Internet of Things in Bioelectronics
Description
This book provides a comprehensive exploration of the exciting intersection between technology and biology and delves into the principles, applications, and future directions of IoT in the realm of bioelectronics; it serves as both an introduction for those new to the field and as a detailed reference for experienced professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge.
The rapid convergence of technology and biology heralds a new era of evolution in the Internet of Things (IoT), a transformative force enabling interconnected devices to communicate and operate with unparalleled synergy. This is particularly true in the groundbreaking field of bioelectronics, where the fusion of biological systems with electronic devices and IoT is reshaping the landscape of bioelectronics, promising to open up new frontiers in healthcare, diagnostics, and personalized medicine.
This timely book explores the numerous ways in which IoT-enabled bioelectronic devices are used to monitor and enhance human health, from wearable sensors that track vital signs to implantable devices that can communicate with healthcare providers in real time. One central theme of this book is the transformative impact of IoT on healthcare. By enabling continuous, remote monitoring of patients, IoT technologies are not only improving the accuracy of diagnostics but also making healthcare more accessible and personalized. The book also addresses the critical issues of securing health records on the internet, which are of paramount importance as we increasingly rely on interconnected devices to collect and transmit sensitive health information. Additional attention is paid to the future directions of IoT in bioelectronics and the integration of innovative areas, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, in driving the development of ever more sophisticated and capable bioelectronic systems.
Audience
The target audience includes professionals, researchers, academics, and students involved in various fields related to bioelectronics, IoT, healthcare, biotechnology, engineering, and related disciplines.
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Persons
Hari Murthy, PhD, is a faculty member in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India. His doctoral thesis from the University of Canterbury, New Zealand was on novel anticorrosion materials. He has published several articles in international journals and conferences as well as edited "Novel Anti-Corrosion and Anti-Fouling Coatings and Thin Films" with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint (2024).
Marta Zurek-Mortka, PhD, is a senior specialist in the Department of Control Systems, Lukasiewics Research Network, Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Radom, Poland. She obtained her doctorate in electrical engineering from the University of Technology and Humanities Kazimierz Pulaski in 2020. She is an author and co-author of more than 30 publications in SCI journals, as well as a co-author of four patent applications. Her research interests include electromobility, renewable energy, power electronic converters for electromobility, and renewable energy sources.
Vinay Jha Pillai, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Kengeri Campus, Bangalore, India. His primary research is in the early detection of breast cancer using optical imaging and holds two patents related to the subject. He is also exploring the domain of sensors for extracting coating parameters, especially for thermal barrier coatings which have a wide application in the field of corrosion and biofouling inhibitors.
Kukatlapalli Pradeep Kumar, PhD, is an associate professor and data science program coordinator at Christ University, Bangalore, India. He has published multiple publications in journals and conferences. His areas of interest include data science, information security, data provenance, and multiparty secret sharing.
Content
Preface xiii
Acknowledgement xv
1 IoT-Based Implant Devices in Humans/Animals for Therapeutic Reasons 1
Chetankumar Kalaskar
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Application of IoT in Implantable Insulin Pumps 3
1.3 Application of IoT in Implantable Heart Monitors 4
1.4 Application of IoT in Implantable Nerve Stimulators 5
