Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology
1st Edition
Published on 1. January 1993
450 pages
978-0-309-59620-6 (ISBN)
Description
As technological developments multiply around the globeeven as the patenting of human genes comes under serious discussionnations, companies, and researchers find themselves in conflict over intellectual property rights (IPRs). Now, an international group of experts presents the first multidisciplinary look at IPRs in an age of explosive growth in science and technology.This thought-provoking volume offers an update on current international IPR negotiations and includes case studies on software, computer chips, optoelectronics, and biotechnologyareas characterized by high development cost and easy reproducibility. The volume covers these and other issues: Modern economic theory as a basis for approaching international IPRs. U.S. intellectual property practices versus those in Japan, India, the European Community, and the developing and newly industrializing countries. Trends in science and technology and how they affect IPRs. Pros and cons of a uniform international IPRs regime versus a system reflecting national differences.
More details
Other editions
Additional editions
National Research Council | Policy and Global Affairs | Office of International Affairs
Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology
Book
01/1993
National Academies Press
€72.50
Shipment within 3-4 weeks
Content
- GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- Copyright
- Preface
- REFERENCE
- Contents
- I Introduction
- 1 The Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology
- MAJOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
- EXAMPLES OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
- Computer Software
- Semiconductor Chips
- The New Biotechnology
- INTERNATIONAL INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
- POLICY THEMES AND QUESTIONS
- Fundamental Trade-offs
- Policy Vision
- Intellectual Property Rights as a Trade Issue
- Interactions with Other Policies
- ORGANIZATION OF THE VOLUME
- REFERENCES
- 2 Intellectual Property Institutions and the Panda's Thumb: Patents, Copyrights, and Trade Secrets in Economic Theory and.
- INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES, ECONOMICS, AND HISTORY
- KNOWLEDGE, PUBLIC POLICY ECONOMICS, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
- Information, Public Goods, and Competitive Market Failures
- Imperfect Institutional Solutions and Trade-offs
- The Intellectual Property System
- Trade-offs in Organizing Knowledge Production
- Optimizing Intellectual Property Protection: Issues of Length and Breadth
- Length of Protection
- Breadth of Protection
- INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND SOME LEGACIES OF HISTORY
- Patents
- Encouraging Technology Transfer
- Protecting Intellectual Property
- Creating a U.S. Patent System
- Copyrights
- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- II The Case For and Against a Uniform Worldwide Intellectual Property Rights System
- Introduction
- 3 Why a Uniform Intellectual Property System Makes Sense for the World
- A UNIFORM SYSTEM: WHAT IT IS AND IS NOT
- BENEFITS FOR NATIONS AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
- A Subject Little Studied
- Research Findings From Interviews
- What Does Free Riding Accomplish?
- Pent-up Demand
- Diffusion of Benefits
- Global Benefits
- REBUTTALS
- Ethics
- Dominance
- Economics
- Prowess First, Then Protection
- TRENDS TOWARD HIGH-STIMULATION SYSTEMS
- INSTALLING A UNIFORM, HIGH-STIMULATION SYSTEM
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 4 Harmonization Versus Differentiation in Intellectual Property Right Regimes
- NATIONAL INTEREST AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT REGIMES
- CASE FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT REGIMES
- To Protect or Not to Protect
- Specifics of Patenting
- Levels of Enforcement
- OPEN-ECONOMY CONSIDERATIONS
- CONCLUDING REMARKS: A GLOBAL WELFARE PERSPECTIVE
- REFERENCES
- 5 Unauthorized Use of Intellectual Property: Effects on Investment, Technology Transfer, and Innovation
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. RATIONALE FOR THE PATENT SYSTEM
- III. CHANGING POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE PATENT SYSTEM: EFFECTS ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
- IV. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: INDUSTRIALIZED VERSUS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- V. EFFECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION ON THE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY VIA FOREIGN DIRE ...
- VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT
- VII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND JOINT VENTURES
- VIII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO SUBSIDIARIES
- IX. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND LICENSING OF TECHNOLOGY
- X. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MEASURES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION
- XI. COMPARISONS WITH OTHER RANKINGS OF COUNTRIES
- XII. COMPARISONS WITH FINDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
- XIII. REASONS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION IN SOME COUNTRIESIS REGARDED AS INADEQUATE
- XIV. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTERINDUSTRY VARIATION IN THE EVALUATION OF PROTECTION IN PARTICULAR C ...
- XV. A SIMPLE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON COUNTRY DATA
- XVI. A MORE DISAGGREGATED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
- XVII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND COMPOSITION OF DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT
- XVIII. EFFECTS OF UNAUTHORIZED USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ON SALE SAND PROFITS OF U.S. FIRMS
- XIX. EFFECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION ON THE RATE OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
- XX. NEEDED RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF STRONGER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION ON TECHNOLOGICAL CHA ...
- XXI. NEEDED RESEARCH ON EFFECTS OF STRONGER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ...
