Waste Management: Strategies, Challenges and Future Directions

Name: Waste Management: Strategies, Challenges and Future Directions
Brand: Nova Science Publishers Inc
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Gopal Sahoo Nanda(Editor)

Nova Science Publishers Inc

Published on 2. December 2021

538 pages

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The management of waste is a sensitive issue which affects everyone all over the globe. With the advent of globalization and urbanization, the amount of waste generated has increased to an extent never seen before. Such an increase has come with threatening consequences. To make human life easier, several innovations have been introduced in recent years, such as the development of plastic goods and electronic items, which have led to an exponential growth in waste. Most waste is untreated and unutilized, and as such it is burned, mismanaged and dumped in landfills. This has endangered our ecosystem, polluted water bodies and caused ecological imbalance in the biosphere. Overall, this waste is spoiling the beauty of our planet and polluting the environment. To overcome this situation, many efforts have been made by the scientific community and municipal bodies to no avail. Thus, there is a great need for efficient scientific waste management approaches as well as advanced technology that can convert waste into value-added products. There are many ways to tackle this, but more research and development in this area is required to achieve desired results. This book explores a new aspect of managing waste and developing efficient technology to convert this waste into value-added products. It reviews challenges and advancements in waste management technologies and gives direction for future planning. It also provides cutting-edge knowledge on classification and management of waste, recycling and upcycling of waste into value-added products or carbon nanomaterials, utilization of waste towards enhancing the global economy, the role of microorganisms for the treatment of waste, the role of nanotechnology in waste treatment and water purification, and management of e-waste and biomedical waste. This book will emerge as a reference guide that overviews up-to-date literature in the field of waste and its management, challenges, converting technology and future possibilities.

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Content

Intro
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Sustainable Management of Waste: Present Challenges and Future Planning
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Global Scenario of Waste Management
2.1. Waste Generation Volume
2.2. Waste Management Methods
2.3. Present Regulation for Waste Management
2.4. Environmental Impacts of Waste Management
3. Sustainability Planning Approaches
3.1. Quantitative Planning Approach
3.2. Qualitative, Participatory Approaches
4. Integrated Waste Management Methodologies: An Approach for Attaining SDG
4.1. Understanding Current Challenges and Future Needs
4.1.1. Waste Generation
4.1.2. Waste Collection and Its Transport
4.1.3. Waste Treatment
4.2. Strategy Development
4.3. Simulate, Evaluate, and Policy Implication
5. Cost-Effective Waste Utilization Technologies: Waste-to-Energy/Resource Recovery
5.1. Thermochemical Conversion Technologies
5.2. Physicochemical Conversion Technologies
5.3. Biochemical Conversion Technologies
5.4. Resource Recovery from Wastewater
6. Waste Management in a Circular Economy
7. The Way Forward
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
Classification and Management of Waste: Upcycling of Waste into Nanomaterials for Water Remediation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Waste
2.1. Municipal Waste
2.1.1. Household Waste
2.1.2. Commercial Waste
2.1.3. Demolition Waste
2.2. Agricultural Waste
2.3. Biomedical Waste
2.4. Special Hazardous Waste
2.4.1. Radioactive Waste
2.4.2. Electronic Waste
2.4.3. Explosive Waste
2.5. Waste Water/Industrial Waste
