Valuing Health Risks, Costs, and Benefits for Environmental Decision Making
Report of a Conference
1st Edition
Published on 1. January 1990
244 pages
978-0-309-59605-3 (ISBN)
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National Research Council | Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education | Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
Valuing Health Risks, Costs, and Benefits for Environmental Decision Making
Report of a Conference
Book
01/1990
National Academies Press
€68.00
Shipment within 3-4 weeks
Content
- Valuing Health Risks, Costs, and Benefits for Environmental Decision Making
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- Executive Summary
- 1 Introduction
- RISK ASSESSMENT AND BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS
- REGULATORY PRACTICE
- CONTINUING ISSUES
- Contextual And Legal Constraints
- Approaches To Analysis
- How Much Information?
- Handling Uncertainty
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 2 The Making Of Cruel Choices
- 3 The Politics Of Benefit-Cost Analysis
- ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS
- Thinking Like Lawyers
- Ravenous Bureaucrats
- Media Hype
- Public Opinion And Political Culture
- CONGRESS: KEYSTONE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT
- Omb: The Eye of The Storm
- The Health-Only Canard
- THE FEDERAL COURTS
- Rule-Making Procedures
- Reading Statutes
- REGULATORY AGENCIES
- ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 4 Benefit-Cost Analysis As A Source Of Information About Welfare
- SCOPE AND COMPREHENSIVENESS
- MEASURING COSTS AND BENEFITS AT PARTICULAR POINTS IN TIME
- Diminishing Marginal Utility In The Intrapersonal Case
- Diminishing Marginal Utility In The Interpersonal Case
- Preferences Involving Poor Information Or Other Cognitive Defects
- Preferences Not Related To Welfare
- The Absence Of Appropriate Markets
- MEASURING COSTS AND BENEFITS OVER TIME
- When Saving Is Optimal
- When Saving Is Not Optimal
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 5 Comparing Values In Environmental Policies: Moral Issues And Moral Arguments
- METHODS OF REASONING ABOUT MORALITY
- Empirical Approaches To Moral Issues
- Arguing From Theory or Basic Doctrines
- VALUING AND DISCOUNTING LIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES
- THE SOCIAL DISCOUNT RATE
- SHOULD LIVES BE DISCOUNTED?
- Democracy And Consumer Sovereignty
- Excessive Sacrifice
- Indefinite Delay
- A Paradox
- WHAT SHOULD THE DISCOUNT RATE BE?
- PUTTING A PRICE ON LIFE
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 6 Environmental Policy Making: Act Now Or Wait For More Information?
- IRREVERSIBILITY AND THE BIAS TOWARD WAITING
- WAITING AND SUNKEN COSTS
- Diesel Emissions
- Cyanazine
- Ethylene Dibromide
- REGULATION AS RESEARCH
- CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
- CONCLUDING COMMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 7 Choice Under Uncertainty: Problems Solved And Unsolved
- THE EXPECTED UTILITY MODEL
- The Classical Perspective: Cardinal Utility And Attitudes Toward Risk
- A Modern Perspective: Linearity In The Probabilities As A Testable Hypothesis
- VIOLATIONS OF LINEARITY IN TILE PROBABILITIES
- The Allais Paradox And "Fanning Out
- Additional Evidence Of Fanning Out
- Non-Expected Utility Models Of Preferences
- THE PREFERENCE REVERSAL PHENOMENON
- The Evidence
- Two Interpretations Of This Phenomenon
- Implications Of The Economic World View
- Implications Of The Psychological World View
- FRAMING EFFECTS
- Evidence
- Two Issues Regarding Framing
- Framing Effects And Economic Analysis: Has This Problem Already Been Solved?
- OTHER ISSUES: IS PROBABILITY THEORY RELEVANT?
- The Manipulation Of Subjective Probabilities
- The Existence Of Subjective Probabilities
- Life (And Economic Analysis) Without Probability Theory
- IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIVATE AND PUBLIC DECISION MAKING
- IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIVATE-SECTOR DECISION ANALYSIS
- Implications for Public Decision Making
- Public and Corporate Obligations in the Presentation of Information
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- EDITORS' NOTE
- REFERENCES
- 8 Conclusions
- THE CONTEXT OF DECISION MAKING
- APPROACH
- PROCEDURE
- SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
- DECISION MAKING
- CONCLUSIONS
- Appendix Setting National Standards For Inorganic Arsenic Emissions From Primary Copper Smelters: A Case Study
- RISK ASSESSMENT: QUANTIFYING CANCER RISKS
- Estimated Dose Response
- Estimated Public Exposure
- Estimated Individual And Population Risks
- Uncertainties In Risk Characterization
- Exposure For An Entire Lifetime
- Early Lifetime Exposure
- Use of Census Data
- Assumption of No Latency Period
- Exclusion of Other Health Effects
- Evaluation of Risk Assessment
- RISK MANAGEMENT: EXAMINING THE CONSEQUENCES
- Emissions and Risk Reductions
- Remaining Exposure and Risks
- Costs and Economic Impacts
- Economic Cost-Effectiveness
- Economic Efficiency
- Equity
- FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SETTING A STANDARD
- How Should Health Risk Be Characterized?
- What Constitutes a Significant Risk?
- What Constitutes an Appropriate Balance Between Costs and Risks?
- How Should Single-Decision Criteria Be Explicitly Integrated?
- Is Any Balance Between Costs and Risks Consistent with EPA's Legislative Mandate?
- EPA'S ACTUAL REGULATORY DECISION FOR INORGANIC ARSENIC EMISSIONS FROM PRIMARY COPPER SMELTERS
- REFERENCES
