
Waste Management: Strategies, Challenges and Future Directions
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1
- Sustainable Management of Waste: Present Challenges and Future Planning
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Global Scenario of Waste Management
- 2.1. Waste Generation Volume
- 2.2. Waste Management Methods
- 2.3. Present Regulation for Waste Management
- 2.4. Environmental Impacts of Waste Management
- 3. Sustainability Planning Approaches
- 3.1. Quantitative Planning Approach
- 3.2. Qualitative, Participatory Approaches
- 4. Integrated Waste Management Methodologies: An Approach for Attaining SDG
- 4.1. Understanding Current Challenges and Future Needs
- 4.1.1. Waste Generation
- 4.1.2. Waste Collection and Its Transport
- 4.1.3. Waste Treatment
- 4.2. Strategy Development
- 4.3. Simulate, Evaluate, and Policy Implication
- 5. Cost-Effective Waste Utilization Technologies: Waste-to-Energy/Resource Recovery
- 5.1. Thermochemical Conversion Technologies
- 5.2. Physicochemical Conversion Technologies
- 5.3. Biochemical Conversion Technologies
- 5.4. Resource Recovery from Wastewater
- 6. Waste Management in a Circular Economy
- 7. The Way Forward
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 2
- Classification and Management of Waste: Upcycling of Waste into Nanomaterials for Water Remediation
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Classification of Waste
- 2.1. Municipal Waste
- 2.1.1. Household Waste
- 2.1.2. Commercial Waste
- 2.1.3. Demolition Waste
- 2.2. Agricultural Waste
- 2.3. Biomedical Waste
- 2.4. Special Hazardous Waste
- 2.4.1. Radioactive Waste
- 2.4.2. Electronic Waste
- 2.4.3. Explosive Waste
- 2.5. Waste Water/Industrial Waste
- 3. Importance of Waste Management
- 4. Methods of Waste Management
- 4.1. Landfill
- 4.2. Incineration
- 4.3. Recovery Techniques
- 4.4. Recycle Techniques
- 4.5. Plasma Arc Gasification
- 4.6. Composting
- 4.7. Wastes to Energy
- 4.8. Avoidance/Waste Minimization
- 5. New Insights for Upcycling Waste to Value-Added Products
- 5.1. Waste to Nanomaterials
- 5.2. Waste to Fuel
- 5.3. Waste to Construction Block
- 5.4. Waste to Adsorbents Material
- 6. Significance of Waste Upcycled Nanomaterials for Water Remediation
- 7. Present and Future Challenges
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 3
- Waste: Problem, Sustainable Management, and Conversion to Value Added Products
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Classification of Waste
- 2.1. Agricultural Waste
- 2.2. Medical Waste
- 2.3. Industry Waste
- 2.4. Household Waste
- 3. Problem Generated with Waste
- 4. Nanotechnology as Solution to Waste
- 4.1. Nanotechnology as a Solution for Water Disinfection
- 4.2. Nanotechnology as a Solution for Air Purification
- 5. Nanoparticles from Waste: 3R's of Sustainable Goals
- 6. Nanotechnology as a Solution not Further Harm
- 6.1. Activated Carbon from Waste
- 6.2. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) from Waste
- 6.3. Graphene from Waste
- 6.4. Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) from Waste
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 4
- Advancement towards Sustainable Management and Utilisation of Agriculture Wastes in the Global Economy
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Types of Agriculture Wastes
- 3. Environmental Hazards of Agricultural Waste
- 4. Agricultural Waste Management System (AWMS)
- 4.1. AWM Including the '3R' Approach
- 4.2. The AWM Involving 3R Hierarchy
- 5. Utilization of Agricultural Wastes
- 6. Waste Utilization Routes
- 6.1. Briquetting
- 6.2. Animal Fodder
- 6.3. Biogas Generation
- 6.4. Fertilizers
- 6.5. Composting
- 6.6. Anaerobic Digestion
- 6.7. Adsorbents in the Elimination of Heavy Metals
