Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology

Name: Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology | Inferential Models for Logic, Language, Cognition and Computation
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Inferential Models for Logic, Language, Cognition and Computation

Ángel Nepomuceno-Fernández Lorenzo Magnani Francisco J. Salguero-Lamillar Cristina Barés-Gómez Matthieu Fontaine(Editor)

Springer (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 24. October 2019

XIII, 502 pages

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978-3-030-32722-4 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Preface
Contents
Models, Mental Models, and Representations
Probing Possibilities: Toy Models, Minimal Models, and Exploratory Models
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Explanation and Modelling: An Essential Tension
3 Representational Ideals
4 Galilean and Minimalist Idealization
5 Minimal Models, Toy Models, Exploratory Models
5.1 Minimal Models
5.2 Toy Models
5.3 Exploratory Models
6 Conclusion
References
Model Types and Explanatory Styles in Cognitive Theories
1 Cognitive Systems as Dynamical Systems
1.1 The Governor's Problem
1.2 Watt's Governor and Styles of Explanation
1.3 Dynamical Systems, Time and State Space
2 Development by Design vs Collective Influence
3 An Anti-representational Interpretation of Computationalism
3.1 Formal Accounts of Gibson's Theory
3.2 Affordances and Effectivities as Quintuples of a TM
3.3 Niche Evolution: A Scenario
4 Conclusion: Privileged Models vs Styles of Explanation
References
The Logic of Dangerous Models
1 The Epistemology of Conspiracy Theories
2 The Epistemological Relevance of Conspiracy Theories (and Their Models)
2.1 Why Conspiracy Theories Matter for Social Epistemology and Psychology
2.2 Explanatory Reasoning and Creative Audacity
2.3 The Illusion of Depth of Understanding and Weirdly Catchy Explanations
3 Theoretical Models of Conspiracy Theories
3.1 The Keeley-Basham Model
3.2 The Paradox of Conspiracy Theories
4 Conclusion
References
A Pragmatic Model of Justification Based on "Material Inference" for Social Epistemology
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Communitarian Epistemology
3 The Basic Concept of "Inference"
4 The Role of Conditionals for Human Discursive Practices
5 The Dimensions of Justification
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Counterfactual Thinking in Cooperation Dynamics
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Counterfactual Thinking and Evolutionary Games
3 Population Dynamics with Social Learning and Counterfactual Thinking
4 A Comparison of Social Learning and Counterfactual Prompted Evolutions, and an Analysis of Their Interplay
5 Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Modeling Morality
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Why Model Morality?
3 Empirical Adequacy
4 Implications for the Moral Status of Morality
Acknowledgements
References
Coherence and Credibility in the Story-Model of Jurors' Decision-Making: Does Mental Simulation Really Drive the Evaluation of the Evidence?
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Pennington and Hastie's 'Story-Model': Core Theses and Experimental Evidence
2.1 Core Theses
2.2 Empirical Evidence Backing Claims #1 and 2-Interview Studies
2.3 Story Acceptance and Verdict Choice
2.4 Experimental Manipulation of 'Ease of Construction': Presentation Order
2.5 Core Thesis #3 Story Coherence and Evidential Value
3 A Theory of Evidential Reasoning? Limits of the Model
3.1 Conceptual Issues
3.2 Empirical Adequacy and Completeness of the Model
3.3 Accounting for the Variety of Types of Evidence-How Do Jurors Process Forensic Evidence?
4 Conclusion
References
Insight Problem Solving and Unconscious Analytic Thought. New Lines of Research
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Insight vs. Non-insight Problems
3 Main Theories of Insight Problem Solving
4 Insight Problem Solving and Working Memory Capacity
5 The Role of Incubation in Insight Problem Solving: Different Perspectives
6 Unconscious Analytic Thought
7 Conclusions
References
On Understanding and Modeling in Evo-Devo
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Model of Developmental Plasticity in Tetrapods
3 Developmental Plasticity and Genetic Assimilation
4 Modeling, Explanation and Understanding in Evo-Devo
5 Conclusions
References
Conjuring Cognitive Structures: Towards a Unified Model of Cognition
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 FEP and Its Unificatory Scope