1.5 Application of IoT in Implantable Drug Delivery Systems 6
1.6 Application of IoT in Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces 6
1.7 Application of IoT in Implantable Biosensors 7
1.8 IoT Revolutionizing Healthcare Devices: A Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Implants vs. Conventional Medical Devices 7
1.9 Challenges in Therapeutic Implant Devices for Humans and Animals 11
1.10 Future Prospects 15
References 16
2 IoT and Nano-Bioelectronics for Target Drug Delivery 17
Ambikesh Soni, Pratiksha Singh, Gagan Kant Tripathi and Priyanka Dixit
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Literature Study 18
2.2.1 Internet of Things 18
2.2.2 Nanobioelectronics 19
2.2.2.1 Scanning Beam Lithography 20
2.2.2.2 Jet Printing 20
2.2.2.3 AFM Nano Printing 23
2.3 Principles of Targeted Drug Delivery 23
2.3.1 Targeted Drug Delivery 24
2.3.2 Carriers for the Targeted Drug Delivery 27
2.4 Methodology 28
2.5 Smart Portable Intensive Care Unit 29
2.6 Applications of Targeted Drug Delivery 30
2.7 Applications of IoT and Nanobioelectronics 31
2.8 Use of IoT to Improve Drug Delivery System 33
2.8.1 Examples of IoT-Based Drug Delivery Systems 34
2.8.2 Role of IoT and Nanobioelectronics in Targeted Drug Delivery 34
2.9 Challenges 35
2.10 Conclusion 36
Relevance of Work 37
References 38
3 Healthcare and Hygiene Monitoring Using Internet of Things (IoT) Enabled Technology 41
J. Sandhya and Lakshmi Sandeep
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 IoT in Healthcare Applications 45
3.3 IoT Accelerating the Integration of Healthcare and Hygiene for Medical Applications 56
3.4 Challenges in IoT Enabled Healthcare 59
3.4.1 Data Security, Privacy and Quality 59
3.4.2 Device Compatibility and Integration of Standards and Protocols 60
3.4.3 Data Overload and Performance 60
3.4.4 Infrastructure Requirements for Data Service 61
3.4.5 Regulation and Legislation 61
3.4.6 Public Perception and Awareness 61
3.5 Conclusion 62
References 63
4 Self-Powered, Flexible, and Wearable Piezoelectric Nanocomposite Tactile Sensors with IoT for Physical Activity Monitoring 69
Arjun Hari M. and Lintu Rajan
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 PVDF-Based Nanocomposites for Tactile Sensing 73
4.3 Internet of Things (IoT) for Health Care: System Architecture 75
4.4 Experiments 76
4.4.1 Sensor Film Fabrication 76
4.5 Results and Discussion 79
4.6 Conclusion 84
References 84
5 Securing Electronic Health Records (EHRS) in Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Cloud Networking Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with ECIES Algorithm 89
J. Shyamala Devi and Selvanayaki Kolandapalayam Shanmugam
5.1 Introduction 90
5.1.1 Terms Used in Literature 91
5.2 E-Records in Healthcare 92
5.3 Why Do We Need EHR? And Why Now? 93
5.4 Securing EHR in IoT-Based Cloud Networking 94
5.5 Role of IoT in Electronic Health Records 95
5.6 EHR Encryption at Different Levels 95
5.6.1 Encryption Methods 96
5.7 Elliptic Curve Cryptography 97
5.7.1 Cryptography Basics 97
5.7.1.1 Types of Cryptography 97
5.7.2 Key Generation Steps 99
5.7.3 Message Encryption and Decryption 99
5.7.3.1 Math Involved in Decryption 100
5.8 Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) 102
5.9 Conclusion 105
References 105
6 2D Photonic Crystal Nano Biosensor with IoT Intelligence 107
Balaji V. R., Jesuwanth Sugesh R. G., Sreevani N.R.G., Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan, T. Sridarshini and Gopalkrishna Hegde
6.1 Introduction 108
6.1.1 Structural Parameter 109
6.1.2 Performance Parameters of Sensor 114
6.1.3 Sensing and Detection Mechanism 116
6.2 Photonic Crystal Biosensor 117
6.2.1 Highlights of PC Biosensors 117
6.2.2 IoT-Enabled 2D PC Biosensor 117
6.2.3 PC Block Diagram 118
6.2.3.1 Biosensor for Cancerous Cell Detection 119
6.2.3.2 Biosensor for Blood Components Detection 120
6.2.3.3 Biosensor for Chikungunya Virus Detection 120
6.2.3.4 Biosensor for Glucose Monitoring 121
6.2.3.5 Biosensor for Glucose Concentration in Urine 121
6.2.3.6 Biosensor for Abnormal Tissues Analysis Detection 121
6.2.3.7 Biosensor for DNA Detection 122
6.3 Inference and Future Enhancements 122
Conclusion 123
References 123
7 Portable IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare and Remote Health Monitoring 125
Boopathi Raja G., Parimala Devi M., Deepa R., Sathya T. and Nithya S.