- 6.8. Pyrolysis
- 7. Waste To Energy Conversion
- 7.1. Electricity Generation through Direct Combustionof Wood Residues
- 7.2. Electricity Generation Using Gasification
- 7.3. Production of Ethanol
- 7.4. Thermal Conversion Process (TCP)
- 7.5. Bio-Reduction
- 7.6. Syntec Process
- 8. Conversion of Agriculture Waste Streams for Production of Value-Added Products
- 8.1. Cultivation of Filamentous Fungi using the by-Products of Agricultural and Food-Processing Streams
- 8.2. Oncom Production
- 8.3. Single Cell Protein Production
- 8.4. Activated Carbon
- 8.5. Graphene Oxide
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 5
- Analysis of the Evolution of Urban Solid Waste Management in 10 Middle Income Geographic Regions: A Mini-Review
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Methodology
- 3. Theoretical Framework
- 3.1. Concepts and the Importance of Waste Management Sector
- 3.2. Generation of Urban Solid Waste: Evolution and Implications in USWM
- 3.3. The Unsustainability of the Linear Waste Management Model
- 3.4. USWM Context in Developed and Developing Countries
- 4. Results and Discussion
- 4.1. Synthesized Analysis of USWM Context in Different Geographic Regions
- 4.1.1. Step 1: Identification of GR/Location/Scientific Reference Used
- 4.1.2. Step 2: Synthesizing the Key Aspects Highlighted by the Authors (Fragilities and Opportunities)
- 4.1.3. Step 3: Most Recurring Aspects in USWM of GRs (Weaknesses and Opportunities)
- 4.1.4. Step 4: Reflections on the USWM Context of the GR and the Priorities Established in Demajorovic's Phases
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Chapter 6
- Waste Plastic Recycling: Current State, Challenges, and Forthcoming Opportunities in Recycling Technology
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Plastic Waste Management: Overview
- 2.1. Current State and Challenges
- 3. Recycling Techniques
- 3.1. Traditional Techniques
- 3.1.1. Mechanical Recycling
- 3.2. Advanced Recycling Technology
- 3.2.1. Biological Recycling
- 3.2.2. Chemical and Thermal Recycling
- 3.2.3. Energy Recovery
- 4. Waste Plastic into Value-Added Products
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 7
- Environmentally Sustainable Waste Management at a Major Global Hub Airport
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Background
- 2.1. Sustainable Airport Waste Management
- 2.2. The Circular Economy and Waste Minimization
- 2.3. Waste Management Hierarchy
- 2.4. Waste Management Regulatory Frameworks
- 3. Research Methodology
- 3.1. Research Approach
- 3.2. Data Collection
- 3.3. Data Analysis
- 4. Results
- 4.1. A Brief Overview of Frankfurt Airport
- 4.2. Fraport AG Environmental Management
- 4.3. Frankfurt Airport Waste Management Regulatory Framework
- 4.4. Frankfurt Airport Waste Handling Methods
- 4.5. Annual Volumes of Waste Generated at Frankfurt Airport
- 4.6. Hazardous Wastes at Frankfurt Airport
- 4.7. Non-Hazardous Wastes at Frankfurt Airport
- 4.8. Disposed Wastes at Frankfurt Airport
- 4.9. Reclaimed Wastes at Frankfurt Airport
- 4.10. Wastes from International Flights at Frankfurt Airport
- 4.11. Total Waste Measures for Frankfurt Airport
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 8
- The Role of Microorganisms in Bioremediation
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Types of Bioremediations
- 2.1. Techniques for Ex-Situ Bioremediation
- 2.2. Techniques for In-Situ Bioremediation
- 2.2.1. Biosparging
- 2.2.2. Bioventing
- 2.2.3. Bioaugmentation
- 2.2.4. Biopiling
- 3. Different Methodologies Involve in Bioremediation
- 3.1. Microbial-Bioremediation
- 3.2. Phytoremediation
- 3.3. Enzymatic Bioremediation
- 3.3.1. Oxidoreductases
- 3.3.2. Hydrolases
- 4. Factor Affecting Bioremediation
