Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development
1st Edition
Published on 1. January 1991
186 pages
978-0-309-57543-0 (ISBN)
Description
Research is the foundation of environmental protection. This volume reviews four areas of opportunity in applied environmental research and development: waste reduction, ecosystem and landscape change, anticipatory research, and long-term chemical toxicity. It presents the consensus of workshops held to explore these four areas as well as an introductory chapter that summarizes the committee's view of environmental research and development.
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Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development
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01/1991
National Academies Press
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Content
- Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development
- INTRODUCTION
- REFERENCES
- Appendix A Waste Reduction: Research Needs In Applied Social Sciences
- SUMMARY
- WASTE REDUCTION
- APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH NEEDS
- MEASUREMENT
- INSTITUTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL BARRIERS
- POLICY INCENTIVES
- NONINDUSTRIAL SECTORS: THREE EXAMPLES
- Agriculture
- County and Municipal Governments
- Waste Reduction in Municipal Wastewater Management
- WASTE REDUCTION: RESEARCH NEEDS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
- INTRODUCTION
- Background
- Previous Studies by the National Research Council
- Workshop Focus
- WASTE REDUCTION
- Current Definitions
- Basic Concepts
- THE NEED FOR APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
- Barriers to Waste Reduction Research
- Lack of Research Programs and Expertise
- Commitment to Applied Social Science
- DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT
- Background
- Measurement at the Micro Level
- Measurement at the Aggregate Level
- Measurement Issues
- Measurement Research Needs
- INSTITUTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL BARRIERS
- Background
- Accounting and Financial Analysis
- Management of Innovation
- Organizational Goals and Effectiveness
- Contingency Organization Theory
- Corporate Strategy
- Behavioral Questions in Other Sectors
- Institutional and Behavioral Issues
- Institutional and Behavioral Research Needs
- PUBLIC POLICY INCENTIVES
- Background
- Existing Policy Incentives
- Economics of Waste Reduction
- Implementation
- Issues Concerning Policy Incentives
- Research Needs on Policy Incentives
- NONINDUSTRIAL SECTORS THREE EXAMPLES
- Research Needs in Agriculture
- County and Municipal Research Needs
- Municipal Wastewater Treatment Research Needs
- REFERENCES
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS AND AGENDA
- WORKSHOP PAPERS
- RESEARCH NEEDS FOR WASTE REDUCTION
- Background
- Previous NRC Studies
- Research Issues in Waste Reduction
- I. DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT OF WASTE REDUCTION
- II. INSTITUTIONAL & BEHAVIORAL BARRIERS TO WASTE REDUCTION (Background: see esp. papers by Hollod, Todd, Ashford)
- III. PUBLIC POLICY INCENTIVES FOR WASTE REDUCTION (Background: see esp. papers by Curlee, Nichols, McHugh)
- Caveat
- PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ECONOMIC, ENGINEERING, AND POLICY OPTIONS FOR WASTE REDUCTION
- INTRODUCTION: SOME BACKGROUND COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS
- FACTORS INCREASING WASTES GENERATION
- Product Mix and Product Proliferation
- Product Output Specifications
- New Products
- TECHNOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR WASTE REDUCTION
- STIMULI TO WASTE REDUCTION
- External Factors
- Internal Factors
- Governmental Actions
- Responses to Stimuli
- CONCLUDING COMMENTS
- REFERENCES
- ACCOUNTING AND THE ENVIRONMENT: PATCHING THE INFORMATION FABRIC
- Nature of Accounting
- Proposal I-Revisions To Product Costing Systems
- Proposal II: Capital Markets and The Valuation Of Firms-Levelling The Playing Field
- ENDNOTES
- ACCOUNTING AND THE ENVIRONMENT: PATCHING THE INFORMATION FABRIC
- SOURCE REDUCTION: WHAT IS IT AND HOW CAN WE ACCOMPLISH IT?