3. Importance of Waste Management
4. Methods of Waste Management
4.1. Landfill
4.2. Incineration
4.3. Recovery Techniques
4.4. Recycle Techniques
4.5. Plasma Arc Gasification
4.6. Composting
4.7. Wastes to Energy
4.8. Avoidance/Waste Minimization
5. New Insights for Upcycling Waste to Value-Added Products
5.1. Waste to Nanomaterials
5.2. Waste to Fuel
5.3. Waste to Construction Block
5.4. Waste to Adsorbents Material
6. Significance of Waste Upcycled Nanomaterials for Water Remediation
7. Present and Future Challenges
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3
Waste: Problem, Sustainable Management, and Conversion to Value Added Products
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Waste
2.1. Agricultural Waste
2.2. Medical Waste
2.3. Industry Waste
2.4. Household Waste
3. Problem Generated with Waste
4. Nanotechnology as Solution to Waste
4.1. Nanotechnology as a Solution for Water Disinfection
4.2. Nanotechnology as a Solution for Air Purification
5. Nanoparticles from Waste: 3R's of Sustainable Goals
6. Nanotechnology as a Solution not Further Harm
6.1. Activated Carbon from Waste
6.2. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) from Waste
6.3. Graphene from Waste
6.4. Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) from Waste
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
Advancement towards Sustainable Management and Utilisation of Agriculture Wastes in the Global Economy
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Types of Agriculture Wastes
3. Environmental Hazards of Agricultural Waste
4. Agricultural Waste Management System (AWMS)
4.1. AWM Including the '3R' Approach
4.2. The AWM Involving 3R Hierarchy
5. Utilization of Agricultural Wastes
6. Waste Utilization Routes
6.1. Briquetting
6.2. Animal Fodder
6.3. Biogas Generation
6.4. Fertilizers
6.5. Composting
6.6. Anaerobic Digestion
6.7. Adsorbents in the Elimination of Heavy Metals
6.8. Pyrolysis
7. Waste To Energy Conversion
7.1. Electricity Generation through Direct Combustionof Wood Residues
7.2. Electricity Generation Using Gasification
7.3. Production of Ethanol
7.4. Thermal Conversion Process (TCP)
7.5. Bio-Reduction
7.6. Syntec Process
8. Conversion of Agriculture Waste Streams for Production of Value-Added Products
8.1. Cultivation of Filamentous Fungi using the by-Products of Agricultural and Food-Processing Streams
8.2. Oncom Production
8.3. Single Cell Protein Production
8.4. Activated Carbon
8.5. Graphene Oxide
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Analysis of the Evolution of Urban Solid Waste Management in 10 Middle Income Geographic Regions: A Mini-Review
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Theoretical Framework
3.1. Concepts and the Importance of Waste Management Sector
3.2. Generation of Urban Solid Waste: Evolution and Implications in USWM
3.3. The Unsustainability of the Linear Waste Management Model
3.4. USWM Context in Developed and Developing Countries
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Synthesized Analysis of USWM Context in Different Geographic Regions
4.1.1. Step 1: Identification of GR/Location/Scientific Reference Used
4.1.2. Step 2: Synthesizing the Key Aspects Highlighted by the Authors (Fragilities and Opportunities)
4.1.3. Step 3: Most Recurring Aspects in USWM of GRs (Weaknesses and Opportunities)
4.1.4. Step 4: Reflections on the USWM Context of the GR and the Priorities Established in Demajorovic's Phases
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6
Waste Plastic Recycling: Current State, Challenges, and Forthcoming Opportunities in Recycling Technology
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Plastic Waste Management: Overview
2.1. Current State and Challenges
3. Recycling Techniques
3.1. Traditional Techniques
3.1.1. Mechanical Recycling
3.2. Advanced Recycling Technology
3.2.1. Biological Recycling
3.2.2. Chemical and Thermal Recycling
3.2.3. Energy Recovery
4. Waste Plastic into Value-Added Products
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7