3 Mechanistic Explanations
4 Mechanistic Evaluation of the Unifying Power of FEP
5 Ontic Structural Realism and Metaphysical Underdetermination
6 Dealing with Diversities at the Meta-theoretical Level
7 Evaluating the Unificatory Pretences of FEP
8 Concluding Remarks
References
How Philosophical Reasoning and Neuroscientific Modeling Come Together
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 From Neuroscience to Philosophy
2.1 Picture Perception
2.2 Molyneux's Question
3 From Philosophy to Neuroscience
3.1 Forward Inference and Bridge-Laws Connecting Psychology and Neuroscience
3.2 Reverse Inference and the Pluripotentiality of Neural Structures
4 Conclusion. Philosophy and Neuroscience
References
Abduction, Problem Solving, and Practical Reasoning
The Dialogic Nature of Semiotic Tools in Facilitating Conscious Thought: Peirce's and Vygotskii's Models
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Foundations of Peirce's Dialogic Inferencing
3 Early Tools Measuring Dialogic Communication
4 Speech to Consciousness in Vygotskii's Paradigm
5 Vygotskii's Use of Memory Tools as Semiotic Devices
6 The Primacy of Language as Vygotskii's Semiotic Tool
7 Peirce's Double Consciousness
8 Conclusion
References
Creative Model-Based Diagrammatic Cognition
1 Geometrical Construction Is a Kind of Manipulative Abduction
2 Mirror Diagrams: Externalizing Mental Models to Represent Imaginary Entities
2.1 Internal and External Representations
3 Mirror Diagrams and the Infinite
3.1 Abducing First Principles Through Bodily Contact
3.2 Expansion of Scope Strategy
3.3 Infinite/Finite Interplay
3.4 Non-Euclidean Parallelism: Coordination and Inconsistency Detection
4 Unveiling Diagrams in Lobachevsky's Discovery as Gateways to Imaginary Entities
4.1 Euclidean/Non-Euclidean Model Matching Strategy
4.2 Consistency-Searching Strategy
4.3 Loosing Intuition
5 Conclusion
References
Kant on the Generality of Model-Based Reasoning in Geometry
1 Kant's Relevance to Model-Based Reasoning
2 Kant on Model-Based Reasoning in Geometry
3 On the Generality of Model-Based Reasoning in Geometry
4 Contemporary Perspectives on Kant's Approach to Generality
5 Conclusion
References
The Logic of Picturing: Wittgenstein, Sellars and Peirce's EG-beta
1 Introduction
2 Representation as Picturing
2.1 Wittgenstein on Picturing
2.2 Sellars on Wittgenstein on Picturing
2.3 Desiderata: Design Features for a Perspicuous Picturing Notation
3 EG+: Peirce's EG-Beta without Negation
4 A Generic Figures Reconstruction of EG+
4.1 Syntax
4.2 Semantics
5 Generating a Symmetric Monoidal Category on Peirce's EG-beta
6 Conclusion
References
An Inferential View on Human Intuition and Expertise
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Polanyi's Theory of Tacit Knowing
3 Pragmatistic Conceptions of Abduction
3.1 Peirce's Inferential Approach
3.2 Magnani's Eco-Cognitive Approach
4 Epistemic Feelings and Their Function in Tacit Inferences
5 Modelling Tacit Processes as an Inferential Triad
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Disseminated Causation: A Model-Theoretical Approach to Sophisticated Abduction
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Proximate Causes and Causal Chains
3 Sophisticated Abduction and Disseminated Causation. The Theoretical White Dwarf Model
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Defining a General Structure of Four Inferential Processes by Means of Four Pairs of Choices Concerning Two Basic Dichotomies
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Two Dichotomies as the Foundations of Physical Theories
3 Improving Peirce's Philosophical Characterization of Both the Behaviour and WoR of a Computer
4 A Semantic Correspondence Between Peirce's Four Inferential Processes and CT's Four Mathematical WoRs
5 Recognition of Peirce's Inference Processes in Mendeleev's WoRs Aimed at Formulating His Table of Elements
6 Establishing Through the Four Pairs of Choices a Correspondence Among Peirce' Four Inference Processes, CT's Four WoRs and Four Prime Physical Principles
7 CT's Use of Four WoRs Diverges from that of Each Physical Theory
8 Chemists' Simultaneous Use of All WoRs
9 The Origin of Peirce's Investigations on WoRs
10 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Remarks on the Possibility of Ethical Reasoning in an Artificial Intelligence System by Means of Abductive Models
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Ethical Issues in Current Applications of Machine Learning Technologies
3 Preferences are not Values
4 Beyond the Moral Machine
