Emergency and Trauma Radiology, An Issue of Radiologic Clinics of North America
An Issue of Radiologic Clinics of North America
1st Edition
Published on 24. July 2015
100 pages
978-0-323-39118-4 (ISBN)
Description
Editor Savvas Nicolaou, MD and authors provide a comprehensive review of Emergency and Trauma Radiology. Articles will include: Improving outcomes in the polytrauma patient: a review of the role of whole body CT; Advanced imaging in the emergency department: dual energy CT in the acute setting; Imaging of traumatic brain injury: basic concepts and future direction; Imaging patterns and management algorithms in acute stroke: an update for the emergency radiologist; Imaging of non-traumatic neuroradiology emergencies; Pearls and pitfalls in C-spine trauma with new concepts; Face and neck infections: What the emergency radiologist needs to know; Negative CT for acute pulmonary embolism: important differentials in acute dyspnea; Imaging of penetrating thoracic injury; Imaging of easily missed fractures in the upper extremity; Imaging of easily missed fractures in the lower extremity; Imaging of genitourinary trauma; Imaging of ischemia, obstruction and infection in the abdomen; Imaging of pancreatic and duodenal trauma; and more!
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Savvas Nicolaou
Emergency and Trauma Radiology, An Issue of Radiologic Clinics of North America: Volume 53-4
Book
06/2015
Elsevier
€79.22
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Content
- Front Cover
- Emergency and Trauma Radiology
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Contents
- CME Page
- Radiologic Clinics of North America
- Preface
- Dual-Energy Computed Tomography
- Key points
- Introduction
- Gout
- Clinical Characteristics
- Imaging Characteristics
- Diagnostic Accuracy
- How to Improve Specificity
- How to Improve Sensitivity
- Bone marrow edema
- Background
- Evidence
- Pearls and Pitfalls
- Tendons and ligaments
- Uric acid nephrolithiasis
- Iodine display and subtraction
- Specific Applications
- Head
- Chest
- Cardiac
- Abdomen
- Energy-specific display
- References
- Improving Outcomes in the Patient with Polytrauma
- Key points
- Introduction
- Definition of whole-body computed tomography in trauma
- Indications for whole-body computed tomography in trauma
- Mechanism of Injury
- Location of Injury
- Combination of Physical Examination Findings, Injury Location, and Mechanism
- Impact of whole-body computed tomography on patient mortality
- Impact of Whole-Body Computed Tomography on Emergency Department Length of Stay
- Scan technique
- Arm Positioning and Imaging Quality
- Scanning the Cervical Spine Without Contrast Versus Computed Tomographic Angiography of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
- Radiation Dose
- Contrast Injection Protocols
- Contrast phases
- Split bolus injection protocols
- Single-bolus injection protocols
- Contrast timing
- Incidental findings
- Summary
- References
- Pearls for Interpreting Computed Tomography of the Cervical Spine in Trauma
- Key points
- Introduction
- Imaging recommendations
- Scanning technique
- Cervical spine anatomy and biomechanics
- Determining stability of cervical spine injuries
- Evaluating the cervical spine
- Evaluation of the Craniocervical Junction
- Injuries at the Craniocervical Junction
- Occipital condyle fractures
- Jefferson fracture
- Dens fracture
- Hangman's fracture
- Evaluating the lower cervical spine
- Injuries to the Lower Cervical Spine
- Hyperflexion injuries
- Anterior wedge compression fracture
- Burst fracture
- Flexion teardrop fracture
- Bilateral facet dislocation
- Unilateral facet dislocation
- Clay shoveler fracture
- Hyperextension Injuries
- Hyperextension sprain dislocation
- Hyperextension fracture dislocation
- Extension teardrop fracture
- Beyond the spine
- Summary
- References
- Penetrating Thoracic Injury
- Key points
- Introduction
- Mechanism
- Imaging
- Penetrating mediastinal injury
- Cardiac Injuries
- Vascular Injuries
- Aerodigestive Injury
- Pulmonary injury
- Pulmonary Contusion
- Pulmonary Laceration
- Lung Herniation
- Pleural injury
- Pneumothorax
- Pleural Collections
- Chest wall
- Diaphragmatic injuries