- 4.1. Biotic Conditions
- 4.2. Environmental or Climatic Conditions
- 4.2.1. Temperature
- 4.2.2. Moisture, pH, Concentration of Oxygen and Soil Structure
- 5. Microorganisms and Pollutants
- 6. Genetic Engineering of Microorganism for Enhanced Bioremediation
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 9
- Agriculture Waste to Value Added Products Conversion Technology: Present, Past and Future
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Circular Economy Model
- 3. Value-Added Products from Agriculture Waste
- 3.1. Biofuels
- 3.1.1. Production of Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biohydrogen and Biogas through Biochemical Conversion Routes
- 3.1.1.1. Bioethanol
- 3.1.1.2. Biobutanol
- 3.1.1.3. Biogas
- 3.1.1.4. Biohydrogen
- 3.1.2. Production of Biodiesel Through Chemical Conversion Route
- 3.1.3. Production of Biofuels Through Thermochemical Conversion Routes
- 3.1.3.1. Pyrolysis
- 3.1.3.2. Gasification
- 3.1.3.3. Torrefaction
- 3.2. Soil Management
- 3.3. Bioplastics
- 3.4. Construction Material - Reinforcement Additives
- 3.5. Bioactive Compounds
- 3.6. Adsorbents
- 3.7. Other Uses
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Chapter 10
- The Role of Nanotechnology in Water Quality Management and Waste Water Treatment
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Water Scarcity and Quality
- 1.2. Water Pollution and Its Causes
- 1.3. Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health
- 2. Analytical Methods for Water Quality Measurement
- 2.1. Colorimetric Sensors
- 2.2. Fluorescence-Based Sensors
- 2.3. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
- 2.3.1. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS)
- 2.3.2. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS)
- 2.4. Electrochemical Sensors
- 2.4.1. Potentiometric Sensing Method
- 2.4.2. Amperometric Sensing Method
- 2.4.3. Conductometric Sensing Method
- 2.5. Chromatography
- 2.5.1. GC-MS
- 2.5.2. HPLC
- 2.5.3. Ion Chromatography
- 3. Nanotechnological Approach for Water Quality Management
- 3.1. Noble NPs Based Colorimetric Sensing
- 3.2. Quantum Dot Based Sensing
- 3.3. Immunochromatographic Strip Based Sensing
- 3.4. Electrochemical Sensing
- 3.5. Raman-Based Sensing
- 4. Nanotechnological Approach for Waste Water Treatment
- 4.1. Nanoadsorption
- 4.2. Nanomembrane Based Filtration/Nanofiltration
- 4.3. Water Disinfection
- 4.4. Nanophotocatalysts
- 5. Role of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials in the Waste Water Remediation
- 5.1. Iron Oxide Nanomaterials
- 5.2. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles
- 5.3. Silver Nanoparticles
- 5.4. TiO2 Nanoparticles
- 5.5. Carbon Based Nanomaterials
- 5.5.1. Fullerenes
- 5.5.2. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
- 5.5.3. Graphene Nanoparticles
- 6. Patented Products of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
- Conclusion and Future Perspectives
- References
- Chapter 11
- Mobile Phone Design with Extended Producer Responsibility Approach
- Abstract
- Background
- Methods
- Results
- Conclusion
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Method
- 3. Result
- 3.1. Extended Producer Responsibility
- 3.2. Mobile Phone Component
- 3.3. Interview and Observation
- 3.4. Proposed Solution
- 3.5. Product Structure
- 3.5.1. Mobile Phone Basic Structure
- 3.5.2. Mobile Phone Quantified Structure
- 3.6. Dummy
- 3.7. Prototype - Design Alternative
- 3.8. Prototype - Final Design
- 3.8.1. Product Specification
- 3.9. User Review
- 4. Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 12
- Purification of Wastewater Using Graphene Derivatives
- Abstract
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Graphene and Its Derivatives
