
Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development
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Content
- Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development
- INTRODUCTION
- REFERENCES
- Appendix A Waste Reduction: Research Needs In Applied Social Sciences
- SUMMARY
- WASTE REDUCTION
- APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH NEEDS
- MEASUREMENT
- INSTITUTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL BARRIERS
- POLICY INCENTIVES
- NONINDUSTRIAL SECTORS: THREE EXAMPLES
- Agriculture
- County and Municipal Governments
- Waste Reduction in Municipal Wastewater Management
- WASTE REDUCTION: RESEARCH NEEDS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
- INTRODUCTION
- Background
- Previous Studies by the National Research Council
- Workshop Focus
- WASTE REDUCTION
- Current Definitions
- Basic Concepts
- THE NEED FOR APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
- Barriers to Waste Reduction Research
- Lack of Research Programs and Expertise
- Commitment to Applied Social Science
- DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT
- Background
- Measurement at the Micro Level
- Measurement at the Aggregate Level
- Measurement Issues
- Measurement Research Needs
- INSTITUTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL BARRIERS
- Background
- Accounting and Financial Analysis
- Management of Innovation
- Organizational Goals and Effectiveness
- Contingency Organization Theory
- Corporate Strategy
- Behavioral Questions in Other Sectors
- Institutional and Behavioral Issues
- Institutional and Behavioral Research Needs
- PUBLIC POLICY INCENTIVES
- Background
- Existing Policy Incentives
- Economics of Waste Reduction
- Implementation
- Issues Concerning Policy Incentives
- Research Needs on Policy Incentives
- NONINDUSTRIAL SECTORS THREE EXAMPLES
- Research Needs in Agriculture
- County and Municipal Research Needs
- Municipal Wastewater Treatment Research Needs
- REFERENCES
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS AND AGENDA
- WORKSHOP PAPERS
- RESEARCH NEEDS FOR WASTE REDUCTION
- Background
- Previous NRC Studies
- Research Issues in Waste Reduction
- I. DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT OF WASTE REDUCTION
- II. INSTITUTIONAL & BEHAVIORAL BARRIERS TO WASTE REDUCTION (Background: see esp. papers by Hollod, Todd, Ashford)
- III. PUBLIC POLICY INCENTIVES FOR WASTE REDUCTION (Background: see esp. papers by Curlee, Nichols, McHugh)
- Caveat
- PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ECONOMIC, ENGINEERING, AND POLICY OPTIONS FOR WASTE REDUCTION
- INTRODUCTION: SOME BACKGROUND COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS
- FACTORS INCREASING WASTES GENERATION
- Product Mix and Product Proliferation
- Product Output Specifications
- New Products
- TECHNOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR WASTE REDUCTION
- STIMULI TO WASTE REDUCTION
- External Factors
- Internal Factors
- Governmental Actions
- Responses to Stimuli
- CONCLUDING COMMENTS
- REFERENCES
- ACCOUNTING AND THE ENVIRONMENT: PATCHING THE INFORMATION FABRIC
- Nature of Accounting
- Proposal I-Revisions To Product Costing Systems
- Proposal II: Capital Markets and The Valuation Of Firms-Levelling The Playing Field
- ENDNOTES
- ACCOUNTING AND THE ENVIRONMENT: PATCHING THE INFORMATION FABRIC
- SOURCE REDUCTION: WHAT IS IT AND HOW CAN WE ACCOMPLISH IT?