5 The Abductive Way Towards Ethics
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Epistemological and Technological Issues
On the Follies of Intercourse Between Models and Fiction: A Naturalized Causal-Response Diagnosis
Abstract
1 Provocations of the Unreal
2 Fictionalism
3 Grundgesetze der Semantik
4 Fresh Meinongian Breezes
5 Naturalized Logic
6 Ambiguity
7 Pretendism
8 Normativity
9 Untroubling Systemic Inconsistency
10 Refutations and Conjectures
11 Lies Without Unrealism
Acknowledgements
References
Default Soundness in the Old Approach: An Epistemic Analysis of Default Reasoning
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Reasons to Support a Rule-Representation of Defaults
3 The Internal Analysis of Defaults and an Additional Reason in Favor of a Representation of Default Reasoning as a Rule
3.1 A Default Rule
3.2 From Prerequisite to Justifications
3.3 From Justifications to Conjecture
3.4 From Prerequisite to Conjecture
4 An Epistemic Proposal to Understand the Internal Mechanism of a Conjecture
5 Default Soundness in the Old Approach
5.1 Intuitions of Default Logical Consequence
5.2 Pretheoretical Definition of Default Logical Consequence
5.3 Explanation of Default Logical Consequence
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Models and Data in Finance: les Liaisons Dangereuses
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Making Markets and Performativity
3 Models and Data in Finance
4 Micro-performativity
5 Models and Data in Finance: Some Philosophical Remarks
References
How Can You Be Sure? Epistemic Feelings as a Monitoring System for Cognitive Contents
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Epistemic Assessment of Cognitive Contents
3 The Nature of Epistemic Feelings: A Comparison with Emotional Feelings
4 The Specificity of Epistemic Feelings
5 Concluding Remarks
References
A Model for the Interlock Between Propositional and Motor Formats
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Propositional and Motor Formats at the Crossroad: The Evidence from Neuroscience of Action and Language
2.1 From Action Concepts to Action Execution and Back
2.2 Action Concepts and the Motor System
2.3 Action Concepts and the Functional Encoding of the Motoric
3 Conclusion
References
A Computational-Hermeneutic Approach for Conceptual Explicitation
1 Introduction
2 Explicitating Conceptualizations
2.1 Ontologies and Meaning Postulates
2.2 Conceptualizations
2.3 Representing a Conceptualization by Means of a Theory
2.4 An Idealized Interpretive Approach
3 A Hermeneutic Approach
3.1 Hermeneutic Circle
3.2 Radical Interpretation
3.3 The Principle of Charity
3.4 Adequacy Criteria of Formalization
3.5 Computational Hermeneutics
4 Examples and Implementation Approaches
4.1 Semantical Embeddings
4.2 Example: Logical Analysis of a Metaphysical Argument
4.3 Technological Feasibility and Implementation Approaches
5 Conclusion
References
The Context-Priming of Conceptual Knowledge: RPEC and SPEC Models
1 Introduction
2 Two Context-Dependent Models of Priming Conceptual Knowledge
2.1 Referent-Priming-Effects in Context (RPEC)
2.2 Semantics-Priming-Effects in Context (SPEC)
3 Constraints and Interference of Context-Priming Effects
3.1 Attention Paid to the Concepts of Some Elements of Context or to Some Features Shared by the Priming and Primed Items
3.2 Particular Neural Systems Needed to Organize the Conceptual Knowledge on Which Context-Priming Effects Rely
3.3 Interference Factors of Context-Priming Effects
4 The Advantages of the Context-Priming Hypothesis
4.1 Context Can Determine Which Kind/kinds of Concepts Would Be Primed
4.2 Context Can Determine Which Property/properties of a Particular Concept Would Be Activated
4.3 Context Can Determine Whether the Concepts Themselves Would Be Activated
4.4 Only the Context-Priming Processes Could Really Guarantee Cognitive Efficiency
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Graphs in Linguistics: Diagrammatic Features and Data Models
Abstract
1 A Framework for Diagram Evaluation
1.1 Why Diagrams and Linguistics?
1.2 Limiting the Field
1.3 Devising a Framework
1.4 Data Structures and Data Models
2 Diagrams in Phonetics
3 Diagrams in Syntax
4 Diagrams in Semantics
4.1 Wordnet and Framenet
4.2 Generative Lexicon and Discourse Representation Theory
5 Modeling Semantics with UML
6 Data Models and Diagrammatic Tasks
7 Conclusions
References
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Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology

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