- INTRODUCTION
- THE DEFINITION OF SOURCE REDUCTION
- THE CASE STUDY
- REPORTING RELEASES
- MEASURING SOURCE REDUCTION
- REGULATION OF SOURCE REDUCTION
- THE REAL ISSUE
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- APPENDIX
- USE OF OFF-SITE RECYCLED SOLVENT
- ON-SITE RECYCLING
- PURCHASE NEW DEGREASER
- PURCHASE CARBON ADSORPTION DEVICE
- SUMMARY OF SOURCE REDUCTION OPTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Appendix B Measuring Change in Ecosystems: Research and Monitorning Strategies
- MEASURING CHANGE IN ECOSYSTEMS: RESEARCH AND MONITORING STRATEGIES
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- WORKSHOP PAPERS
- ECOSYSTEM RISK ASSESSMENT: CASE STUDIES OF NATURAL RESOURCE PERTURBATION
- Ecosystem Perturbation
- Case Studies
- Mono Basin
- Glen Canyon
- Relationships To Epa Priorities
- SELECTED DEVELOPMENT NEEDS FOR ASSESSING ECOLOGICAL RISK AT THE COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM LEVEL
- Administrative/Management
- Examples of Existing Programs
- Technical
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Appendix C Research to Improve Predictions of Long-Term Chemical Toxicity
- SUMMARY
- RESEARCH TO IMPROVE PREDICTIONS OF LONG-TERM CHEMICAL TOXICITY
- INTRODUCTION
- STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
- Status and Outlook
- Research and Resource Needs
- Review of SAR Methodologies
- Validation
- Availability of Relevant Toxicological Data
- Treatment of Physicochemical Properties in Models of Long-Term Toxicity
- The Molecular Basis of Toxic Effects
- Incorporation of Functional Criteria Relating to Toxicological End Points
- Development of Methods for Identifying Nongenotoxic Carcinogens
- Funding
- SHORT-TERM IN-VIVO AND IN-VITRO TESTS
- Properties, Uses, and Limitations of STTs
- Research and Resource Needs
- Recruitment and Training of Personnel
- Application to Nonbinary Toxicological End Points
- Coordination of Test Development and Validation
- Assessment of Applicability to Regulatory Uses
- Application To Human Specimens
- Broadening the Spectrum of Toxicological End Points
- Periodic Re-evaluation and Revalidation
- More Adequate Reporting of Relevant Data
- Extrapolation to Humans
- Further Problems and Uses of STTs
- More Effective Coordination of Test Development and Validation
- WHOLE-ANIMAL TESTS
- The Strategies of Whole-Animal Tests
- RESEARCH AND RESOURCE NEEDS
- Validation by Appropriate Studies in Human Subjects
- Funding
- Broadening of Risk Assessment End Points
- Re-evaluation of Risk Assessment Models
- Elucidation of Causative Mechanisms of Toxicity
- Grouping of Chemicals by Mechanisms of Toxicity
- Methodologies for Complex Mixtures
- Studies in Animals with Special Phenotypes and Genotypes
- Integrated Analysis of Dose-Response Relationships
- VALIDATING PREDICTIVE TESTS
- Status and Outlook
- Research Needs and Possibilities
- Studies of Heavily Exposed Populations
- International Epidemiological Studies
- Registries of High-Level Exposures
- Improvement of Exposure Measurement and Quantification
- Biological Markers of Exposure and Effect
- Molecular Approaches
- Information on Disease Incidence
- Training
- STRATEGY, POLICY, AND RESOURCES
- Linking and Integrating Evaluative Approaches
- Structure-Activity Relationships
- Short-Term In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tests
- Whole-Animal Tests
- Validation
- Research Needs and Possibilities
- Potency and Severity of Toxic Response
- Exposure Assessment
- Evaluation of Mixtures
- Research Incentives
- Coordination and Planning
- REFERENCES
- RELATED PUBLICATIONS
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- Appendix D Research Needs in Anticipation of Future Environmental Problems
- SUMMARY
- RESEARCH NEEDS IN ANTICIPATION OF FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
- INTRODUCTION
- Past Anticipatory Research Efforts
- Workshop Focus
- IDENTIFICATION OF ARISING PROBLEMS
- Monitoring Physical Phenomena
- Societal and Economic Monitoring
- Forecasting Long-Term Socioeconomic Trends
- Goal- and Surprise-Oriented Scenario Construction
- Comparative Experience
- Specific Areas That Require Monitoring
- Biotic Monitoring
- Abiotic Monitoring
- Societal Monitoring
- Information Dissemination
- TWO POTENTIAL PROBLEMS ADVANCED MATERIALS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
- Renewable Energy
- Advanced Materials
- DESIGN FOR AN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH PROGRAM
- Objectives of an Anticipatory Research Program
- Implementation
- Institutional Arrangements
- Environmental Scientists and Engineers
- Environmental Research and Development Funding
- ASSEMBLING AN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
- CONCLUSIONS
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- Appendix E Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources
- STAFF