- INTRODUCTION
- THE DEFINITION OF SOURCE REDUCTION
- THE CASE STUDY
- REPORTING RELEASES
- MEASURING SOURCE REDUCTION
- REGULATION OF SOURCE REDUCTION
- THE REAL ISSUE
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- APPENDIX
- USE OF OFF-SITE RECYCLED SOLVENT
- ON-SITE RECYCLING
- PURCHASE NEW DEGREASER
- PURCHASE CARBON ADSORPTION DEVICE
- SUMMARY OF SOURCE REDUCTION OPTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Appendix B Measuring Change in Ecosystems: Research and Monitorning Strategies
- MEASURING CHANGE IN ECOSYSTEMS: RESEARCH AND MONITORING STRATEGIES
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- WORKSHOP PAPERS
- ECOSYSTEM RISK ASSESSMENT: CASE STUDIES OF NATURAL RESOURCE PERTURBATION
- Ecosystem Perturbation
- Case Studies
- Mono Basin
- Glen Canyon
- Relationships To Epa Priorities
- SELECTED DEVELOPMENT NEEDS FOR ASSESSING ECOLOGICAL RISK AT THE COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM LEVEL
- Administrative/Management
- Examples of Existing Programs
- Technical
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Appendix C Research to Improve Predictions of Long-Term Chemical Toxicity
- SUMMARY
- RESEARCH TO IMPROVE PREDICTIONS OF LONG-TERM CHEMICAL TOXICITY
- INTRODUCTION
- STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
- Status and Outlook
- Research and Resource Needs
- Review of SAR Methodologies
- Validation
- Availability of Relevant Toxicological Data
- Treatment of Physicochemical Properties in Models of Long-Term Toxicity
- The Molecular Basis of Toxic Effects
- Incorporation of Functional Criteria Relating to Toxicological End Points
- Development of Methods for Identifying Nongenotoxic Carcinogens
- Funding
- SHORT-TERM IN-VIVO AND IN-VITRO TESTS
- Properties, Uses, and Limitations of STTs
- Research and Resource Needs
- Recruitment and Training of Personnel
- Application to Nonbinary Toxicological End Points
- Coordination of Test Development and Validation
- Assessment of Applicability to Regulatory Uses
- Application To Human Specimens
- Broadening the Spectrum of Toxicological End Points
- Periodic Re-evaluation and Revalidation
- More Adequate Reporting of Relevant Data
- Extrapolation to Humans
- Further Problems and Uses of STTs
- More Effective Coordination of Test Development and Validation
- WHOLE-ANIMAL TESTS
- The Strategies of Whole-Animal Tests
- RESEARCH AND RESOURCE NEEDS
- Validation by Appropriate Studies in Human Subjects
- Funding
- Broadening of Risk Assessment End Points
- Re-evaluation of Risk Assessment Models
- Elucidation of Causative Mechanisms of Toxicity
- Grouping of Chemicals by Mechanisms of Toxicity
- Methodologies for Complex Mixtures
- Studies in Animals with Special Phenotypes and Genotypes
- Integrated Analysis of Dose-Response Relationships
- VALIDATING PREDICTIVE TESTS
- Status and Outlook
- Research Needs and Possibilities
- Studies of Heavily Exposed Populations
- International Epidemiological Studies
- Registries of High-Level Exposures
- Improvement of Exposure Measurement and Quantification
- Biological Markers of Exposure and Effect
- Molecular Approaches
- Information on Disease Incidence
- Training
- STRATEGY, POLICY, AND RESOURCES
- Linking and Integrating Evaluative Approaches
- Structure-Activity Relationships
- Short-Term In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tests
- Whole-Animal Tests
- Validation
- Research Needs and Possibilities
- Potency and Severity of Toxic Response
- Exposure Assessment
- Evaluation of Mixtures
- Research Incentives
- Coordination and Planning
- REFERENCES
- RELATED PUBLICATIONS
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- Appendix D Research Needs in Anticipation of Future Environmental Problems
- SUMMARY
- RESEARCH NEEDS IN ANTICIPATION OF FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
- INTRODUCTION
- Past Anticipatory Research Efforts
- Workshop Focus
- IDENTIFICATION OF ARISING PROBLEMS
- Monitoring Physical Phenomena
- Societal and Economic Monitoring
- Forecasting Long-Term Socioeconomic Trends
- Goal- and Surprise-Oriented Scenario Construction
- Comparative Experience
- Specific Areas That Require Monitoring
- Biotic Monitoring
- Abiotic Monitoring
- Societal Monitoring
- Information Dissemination
- TWO POTENTIAL PROBLEMS ADVANCED MATERIALS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
- Renewable Energy
- Advanced Materials
- DESIGN FOR AN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH PROGRAM
- Objectives of an Anticipatory Research Program
- Implementation
- Institutional Arrangements
- Environmental Scientists and Engineers
- Environmental Research and Development Funding
- ASSEMBLING AN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
- CONCLUSIONS
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- Appendix E Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources
- STAFF
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