- The Functionality of Graphene/Derivatives as Filtering Materials
- Electrostatic Interaction
- Pi-Pi Stacking
- Hydrophobic Interaction
- Coordination Bond
- Further Interactions
- application of graphene derivatives in waste water treatment
- Removal of Different Pollutants Using Graphene and Its Derivatives
- Purification of Organic Contaminants
- Adsorption of Inorganic Contaminants
- Adsorption of Biological Contaminants
- Graphene Derivatives
- Graphene Oxide
- Reduced Graphene Oxide
- Graphene/GO Sponge
- Functional Graphene
- Inorganic Graphene Composite
- Challenges and Prospects
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 13
- Circular Cities: Challenges in Adaptation of New Waste Management Strategies
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Technical Challenges
- 2.1. Infrastructure
- 2.1.1. Wastewater Segregation and Collection
- 2.1.2. Waste Segregation and Collection
- 2.2. Waste to Energy Plants
- 2.3. Water/Wastewater Treatment
- 2.4. Waste Management
- 3. Environmental Challenges
- 3.1. Environmental Impact of Recovered Products
- 3.2. Environmental Impacts of Recovery Technologies
- 4. Economic and Financial Challenges
- 5. Human Resources
- 6. Social-Cultural
- 7. Regulatory Challenges
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 14
- Sustainable Management of Agricultural Waste: Present, Past and Future
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Agricultural Waste Generation
- 3. Utilization of Agricultural Waste
- 3.1. Fertilizer Application
- 3.2. Removal of Metal from Waste Water and Soil
- 3.3. Anaerobic Digestion
- 3.4. Direct Combustion
- 3.5. Pyrolysis
- 4. Value Added Applications of Agricultural Waste
- 4.1. Biofuel Production
- 4.2. Enzyme Production
- 4.3. Pigment Production
- 4.4. Citric Acid Production
- 4.5. Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
- 4.6. Extraction of Food Flavouring and Preservative Compounds
- 4.7. Recycled agricultural composting
- Conclusion and Future Perspective
- References
- Chapter 15
- Waste Management Using TPM Pillars Implementation - A Case Study
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Literature Justifying OEE as Measure of Operational Performance
- Literature Justifying Six Major Losses as a Part of OEE through TPM
- Literature Justifying the Role of TPM towards Performance Improvement
- Literature Justifying Role TPM Pillars towards Performance Improvement
- Research Framework and Methodology
- Implementation Procedure of TPM Pillars
- 5S Implementation
- Autonomous Maintenance or Jishu Hozen
- Planned Maintenance
- Quality Maintenance
- Kobetsu Kaizen/Focussed Improvement
- Impact of Implementing TPM Pillars
- Conclusion, Practical Implications and Limitations
- References
- Chapter 16
- Biomedical Waste (BMW): Hazards, Safe Disposal, Legal Aspects, and Their Management Perspectives
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. International Conventions and Agreements on Waste Management, Role and Participation of India
- 3. Risks from Biomedical Waste
- 3.1. Health Risks (Acc. to WHO Documents)
- 3.2. Sharps-Related Injuries
- 3.3. Environmental Impact of Biomedical Waste
- 3.4. Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016. (Capoor et al., 2017)
- 4. Biomedical Waste (BMW) Classification and Categories
- 5. Treatment/Disposal of Bio-Medical Wastes (BMW) (Capoor et al., 2017
- Datta et al., 2018
- Mathur et al., 2012)
- 5.1. BMW Treatment Using Incineration (Glasser et al., 1991)
- 5.1.1. Operating Standards
- 5.1.2. Emission Standards
- 5.1.3. Stack Height
- 5.2. BMW Treatment Using Plasma Pyrolysis
- 5.2.1. Operating and Emission Standards
- 5.2.2. Standards/Measures for Air Emission/Air Pollution Control/Ash disposal