Environmentally Sustainable Waste Management at a Major Global Hub Airport
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Sustainable Airport Waste Management
2.2. The Circular Economy and Waste Minimization
2.3. Waste Management Hierarchy
2.4. Waste Management Regulatory Frameworks
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Research Approach
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. A Brief Overview of Frankfurt Airport
4.2. Fraport AG Environmental Management
4.3. Frankfurt Airport Waste Management Regulatory Framework
4.4. Frankfurt Airport Waste Handling Methods
4.5. Annual Volumes of Waste Generated at Frankfurt Airport
4.6. Hazardous Wastes at Frankfurt Airport
4.7. Non-Hazardous Wastes at Frankfurt Airport
4.8. Disposed Wastes at Frankfurt Airport
4.9. Reclaimed Wastes at Frankfurt Airport
4.10. Wastes from International Flights at Frankfurt Airport
4.11. Total Waste Measures for Frankfurt Airport
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
The Role of Microorganisms in Bioremediation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Types of Bioremediations
2.1. Techniques for Ex-Situ Bioremediation
2.2. Techniques for In-Situ Bioremediation
2.2.1. Biosparging
2.2.2. Bioventing
2.2.3. Bioaugmentation
2.2.4. Biopiling
3. Different Methodologies Involve in Bioremediation
3.1. Microbial-Bioremediation
3.2. Phytoremediation
3.3. Enzymatic Bioremediation
3.3.1. Oxidoreductases
3.3.2. Hydrolases
4. Factor Affecting Bioremediation
4.1. Biotic Conditions
4.2. Environmental or Climatic Conditions
4.2.1. Temperature
4.2.2. Moisture, pH, Concentration of Oxygen and Soil Structure
5. Microorganisms and Pollutants
6. Genetic Engineering of Microorganism for Enhanced Bioremediation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9
Agriculture Waste to Value Added Products Conversion Technology: Present, Past and Future
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Circular Economy Model
3. Value-Added Products from Agriculture Waste
3.1. Biofuels
3.1.1. Production of Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biohydrogen and Biogas through Biochemical Conversion Routes
3.1.1.1. Bioethanol
3.1.1.2. Biobutanol
3.1.1.3. Biogas
3.1.1.4. Biohydrogen
3.1.2. Production of Biodiesel Through Chemical Conversion Route
3.1.3. Production of Biofuels Through Thermochemical Conversion Routes
3.1.3.1. Pyrolysis
3.1.3.2. Gasification
3.1.3.3. Torrefaction
3.2. Soil Management
3.3. Bioplastics
3.4. Construction Material - Reinforcement Additives
3.5. Bioactive Compounds
3.6. Adsorbents
3.7. Other Uses
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10
The Role of Nanotechnology in Water Quality Management and Waste Water Treatment
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Water Scarcity and Quality
1.2. Water Pollution and Its Causes
1.3. Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health
2. Analytical Methods for Water Quality Measurement
2.1. Colorimetric Sensors
2.2. Fluorescence-Based Sensors
2.3. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
2.3.1. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS)
2.3.2. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS)
2.4. Electrochemical Sensors
2.4.1. Potentiometric Sensing Method
2.4.2. Amperometric Sensing Method
2.4.3. Conductometric Sensing Method
2.5. Chromatography
2.5.1. GC-MS
2.5.2. HPLC
2.5.3. Ion Chromatography
3. Nanotechnological Approach for Water Quality Management
3.1. Noble NPs Based Colorimetric Sensing
3.2. Quantum Dot Based Sensing
3.3. Immunochromatographic Strip Based Sensing
3.4. Electrochemical Sensing
3.5. Raman-Based Sensing
4. Nanotechnological Approach for Waste Water Treatment
4.1. Nanoadsorption
4.2. Nanomembrane Based Filtration/Nanofiltration
4.3. Water Disinfection
4.4. Nanophotocatalysts
5. Role of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials in the Waste Water Remediation
5.1. Iron Oxide Nanomaterials
5.2. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles
5.3. Silver Nanoparticles
5.4. TiO2 Nanoparticles
5.5. Carbon Based Nanomaterials
5.5.1. Fullerenes
5.5.2. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
5.5.3. Graphene Nanoparticles
6. Patented Products of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 11
Mobile Phone Design with Extended Producer Responsibility Approach
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusion
1. Introduction
2. Method
3. Result
3.1. Extended Producer Responsibility
3.2. Mobile Phone Component
3.3. Interview and Observation
3.4. Proposed Solution
3.5. Product Structure
3.5.1. Mobile Phone Basic Structure
3.5.2. Mobile Phone Quantified Structure
3.6. Dummy
3.7. Prototype - Design Alternative
3.8. Prototype - Final Design
3.8.1. Product Specification
3.9. User Review
4. Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12
Purification of Wastewater Using Graphene Derivatives
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Graphene and Its Derivatives
The Functionality of Graphene/Derivatives as Filtering Materials
Electrostatic Interaction
Pi-Pi Stacking
Hydrophobic Interaction
Coordination Bond
Further Interactions
application of graphene derivatives in waste water treatment
Removal of Different Pollutants Using Graphene and Its Derivatives
Purification of Organic Contaminants
Adsorption of Inorganic Contaminants
Adsorption of Biological Contaminants
Graphene Derivatives
Graphene Oxide
Reduced Graphene Oxide
Graphene/GO Sponge
Functional Graphene
Inorganic Graphene Composite
Challenges and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13
Circular Cities: Challenges in Adaptation of New Waste Management Strategies
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Technical Challenges
2.1. Infrastructure
2.1.1. Wastewater Segregation and Collection
2.1.2. Waste Segregation and Collection
2.2. Waste to Energy Plants
2.3. Water/Wastewater Treatment
2.4. Waste Management
3. Environmental Challenges
3.1. Environmental Impact of Recovered Products
3.2. Environmental Impacts of Recovery Technologies
4. Economic and Financial Challenges
5. Human Resources
6. Social-Cultural
7. Regulatory Challenges
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
Sustainable Management of Agricultural Waste: Present, Past and Future
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Agricultural Waste Generation
3. Utilization of Agricultural Waste
3.1. Fertilizer Application
3.2. Removal of Metal from Waste Water and Soil
3.3. Anaerobic Digestion
3.4. Direct Combustion
3.5. Pyrolysis
4. Value Added Applications of Agricultural Waste
4.1. Biofuel Production
4.2. Enzyme Production
4.3. Pigment Production
4.4. Citric Acid Production
4.5. Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
4.6. Extraction of Food Flavouring and Preservative Compounds
4.7. Recycled agricultural composting
Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 15
Waste Management Using TPM Pillars Implementation - A Case Study
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Literature Justifying OEE as Measure of Operational Performance
Literature Justifying Six Major Losses as a Part of OEE through TPM
Literature Justifying the Role of TPM towards Performance Improvement
Literature Justifying Role TPM Pillars towards Performance Improvement
Research Framework and Methodology
Implementation Procedure of TPM Pillars
5S Implementation
Autonomous Maintenance or Jishu Hozen
Planned Maintenance
Quality Maintenance
Kobetsu Kaizen/Focussed Improvement
Impact of Implementing TPM Pillars
Conclusion, Practical Implications and Limitations
References
Chapter 16
Biomedical Waste (BMW): Hazards, Safe Disposal, Legal Aspects, and Their Management Perspectives
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. International Conventions and Agreements on Waste Management, Role and Participation of India
3. Risks from Biomedical Waste
3.1. Health Risks (Acc. to WHO Documents)
3.2. Sharps-Related Injuries
3.3. Environmental Impact of Biomedical Waste
