
Working with Assumptions in International Development Program Evaluation
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Content
- Intro
- Working with Assumptions in International Development Program Evaluation
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contents
- 1 Introduction
- Abstract
- Challenges of a Growing Profession
- AssumptionsAssumptions in Responding to Evaluation's Challenges
- Focus of this Book
- References
- Part I Designing and Evaluating Complex Development Programs
- 2 Attributes of Complex Development Programs
- Abstract
- The More Complex, the More Assumptions
- Complexity Theory
- Development ProgramsDevelopment Programs as Complex SystemsComplex Systems
- Other Characteristics of Complex Development Programs
- Nonlinearity
- Dynamism
- Dynamic Stratification
- Complexity and Certainty
- Conclusion: Complexity and Assumptions in Program Evaluation
- References
- 3 Designing Complex Development Programs
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Stakeholder-Focused Approaches
- Change Perspective
- Outcome-Focused Frameworks
- The LFA and Assumptions: Does It Adequately Reflect Complexity?
- The ZOPP
- Box 3.1 Levels of the ZOPP Cycle
- Other Variations of the LFA
- Box 3.2 Variations in LFA
- LFA as a Formal Procedure
- enspLFA as a Way of Thinking
- enspLFA as a Brand or Label
- enspLFA as a System
- How is the LFA Helpful in Dealing with Complexity and Assumptions?
- Lessons from the LFA
- Simplification or an Extension of Clarity
- The Necessity of Explicit Assumptions
- What Else Might Hinder the Effectiveness of These Approaches (Or Support Their Success), and What Have We Thought About the Likelihood of Those Factors?
- The Theory of Change Approach
- Pathway of Change
- Outcome and Precondition
- Indicators
- Intervention
- Assumptions
- Theory of Change Versus Log Frame
- Participatory Impact Pathways Analysis
- Comparing PIPA, LFA, and ToC Approaches
- References
- 4 Evaluating Complex Development Programs
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The DQuant Camp
- The DQual Camp
- What the DQuants Think of the DQuals
- What the DQuals Think of the DQuants
- An Example of the Paradigm Fights
- Conclusion: The Need for an Integrated Approach
- References
- Part II Evaluation Theory and Assumptions
- 5 Theory in Evaluation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- General TheoryGeneral Theory
- Social Science Theory
- Evaluation Theory
- Program Theory
- Theory-Based Evaluation (TBE)
- Box 5.1: Core Principles and Subprinciples of Theory-Driven Evaluation
- Box 5.2: Steps in Contribution Analysis
- References
- 6 What are AssumptionsAssumptions?
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Definitions of Assumptions
- Types of Assumptions
- ParadigmaticParadigmatic Assumptions
- Forms of Paradigmatic Assumptions
- Ontological Assumptions
- Epistemological Assumptions
- Axiological Assumptions
- Cultural AssumptionsAssumptions
- Idiosyncratic Assumptions
- PrescriptivePrescriptive Assumptions
- Categories of Prescriptive Assumptions Include
- Legal Presumptions
- Metaphoric Assumptions
- Intellectual Assumptions
- CausalCausal AssumptionsAssumptions
- Categories of Assumptions by Degree of Articulation
- Explicit Assumptions
- Implicit Assumptions
- Conclusions
- Unstated Premises
- Rationalizers
- References
- 7 Why are Assumptions Important?
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Assumptions Guide Argumentationargumentation, Evidence Generation, and Conclusions
- Assumptions in the Selection of Methodologymethodology
- Ontological Assumptions
- Epistemological Assumptions
- Positivism
- Assumptions are the Foci for Paradigms and Theories
- Cognitive Elements
- Cognitive Operators
- Reality Tests
- Cognitive Map of the Domain of Inquiry
- Degree of Articulation
- Metaphors
- Assumptions in Theorytheory
- Assumptions Operate in a Theorytheory in Two Ways: Explicitly and Implicitly
- Assumptions and a Theorytheory's Worth
- Explicating Assumptions
- Part III Explicating Tacit Program Assumptions
- 8 Diagnostic Assumptions
- Abstract
- Explicating Tacit Program Assumptions
- Diagnostic Assumptions
- Explicating Diagnostic Assumptionsdiagnostic assumptions
- The Policy Scientific Approach
- The Alternative Causes Approach
- References
- 9 Prescriptive Assumptions
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Explicating Prescriptive Assumptions
- Goal EvaluationGoal evaluation
- A Strategy Assessment Approach
- The Alternative Strategies Approach
- References
- 10 Transformational Assumptions
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Making Transformational Assumptions Explicit
- Theoretical Frameworks: A Nook for Transformational Assumptions
- Explicating Transformational Assumptions
- The Elicitation MethodElicitation methodology
- Steps in Elicitation
- An Example of Elicitation
- Strengths and Weaknesses of Elicitation Methodology
- Using a Program Theory Matrix
- An Integrative ApproachIntegrative Approach
- The W. K. Kellogg Foundation's Approach
- The Aspen Institute Roundtable on Comprehensive Community Initiatives (RTCCI) Approach to Explicating Transformational Assumptions
- Mayne's Contribution Analysis
- Integrating the Approaches
- User Discretion is Advised
- Focus Within the Program's Theory
- What Should the Assumptions Look Like?
- Stating the Strengths of the Assumption
- Stating the Risks to the Assumption
- Questions to Guide Stakeholders in Thinking Through Transformational Assumptions
- Context in Which Assumptions are Stated
- References
- Part IV Conclusions
- 11 Evaluating AssumptionsEvaluating Assumptions
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Framing the Questions
- Assumptions are Crucial in Evaluating Program Theoryprogram theory
- Types of Evaluations that Test Assumptions of a Program Theoryprogram theory
- Path Analysis
- Pattern Matching
- Assumptions in Evaluating the Counter-Theory
- The Integrative Process Outcome Approach
- 12 Challenges of Explicating Assumptions
- Abstract
- The Nature of Implicit Assumptions
- Explicating Implicit Assumptions May Not Be Desirable
- Explicating Implicit Assumptions is an Abstract, Intangible and Not Concrete
- The Implications of Explicating Assumptions
- The Limitations of Explicating Implicit Assumptions
- Its Utility Depends on Stakeholders' Ability to Design and Implement Programs Appropriately, and The Evaluator's Ability to Formulate Appropriate Questions
- Unknown Unknownsunknowns
- PrioritizingPrioritizing Assumptions or Theories to Focus on
- The Bottom Line
- References
- Index
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