- 5.3. BMW Treatment Using Autoclaving (Myneedu et al., 2020)
- 5.3.1. Standards/Measures for Autoclaving
- 5.4. BMW Management Using Microwaving (Myneedu Et Al., 2020)
- 5.4.1. Standards/Measures of Microwaving
- 5.5. BMW Management/Disposal Using Deep Burial
- 5.5.1. Standards/Measures of Deep Burial
- 6. Advances in Waste Management (Gahlot et al., 2019)
- 7. Nanotechnology for BMW Management
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 17
- Water Pollution and Its Treatment: From Conventional to Novel Methods
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Water Pollution
- 2.1. Sources of Water Pollution
- 2.1.1. Natural Sources for Pollution
- 2.1.2. Sewage Pollutants (Domestic and Municipal Waste)
- 2.1.3. Suspended Solids
- 2.1.4. Agriculture Waste
- 2.1.5. Industrial Waste
- 2.1.6. Nutrients Enhancement
- 2.1.7. Oil Spillage
- 2.1.8. The Disruption of Sediments
- 2.2. Types of Water Pollutants
- 2.2.1. Organic Pollutants
- 2.2.2. Inorganic Pollutants
- 2.2.3. Radioactive Pollutants
- 2.2.4.Pathogens
- 2.2.5.Nutrients and Agricultural pollutants
- 2.2.6. Thermal Pollutants
- 3. Methods of Removal Water Pollutants
- 3.1. Distillation Method
- 3.2. Coagulation and Flocculation
- 3.3. Filtration Technique
- 3.4. Adsorption Technique
- 3.5. Ion-Exchange Method
- 3.6. Membrane Filtration
- 3.6.1. Microfiltration
- 3.6.2. Ultrafiltration
- 3.6.3. Nanofiltration
- 3.6.4. Reverse Osmosis
- 4. Advantagesand Disadvantages of Various Methods Used in Water Purification
- 5. Nanotechnology Based Removal of Pollutants from Water
- 5.1. Nanocellulose Based Water Purification
- 5.2. Graphene Coated Nanofilters
- 5.3. Electrochemical Carbon Nanotube Filtration
- 6. Merits of Nanotechnology
- 7. Future Perspective
- References
- Chapter 18
- Road Map towards Future Planning for Waste Management in Circular Cities: Decision Making Strategies and Complementary Tools
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Waste Management
- 3. Circular City
- 4. Decision Making Strategies for Roadmap of Waste Management in Circular Cities
- 5. Complementary Tools for Roadmap Studies
- 5.1. Material Flow Analysis
- 5.2. System Dynamics-Based Approach
- 5.3. Life Cycle Assessment
- 5.4. Life Cycle Costing
- 5.5. Social Life Cycle Assessment
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 19
- Role of Microorganisms in Degradation of Hazardous Solid Waste
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Waste: A Brief Outline
- Categorization of Waste
- Waste Management What does It Mean?
- Waste Management and Microbes
- Composting
- Compostability Factors
- Microorganisms
- Temperature
- pH
- Amount of Humidity
- Carbon and Nitrogen Ratio
- Particle Nature and Size
- Biodegradation
- Efficiency for Bacterial Degradation
- Plant-Associated Bacteria Guided Bioremediation
- Mycorrhizal Degradation Caused by Microfungi
- Algal Bio-Decomposition
- Xenobiotic Compound Biodegradation (XC)
- What Does XC Stand for?
- The Effects of XC on the Biosphere
- Biodegradation of Xenobiotics: Mechanisms at Work
- Biodegradation-Involved Microbial Enzymes
- Oxidoreductases in Microbes
- Microbial Oxygenase
- Microbial Dehalogenases
- Phosphotriesterases
- Biodegradation of Plastic Wastes
- Types of Plastics
- Plastics Have Risks
- Plastic Biodegradation and Role of Microorganism
- Microorganism Associated Plastic Degradation
- Microbial Degradation Impacting Factors
- Microbial Biofilm Mediated Waste Water Treatment
- System Biology Approach in Microbial Remediation of Wastes
- Bioremediation
- In Situ Bioremediation
- Biosparging
- Bioventing
- Bio Enhancement
- Ex Situ Bioremediation
- Conclusion
- References
- About the Editor
- Index
- Blank Page
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