Workload Transition
Implications for Individual and Team Performance
1st Edition
Published on 1. January 1993
304 pages
978-0-309-54422-1 (ISBN)
Description
Workload transition is a potentially crucial problem in work situations wherein operators are faced with abrupt changes in task demands. People involved include military combat personnel, air-traffic controllers, medical personnel in emergency rooms, and long-distance drivers. They must be able to respond efficiently to sudden increases in workload imposed by a failure, crisis, or other, often unexpected, event.This book provides a systematic evaluation of workload transition. It focuses on a broad spectrum of activities ranging from team cooperation to the maintenance of this problem on a theoretical level and offers several practical solutions.
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National Research Council | Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education | Board on Human-Systems Integration
Workload Transition
Implications for Individual and Team Performance
Book
01/1993
National Academies Press
€48.50
Shipment within 3-4 weeks
Content
- WORKLOAD TRANSITION
- Copyright
- Foreword
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Summary
- BACKGROUND
- ANALOGOUS SYSTEMS
- WORKLOAD
- STRESS
- SLEEP DISRUPTION AND FATIGUE
- VIGILANCE
- GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION
- DECISION MAKING
- STRATEGIC TASK MANAGEMENT
- TEAM LEADERSHIP AND CREW COORDINATION
- TRAINING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSES
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH
- Research Recommendations
- Application of Research Results
- 1 Team Transitions
- BACKGROUND
- TEAM PERFORMANCE DURING TRANSITIONS
- CREW PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
- Planning and Preparation
- Routine Monitoring
- Maintenance
- Information Seeking
- Decision Making
- Control and Operation
- Communications
- WORKSTATION CHARACTERISTICS
- FRAMEWORK OF THE REPORT
- REFERENCES
- 2 Analogous Systems
- FEATURES OF SIMILARITY
- Time
- Structure of the Event
- Environment
- Personal Risk
- Organizational Structure
- Summary
- COMMERCIAL AIRLINES
- RAILROADS
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- MERCHANT AND MILITARY SHIPS
- NATURAL DISASTERS
- EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES
- TRAUMA CENTERS AND EMERGENCY ROOMS
- CAUTIOUS GENERALIZATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 3 Workload Factors
- WORKLOAD CHARACTERISTICS
- Sources
- Consequences
- Measures
- Relationship Between Workload and Performance
- WORKLOAD DRIVERS: REVIEW OF RESEARCH
- Task Structure
- Performance Criteria and Strategies
- Task Schedule
- Rate of Presentation
- Complexity of Task Demands
- Variability of Task Demands
- Task Duration
- Task Requirements and Procedures
- Input Variables
- Information From Visual Displays
- Information From the Visual Scene
- Information From Auditory Displays
- Information Processing Variables
- Level of Processing
- Processing Resources
- Memory Requirements
- Display-Control Compatibility
- Output Variables
- Control Design
- Control Gain and Display Gain
- Control Lag and Display Lag
- Order of Control
- Computer Aiding and Automation
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 4 Stress
- STRESS IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT
- STRESS AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE
- QUALITATIVE PATTERN OF STRESS EFFECTS
- Attentional Tunneling
- Working Memory Loss
- Communications
- Long-Term Memory
- Strategic Shifts
- Decision Making
- Attention and Arousal
- Conclusion
- MEDIATING EFFECTS
- COPING WITH STRESS
- Design Solutions
- Strategies
- Training
- TEAM MODELS: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRESS MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 5 Sleep Disruption and Fatigue
- CIRCADIAN EFFECTS ON PROLONGED PERFORMANCE
- SLEEP DEPRIVATION
- Laboratory Studies
- Operational Settings
- SLEEP INERTIA
- IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE IN EXTENDED-DUTY OPERATIONS
- POTENTIAL COUNTERMEASURES
- REFERENCES
- 6 Vigilance and Target Detection
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- World War II
- Implications of Automation for Vigilance
- Implications for Armor Personnel
- PSYCHOPHYSICAL DETERMINANTS
- A Functional Equation
- The Components of Vigilance
- Signal Modality
- Signal Salience
- Stimulus Uncertainty
- The Background Event Context
- Stimulus Complexity
- Sensing and Decision Making
- The Theory of Signal Detection
- Applications to Vigilance
- Task Taxonomy
- ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
- Environment and Task
- Temperature
- Noise
- Vibration
- Sleep Loss
- Task-Induced Stress in Vigilance
- Physiological Indices
- Mood Measures
- Perceived Workload
- OPERATIONAL RELEVANCE
- Workload Transition
- Remediation
- Engineering Solutions
- Training
- REFERENCES
- 7 Geographic Orientation
- WHAT IS GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION?
- REAL-WORLD CONSTRAINTS ON SPATIAL AWARENESS
- Frames of Reference
- Reference Frame Comparisons
- Biases in Geographic Memory
- Language
- Timing
- Mental Models of Navigational Tasks
- GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION: TANKS AND HELICOPTERS
- NAVIGATION AND WORKLOAD TRANSITION
- The Premission Phase
- The Operational Phase
- Transition From Rear Staging Position to Initial Fighting Position
- The Preengagement Phase
- The Post-Mission Phase
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 8 Decision Making
- HEURISTICS AND BIASES IN HYPOTHESIS FORMATION
- EXPERTISE IN DIAGNOSIS
- CHOICE
- TRANSITION EFFECTS
- Pre-Post Exchange
- Stress Effects
- Communications
- Perceptual Tunneling
- Confirmation Bias
- Phonetic Working Memory
- Spatial Working Memory
- Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff
- Remediation
- Decision Aids
- Debias Training
- Domain Training
- Team Cohesion
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 9 Strategic Task Management
- COGNITIVE SWITCHING
- Strategy Switching
- Task Switching
- Implications for Workload Transition
- Engaging Tasks
- Disengaging Tasks
- TASK PRIORITY MANAGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- 10 Team Leadership and Crew Coordination
- AVIATION RESEARCH FINDINGS ON LEADERSHIP AND CREW COORDINATION
- CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TRAINING
- VOICE COMMUNICATIONS
- Flight Deck Communications
- Systematic Observational Studies of Crew Performance
- Leader Behavior
- Leader Personality
- Automation, Leadership, and Crew Coordination
- Organizational Cultures and Subcultures
- ENGINEERING MODELS OF COORDINATION
- CREW PERFORMANCE RESEARCH
- REFERENCES
- 11 Training for Emergency Responses
- TRAINING CHALLENGES
- TRAINING AND SKILL RETENTION
- Type of Task
- Amount of Practice
- Type of Practice
- Testing
- Level of Original Learning
- TRAINING AND WORKLOAD
- TRAINING APPROACHES
- Training Complex Tasks Through Simulation Networking (SIMNET)
- Embedded Training for Practicing Procedural Tasks in the Operational Setting
- Training to Improve Communications and Coordination
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 12 Recommendations for Research
- WORKLOAD
- STRESS
- SLEEP PATTERNS AND FATIGUE
- TARGET DETECTION AND VIGILANCE
- GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION
- COMMUNICATIONS AND DECISION MAKING
- STRATEGIC TASK MANAGEMENT
- TEAM LEADERSHIP AND CREW COORDINATION
- TRAINING
- REFERENCES
- Index