- XXII. CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Discussion
- III National and International Approaches to Intellectual Property Rights
- Introduction
- 6 Comparative National Approaches to Intellectual Property Rights
- JAPAN
- THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
- INDIA
- CHARACTERISTICS
- Exclusions from Patentability
- Rights Conferred
- Burden of Proof
- Compulsory Licensing
- Term of Protection
- RATIONALE
- RELEVANCE
- THE URUGUAY ROUND
- THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES
- RECENT IPR REFORMS IN NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES
- THE FORCES BEHIND IPR REFORMS IN THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES
- FINAL REMARKS
- REFERENCES
- 7 Update on International Negotiations on Intellectual Property Rights
- GENERAL COMMENTS
- NEGOTIATIONS ON TRADE RELATED ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL PROPERTY RIGHTS1
- Copyright and Related Rights
- Patents
- Semiconductor Layout Designs
- Trade Secrets
- Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
- Transitional Periods Before Parties Must Adhere to the Entire TRIPS Agreement
- WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION DISCUSSIONS
- Patent Law Harmonization Treaty
- Trademark Law Harmonization Treaty
- Possible Protocol to the Berne Convention
- Settlement of Intellectual Property Disputes Between States
- Discussion
- IV Scientific and Technological Advance and Its Impact on the Role of Intellectual Property Rights
- Introduction
- 8 Trends in Global Science and Technology and What They Mean for Intellectual Property Systems
- INTRODUCTION
- THREE SELECTED TRENDS
- Trend One-More Surprises from Science
- Trend Two-Proliferation and Globalization of Research
- Trend Three-Short, Quick Steps at a Premium
- TWO GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- Principle One: Change Will Be Constant, So Keep Intellectual Property Flexible
- Principle Two: Activity Will Be Global, So Make Intellectual Property Global
- OBSERVATIONS
- As Ideology Fades, Technology Will Drive Development
- As Economies Open, Invention Will Flourish
- As Research Grows, Everyone Will Benefit
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 9 Sectoral Views
- THE RESEARCH UNIVERSITY
- THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
- U.S. INDUSTRY
- 10 Intellectual Property Rights and Competitive Strategy
- A MULTINATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL FIRM
- A MULTINATIONAL ELECTRONICS FIRM
- THE MEXICAN SOFTWARE INDUSTRY
- A MULTINATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS FIRM
- EVOLUTION
- THE MODERN ERA
- CONCLUSION
- Discussion
- GLOBAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
- INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND COMPETITIVE STRATEGY
- V Adapting Intellectual Property Rights to New Technologies
- Introduction
- FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES
- EXISTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PARADIGMS
- SUI GENERIS APPROACHES
- INTERNATIONAL ADAPTATION
- SMALL BUSINESS
- NEED FOR POLICY ANALYSIS
- ORGANIZATION OF THE SECTION
- 11 Adapting the Intellectual Property System to New Technologies
- THREE PARADIGM TECHNOLOGIES
- Biotechnology
- Special Issues
- Outline of Solutions, Thus Far
- Computer Programs
- Special Issues
- Solutions, Thus Far
- Integrated Information Networks
- Special Issues
- Adaptations, Thus Far
- EVALUATION: DOCTRINAL ISSUES
- Case Law Processes
- The Alternative: Sui Generis Approaches
- Summary
- EVALUATION: THE RIGHTS-GRANTING PROCESS
- EVALUATION: THE RIGHTS-ENFORCING PROCESS
- Judicial Enforcement
- Informal Approaches
- OVERALL IMPLICATIONS
- Ability of the System to Adapt to Increasing Innovation Rates
- Specific Doctrinal Implications of the Three Examples
- Broader Implications
- 12 A Case Study on Computer Programs
- HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
- Phase 1: The 1950s and Early 1960s
- Phase 2: Mid-1960s and 1970s
- Phase 3: The 1980s
- CURRENT LEGAL APPROACHES IN THE UNITED STATES
- What's Not Controversial
- Controversies Arising From Whelan v. Jaslow
- Traditionalist Versus Strong Protectionist View of What Copyright Law Does and Does Not Protect in C ...
- Controversy Over "Software Patents
- Nature of Computer Programs and Exploration of a Modified Copyright Approach
- INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
- Europe
- Japan
- Other Nations
- FUTURE CHALLENGES
- Advanced Software Systems
- Digital Media
- Networks
- Patents and Information Infrastructure of the Future
- Conflicts Between Information Haves and Have-Nots on an International Scale
- 13 Biotechnology Case Study
- 14 Semiconductor Chip Protection as a Case Study
- DEFINING THE TECHNOLOGY
- PROTECTION-SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
- INTERNATIONALIZING PROTECTION
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- 15 Optoelectronics
- PROTECTION OF PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
- PROTECTION OF PATENTS
- PROTECTION OF PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: AT&T VERSUS LYTEL
- RECOMMENDATION ON PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
- PROTECTION OF PATENTS: SPECTRA PHYSICS VERSUS COHERENT RADIATION
- RECOMMENDATION ON PATENTS
- SUMMARY
- Discussion
- VI Global Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Perspective
- Introduction
- 16 Global Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Perspective: A Concluding Panel Discussion
- ROBERT E. EVENSON
- DAVID C. MOWERY
- MICHAEL BORRUS
- ROBERT W. LUCKY
- EUGENE B. SKOLNIKOFF
- REFERENCES
- Discussion
- MODERATOR'S SUMMATION
- Coda Issues for Future Research
- VII Appendixes
- APPENDIX A CONFERENCE AGENDA
- APPENDIX B Biographies of Contributors
- Albert R.C. Westwood, Conference Chairman
- James E. Armstrong III
- John A. Armstrong
- John H. Barton
- Arden L. Bement, Jr.
- Michael Borrus
- Paul A. David
- Robert E. Evenson
- Claudio Frischtak
- Morton David Goldberg
- Eugene I. Gordon
- Jacques J. Gorlin
- Bryan Harris
- William L. Keefauver
- Robert W. Lucky
- Edwin Mansfield
- George W. McKinney III
- Antonio Medina Mora Icaza
- Bruce D. Merrifield
- David C. Mowery
- Deepak Nayyar
- John T. Preston
- Carlos Alberto Primo Braga
- George B. Rathmann
- Pamela Samuelson
- Robert M. Sherwood
- Eugene B. Skolnikoff
- Otto A. Stamm
- Michiyuki Uenohara
- Index