3.4. Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016. (Capoor et al., 2017)
4. Biomedical Waste (BMW) Classification and Categories
5. Treatment/Disposal of Bio-Medical Wastes (BMW) (Capoor et al., 2017
Datta et al., 2018
Mathur et al., 2012)
5.1. BMW Treatment Using Incineration (Glasser et al., 1991)
5.1.1. Operating Standards
5.1.2. Emission Standards
5.1.3. Stack Height
5.2. BMW Treatment Using Plasma Pyrolysis
5.2.1. Operating and Emission Standards
5.2.2. Standards/Measures for Air Emission/Air Pollution Control/Ash disposal
5.3. BMW Treatment Using Autoclaving (Myneedu et al., 2020)
5.3.1. Standards/Measures for Autoclaving
5.4. BMW Management Using Microwaving (Myneedu Et Al., 2020)
5.4.1. Standards/Measures of Microwaving
5.5. BMW Management/Disposal Using Deep Burial
5.5.1. Standards/Measures of Deep Burial
6. Advances in Waste Management (Gahlot et al., 2019)
7. Nanotechnology for BMW Management
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17
Water Pollution and Its Treatment: From Conventional to Novel Methods
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Water Pollution
2.1. Sources of Water Pollution
2.1.1. Natural Sources for Pollution
2.1.2. Sewage Pollutants (Domestic and Municipal Waste)
2.1.3. Suspended Solids
2.1.4. Agriculture Waste
2.1.5. Industrial Waste
2.1.6. Nutrients Enhancement
2.1.7. Oil Spillage
2.1.8. The Disruption of Sediments
2.2. Types of Water Pollutants
2.2.1. Organic Pollutants
2.2.2. Inorganic Pollutants
2.2.3. Radioactive Pollutants
2.2.4.Pathogens
2.2.5.Nutrients and Agricultural pollutants
2.2.6. Thermal Pollutants
3. Methods of Removal Water Pollutants
3.1. Distillation Method
3.2. Coagulation and Flocculation
3.3. Filtration Technique
3.4. Adsorption Technique
3.5. Ion-Exchange Method
3.6. Membrane Filtration
3.6.1. Microfiltration
3.6.2. Ultrafiltration
3.6.3. Nanofiltration
3.6.4. Reverse Osmosis
4. Advantagesand Disadvantages of Various Methods Used in Water Purification
5. Nanotechnology Based Removal of Pollutants from Water
5.1. Nanocellulose Based Water Purification
5.2. Graphene Coated Nanofilters
5.3. Electrochemical Carbon Nanotube Filtration
6. Merits of Nanotechnology
7. Future Perspective
References
Chapter 18
Road Map towards Future Planning for Waste Management in Circular Cities: Decision Making Strategies and Complementary Tools
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Waste Management
3. Circular City
4. Decision Making Strategies for Roadmap of Waste Management in Circular Cities
5. Complementary Tools for Roadmap Studies
5.1. Material Flow Analysis
5.2. System Dynamics-Based Approach
5.3. Life Cycle Assessment
5.4. Life Cycle Costing
5.5. Social Life Cycle Assessment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19
Role of Microorganisms in Degradation of Hazardous Solid Waste
Abstract
Introduction
Waste: A Brief Outline
Categorization of Waste
Waste Management What does It Mean?
Waste Management and Microbes
Composting
Compostability Factors
Microorganisms
Temperature
pH
Amount of Humidity
Carbon and Nitrogen Ratio
Particle Nature and Size
Biodegradation
Efficiency for Bacterial Degradation
Plant-Associated Bacteria Guided Bioremediation
Mycorrhizal Degradation Caused by Microfungi
Algal Bio-Decomposition
Xenobiotic Compound Biodegradation (XC)
What Does XC Stand for?
The Effects of XC on the Biosphere
Biodegradation of Xenobiotics: Mechanisms at Work
Biodegradation-Involved Microbial Enzymes
Oxidoreductases in Microbes
Microbial Oxygenase
Microbial Dehalogenases
Phosphotriesterases
Biodegradation of Plastic Wastes
Types of Plastics
Plastics Have Risks
Plastic Biodegradation and Role of Microorganism
Microorganism Associated Plastic Degradation
Microbial Degradation Impacting Factors
Microbial Biofilm Mediated Waste Water Treatment
System Biology Approach in Microbial Remediation of Wastes
Bioremediation
In Situ Bioremediation
Biosparging
Bioventing
Bio Enhancement
Ex Situ Bioremediation
Conclusion
References
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