- Summary
- References
- Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury
- Key points
- Introduction
- Classification
- Types of brain injury
- Mild traumatic brain injury
- Postconcussive symptoms
- Mild traumatic brain injury
- Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging)
- Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging
- Functional MR Imaging
- Task-Based Functional MR Imaging
- Resting State Functional MR Imaging
- Arterial Spin Labeling
- Spectroscopy
- Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury
- Diagnosis
- Skull Fractures
- Extra-axial Hemorrhage
- Epidural Hematoma
- Subdural Hematoma
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- Intra-axial lesions
- Contusions
- Diffuse Axonal Injury
- Brain Stem Injury
- Brain Herniations and Infarctions
- Summary
- References
- Easily Missed Fractures of the Upper Extremity
- Key points
- Introduction
- Common but challenging
- Isolated Fracture of the Greater Tuberosity of the Humerus
- Nondisplaced Radial Head or Neck Fracture
- Distal Radius Fracture
- Scaphoid Fractures
- Volar Plate Fractures
- Out of mind, out of sight
- Scapula Fractures
- Coracoid Fractures
- Acromion Fractures
- Carpometacarpal Fracture Dislocation
- Hamate Fractures
- Triquetrum Fractures
- Satisfaction of search
- Fractures Associated with Glenohumeral Instability
- Essex-Lopresti Fracture-Dislocation
- Carpal Instability and the Zone of Vulnerability
- Summary
- References
- Easily Missed Fractures in the Lower Extremity
- Key points
- Hip
- Radiographic Evaluation
- Acetabular fractures
- Pubic fractures
- Pediatric considerations
- Femoral head fractures
- Proximal femoral fracture
- Femoral neck stress fractures
- Bisphosphonate insufficiency fracture
- Knee
- Mechanisms of Injury
- Tibial eminence anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fractures
- Impacted condylopatellar sulcus (deep lateral notch)
- Posterolateral tibial chip fracture
- Segond fracture
- Medial Segond fracture
- Avulsion fracture of the fibular styloid process (arcuate sign)
- Posterior tibial eminence posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fractures
- Avulsion fracture of the fibular head
- Ankle
- Fractures of the Posterior Tibial Malleolus
- Fractures of the Anterior Tibial Tubercle
- Fractures of the Lateral Process of the Talus
- Fractures of the Posterior Process of the Talus
- Anterior Calcaneus Process Fracture
- Extensor Digitorum Brevis Avulsion Fracture
- Lisfranc Joint Complex
- Summary
- References
- Imaging of Pancreatic and Duodenal Trauma
- Key points
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Normal anatomy and pertinent relationships
- Pancreas
- Duodenum
- Mechanisms of injury
- Blunt Trauma
- Penetrating Trauma
- Imaging in abdominal trauma
- Computed Tomography Techniques
- Special Computed Tomography Protocol Considerations in the Setting of Pancreatic Trauma
- Pancreatic trauma
- Clinical and Laboratory Findings
- Computed Tomography Findings in Pancreatic Injury
- Pitfalls of Pancreatic Injury
- Mimics of Pancreatic Injury
- Grading Pancreatic Injury
- MR Imaging Findings in Pancreatic Injury
- Delayed Complications of Pancreatic Injury
- Duodenal trauma
- Clinical Findings of Duodenal Trauma
- Computed Tomography Findings in Duodenal Injury
- Pitfalls and Mimics of Duodenal Trauma on Computed Tomography
- Grading Duodenal Injury and Management on Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Findings of Duodenal Injuries
- Delayed Complications of Duodenal Injuries
- Summary
- References
- Imaging of Urinary System Trauma
- Key points
- Introduction
- Renal trauma
- Epidemiology
- Renal Imaging Technique
- Alternative Imaging Studies
- Indications for Imaging
- Renal Injuries
- Challenges in renal injury classification and proposed updates
- Follow-up imaging
- Ureteral injuries
- Bladder injuries
- Epidemiology
- Bladder Imaging Technique
- Indications for Imaging
- Bladder Injuries
- Computed Tomography Cystography Findings
- Summary
- References
- Negative Computed Tomography for Acute Pulmonary Embolism
- Key points
- Introduction
- Parenchymal disease and nonthromboembolic emboli
- Pleural disease
- Airway and obstructive disease
