 PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES
2.4.1 Sorption
2.4.2 Diffusion and Permeation
2.4.3 Measuring S, D, and P
2.4.4 Diffusion of Polymer Molecules and Self-Diffusion
2.5 FRICTION PROPERTIES
Problems
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 POLYMER PROCESSES
3.1 EXTRUSION
3.1.1 The Plasticating Extruder
3.1.2 Extrusion Dies
3.2 MIXING PROCESSES
3.2.1 Distributive Mixing
3.2.2 Dispersive Mixing
3.2.3 Mixing Devices
3.3 INJECTION MOLDING
3.3.1 The Injection Molding Cycle
3.3.2 The Injection Molding Machine
3.3.3 Related Injection Molding Processes
3.4 SECONDARY SHAPING
3.4.1 Fiber Spinning
3.4.2 Film Production
3.4.3 Thermoforming
3.5 CALENDERING
3.6 COATING
3.7 COMPRESSION MOLDING
3.8 FOAMING
3.9 ROTATIONAL MOLDING
REFERENCES
PART II PROCESSING FUNDAMENTALS
CHAPTER 4 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SCALING
4.1 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
4.2 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS BY MATRIX TRANSFORMATION
4.3 PROBLEMS WITH NON-LINEAR MATERIAL PROPERTIES
4.4 SCALING AND SIMILARITY
Problems
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN POLYMER PROCESSING
5.1 BALANCE EQUATIONS
5.1.1 The Mass Balance or Continuity Equation
5.1.2 The Material or Substantial Derivative
5.1.3 The Momentum Balance or Equation of Motion
5.1.4 The Energy Balance or Equation of Energy
5.2 MODEL SIMPLIFICATION
5.2.1 Reduction in Dimensionality
5.2.2 Lubrication Approximation
5.3 SIMPLE MODELS IN POLYMER PROCESSING
5.3.1 Pressure Driven Flow of a Newtonian Fluid Through a Slit
5.3.2 Flow of a Power Law Fluid in a Straight Circular Tube (Hagen-Poiseuille Equation)
5.3.3 Flow of a Power Law Fluid in a Slightly Tapered Tube
5.3.4 Volumetric Flow Rate of a Power Law Fluid in Axial Annular Flow
5.3.5 Radial Flow Between two Parallel Discs - Newtonian Model
5.3.6 The Hele-Shaw model
5.3.7 Cooling or Heating in Polymer Processing
Problems
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 ANALYSES BASED ON ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS
6.1 SINGLE SCREW EXTRUSION-ISOTHERMAL FLOW PROBLEMS
6.1.1 Newtonian Flow in the Metering Section of a Single Screw Extruder
6.1.2 Cross Channel Flow in a Single Screw Extruder
6.1.3 Newtonian Isothermal Screw and Die Characteristic Curves
6.2 EXTRUSION DIES-ISOTHERMAL FLOW PROBLEMS
6.2.1 End-Fed Sheeting Die
6.2.2 Coat Hanger Die
6.2.3 Extrusion Die with Variable Die Land Thicknesses
6.2.4 Pressure Flow of Two Immiscible Fluids with Different Viscosities
6.2.5 Fiber Spinning
6.2.6 Viscoelastic Fiber Spinning Model
6.3 PROCESSES THAT INVOLVE MEMBRANE STRETCHING
6.3.1 Film Blowing
6.3.2 Thermoforming
6.3.2 Thermoforming
6.4 CALENDERING - ISOTHERMAL FLOW PROBLEMS
6.4.1 Newtonian Model of Calendering
6.4.2 Shear Thinning Model of Calendering
6.4.3 Calender Fed with a Finite Sheet Thickness
6.5 COATING PROCESSES
6.5.1 Wire Coating Die
6.5.2 Roll Coating
6.6 MIXING - ISOTHERMAL FLOW PROBLEMS
6.6.1 Effect of Orientation on Distributive Mixing - Erwin's Ideal Mixer
6.6.2 Predicting the Striation Thickness in a Couette Flow System - Shear Thinning Model
6.6.3 Residence Time Distribution of a Fluid Inside a Tube
6.6.4 Residence Time Distribution Inside the Ideal Mixer
6.7 INJECTION MOLDING-ISOTHERMAL FLOW PROBLEMS
6.7.1 Balancing the Runner System in Multi-Cavity Injection Molds
6.7.2 Radial Flow Between Two Parallel discs
6.8 NON-ISOTHERMAL FLOWS