- Cardiovascular disease
- Abdominal and diaphragmatic disease
- Summary
- References
- Imaging Patterns and Management Algorithms in Acute Stroke
- Key points
- Introduction
- Normal cerebrovascular anatomy and distributions
- Imaging protocols in acute ischemic stroke
- Imaging of the brain parenchyma
- Noncontrast Computed Tomography
- Exclusion of hemorrhage
- Detection of infarcted tissue
- MR Imaging
- Exclusion of hemorrhage
- Detection of infarcted tissue
- Imaging of the cerebral vasculature
- Computed Tomography Angiography
- Magnetic Resonance Angiography
- Evaluating tissue viability/perfusion imaging
- Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging
- Stroke mimics
- Pearls and pitfalls in acute stroke imaging
- What the referring physician needs to know: key points
- Summary
- References
- Face and Neck Infections
- Key points
- Introduction
- The pharyngeal mucosal space
- The retropharyngeal space
- The masticator space
- The parotid space
- The carotid space
- The sublingual space
- The submandibular space
- Congenital lesions
- Ludwig angina
- Complications of dental disease
- Complications of paranasal sinus disease
- Orbital infections
- Complications of mastoid disease
- Summary
- References
- Imaging of Ischemia, Obstruction and Infection in the Abdomen
- Key points
- Introduction
- Normal anatomy and imaging techniques
- Important Anatomic Considerations
- Imaging Techniques
- Radiography
- Computed tomography
- MR imaging
- Ultrasonography
- Fluoroscopy
- Imaging findings/pathology
- Ischemia
- Bowel wall thickening
- Bowel wall attenuation on control images
- Abnormal wall enhancement
- Increased luminal diameter
- Mesenteric arterial or venous occlusion
- Ascites and mesenteric fluid or stranding
- Pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumatosis portalis, and pneumoperitoneum
- Obstruction
- Small bowel obstruction
- Large bowel obstruction
- Imaging findings
- Bowel distention with distal collapse
- String-of-pearls sign
- Transition point beak sign
- Grading
- Small bowel feces
- Potential closed loop
- Visible-cause small bowel obstruction
- Visible-cause large bowel obstruction
- Possible mesenteric ischemia
- Gastrointestinal tract infection
- Small Bowel
- Infectious enteritis
- Meckel diverticulitis
- Colon
- Appendicitis
- Colitis and cecitis
- Diverticulitis
- Sepsis from gastrointestinal perforation
- Diagnostic criteria
- Pearls, pitfalls, variants
- What the Referring Physician Needs to Know
- Summary
- Differential diagnosis
- References
- Imaging of Nontraumatic Neuroradiology Emergencies
- Key points
- Introduction
- Scenario 1: subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Imaging Protocol
- Findings
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diffuse or basilar predominant subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Benign perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Other
- Convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
- Other
- Key Points
- Scenario 2: intraparenchymal hemorrhage
- Imaging Protocol
- Findings
- Differential Diagnosis
- Deep intraparenchymal hemorrhage
- Lobar intraparenchymal hemorrhage
- Hypertensive hemorrhage
- Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
- Coagulopathy
- Structural vascular lesion
- Underlying mass lesion
- Hemorrhagic venous infarct
- Key Points
- Scenario 3: vasogenic edema with mass lesion
- Imaging Protocol
- Findings
- Differential Diagnosis
- Metastasis and primary high-grade glioma
- Abscess
- Lymphoma
- Tumefactive demyelinating lesion
- Subacute ischemic infarct and hemorrhage
- Multiple lesions
- Key Points
- Scenario 4: vasogenic edema without mass lesion
- Imaging Protocol
- Findings
- Differential Diagnosis
- Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
- Herpes encephalitis
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Venous infarct
- Key Points
- Scenario 5: hydrocephalus
- Imaging Protocol
- Findings
- Differential Diagnosis
- Acute
- Meningitis
- Colloid cyst
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Chronic
- Normal pressure hydrocephalus
- Posterior fossa mass
- Aqueductal stenosis
- Key Points
- Summary
- References
- Index