6.8.1 Non-Isothermal Shear Flow
6.8.2 Non-Isothermal Pressure Flow Through a Slit
6.9 MELTING AND SOLIDIFICATION
6.9.1 Melting with Pressure Flow Melt Removal
6.9.2 Melting with Drag Flow Melt Removal
6.9.3 Melting Zone in a Plasticating Single Screw Extruder
6.10 CURING REACTIONS DURING PROCESSING
6.11 CONCLUDING REMARKS
Problems
REFERENCES
PART III NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
7.1 DISCRETIZATION AND ERROR
7.2 INTERPOLATION
7.2.1 Polynomial and Lagrange Interpolation
7.2.2 Hermite Interpolations
7.2.3 Cubic Splines
7.2.4 Global and Radial Interpolation
7.3 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
7.3.1 Classical Integration Methods
7.3.2 Gaussian Quadratures
7.4 DATA FITTING
7.4.1 Least Squares Method
7.4.2 The Levenberg-Marquardt Method
7.5 METHOD OF WEIGHTED RESIDUALS
Problems
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD
8.1 TAYLOR-SERIES EXPANSIONS
8.2 NUMERICAL ISSUES
8.3 THE INFO-TRAVEL CONCEPT
8.4 STEADY-STATE PROBLEMS
8.5 TRANSIENT PROBLEMS
8.5.1 Higher Order Approximation Techniques
8.6 THE RADIAL FLOW METHOD
8.7 FLOW ANALYSIS NETWORK
8.8 PREDICTING FIBER ORIENTATION - THE FOLGAR-TUCKER MODEL
8.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS
Problems
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
9.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS
9.1.1 One-Dimensional Finite Element Formulation
9.1.2 Numerical Implementation of a One-Dimenional Finite Element Formulation
9.1.3 Matrix Storage Schemes
9.1.4 Transient Problems
9.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS
9.2.1 Solution of Posisson's equation Using a Constant Strain Triangle
9.2.2 Transient Heat Conduction Problem Using Constant Strain Triangle
9.2.3 Solution of Field Problems Using Isoparametric Quadrilateral Elements.
9.2.4 Two Dimensional Penalty Formulation for Creeping Flow Problems
9.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS
9.3.1 Three-dimensional Elements
9.3.2 Three-Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction Problem With Convection
9.3.3 Three-Dimensional Mixed Formulation for Creeping Flow Problems
9.4 MOLD FILLING SIMULATIONS USING THE CONTROL VOLUME APPROACH
9.4.1 Two-Dimensional Mold Filling Simulation of Non-Planar Parts (2.5D Model)
9.4.2 Full Three-Dimensional Mold Filling Simulation
9.5 VISCOELASTIC FLUID FLOW
Problems
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD
10.1 SCALAR FIELDS
10.1.1 Green's Identities
10.1.2 Green's Function or Fundamental Solution
10.1.3 Integral Formulation of Poisson's Equation
10.1.4 BEM Numerical Implementation of the 2D Laplace Equation
10.1.5 2D Linear Elements.
10.1.6 2D Quadratic Elements
10.1.7 Three-Dimensional Problems
10.2 MOMENTUM EQUATIONS
10.2.1 Green's Identities for the Momentum Equations
10.2.2 Integral Formulation for the Momentum Equations
10.2.3 BEM Numerical Implementation of the Momentum Balance Equations
10.2.4 Numerical Treatment of the Weakly Singular Integrals
10.2.5 Solids in Suspension
10.3 COMMENTS OF NON-LINEAR PROBLEMS
10.4 OTHER BOUNDARY ELEMENT APPLICATIONS
Problems
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 RADIAL FUNCTIONS METHOD
11.1 THE KANSA COLLOCATION METHOD
11.2 APPLYING RFM TO BALANCE EQUATIONS IN POLYMER PROCESSING
11.2.1 Energy Balance
11.2.2 Flow problems
Problems
REFERENCES
INDEX

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Polymer Processing

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