7.1 Introduction 126
7.2 Related Works 126
7.3 Proposed Framework Design 129
7.4 Implementation of Hardware Module 132
7.4.1 Required Hardware Components 132
7.5 Implementation of Prototype 136
7.6 Results and Discussion 138
7.7 Conclusion 141
References 141
8 Pioneering Implantable IoT: A New Era of Precision Medicine for Humans and Animals Unveiling the Future of Medicine Through Implantable Technology 145
Md. Afroz, Emmanuel Nyakwende and Birendra Goswami
8.1 Introduction 146
8.2 IoT Implanted Devices 151
8.3 Monitoring and Tracking Implants 153
8.4 Therapeutic Implants 155
8.5 Communication Protocols 156
8.6 Power and Energy Harvesting 157
8.7 Data Security 158
8.8 Future Scope and Challenges 160
8.9 Biomaterials 163
8.10 Conclusion 164
References 167
9 Enhancing Patient Safety and Efficiency in Intravenous Therapy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Smart Infusion Monitoring Systems 171
Krishna Sreekumar, T. Punitha Reddy and Boppuru Rudra Prathap
9.1 Introduction 172
9.2 Smart Intravenous Therapy: Enhancing Patient Safety 174
9.3 Related Works 175
9.4 Observations and Results 192
9.5 Conclusion 196
Data Availability 197
Conflict of Interest 197
Funding 197
References 198
10 Portable IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare and Remote Health Monitoring - Abnormality Detection through Personalized Vital Health Signs Using Smart Bio Devices 201
Poorani Marimuthu, C. Christlin Shanuja and Aparna N.
10.1 Introduction 202
10.2 Literature Survey 205
10.3 Role of Portable Smart Wearable Devices in Remote Health Monitoring 209
10.4 Case Study 210
10.4.1 Activity Recognition 211
10.4.2 Abnormality Detection 211
10.4.3 Results and Discussion 214
10.4.4 Alert Generation 214
10.5 Research Challenges and Future Scope 215
10.6 Conclusion 216
References 216
Technical Terms Related to the Literature Work 218
11 Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault Diagnosis for Bioelectronic Systems in IoT 219
Yogeesh N.
11.1 Introduction 220
11.1.1 Overview of Fault Diagnosis in Bioelectronic Systems 220
11.1.2 Role of Fuzzy Logic in Fault Diagnosis 220
11.1.3 Motivation for Using Fuzzy Logic in Fault Diagnosis for IoT Applications 221
11.2 Fuzzy Logic Theory for Fault Diagnosis 222
11.2.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic Theory 222
11.2.2 Fuzzy Sets and Membership Functions 224
11.2.3 Methods for Inference and Fuzzy Rules 225
11.2.4 Techniques for Defuzzification 226
11.2.5 Fuzzy Reasoning for Fault Diagnosis 227
11.3 A Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach to Fault Diagnosis 228
11.3.1 Overview of the Fuzzy Logic-Based Method to Fault Diagnostics 228
11.3.2 Sensor Data Collection and System Modelling 230
11.3.3 Design and Optimization of Fuzzy Rule Bases 230
11.3.4 Fuzzy Inference System Implementation 231
11.3.5 Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault Detection and Categorization 232
11.4 Case Studies and Examples 233
11.4.1 Fault Diagnosis in Pacemakers Using Fuzzy Logic 233
11.4.2 Fault Detection Using Fuzzy Logic in Implanted Glucose Sensors 237
11.4.3 Fault Diagnosis in Wearable Biosensors Using Fuzzy Logic 240
11.5 Advantages and Limitations 243
11.5.1 Advantages of Using Fuzzy Logic for Fault Diagnosis in Bioelectronic Systems 243
11.5.2 Fault Detection Using Fuzzy Logic has Limitations and Difficulties 244
11.6 Conclusion 245
11.6.1 Summary of Key Points 245
11.6.2 Future Research Directions for Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault Diagnosis in Bioelectronic Systems in IoT 246
References 248
12 Portable and Automated Healthcare Platform Integrated with IoT Technology 251
Preetham Noel P. and Kishorekumar R.
12.1 Introduction 251
12.1.1 Smart Healthcare Monitoring - Making Medical Output More Precise and Intelligent 252
12.1.2 Novel Smart Healthcare - Machine Learning and IoT 253
12.1.3 IoT-Based Healthcare Monitoring with Edge-Envisioning 254
12.1.4 Safeguarding IoT Communications 255
12.2 Applications of IoT 256
12.2.1 Glucose Sensors 256
12.2.2 m-IoT Based Non-Intrusive Glucometer 257
12.2.3 Blood Pressure Sensor 257
12.2.4 Face Recognition 258
12.3 Further Scope and Implementation 259
12.4 Conclusion 260
References 260
13 Portable IoT Devices in Healthcare for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics 263
Sindhu Rajendran, Aryan Porwal, Kumari Anjali, Anvaya and Anuradha R. J.
13.1 Introduction 264
13.1.1 Necessity of Remote Health Monitoring 264
13.1.2 Use of Telemedical Facility 266
13.1.3 Statistics of Countries Using Remote Health Monitoring System 267
13.1.4 Role of IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare 270
13.2 IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare 272
13.2.1 Evolution of IoT Devices Across the World 273
13.2.2 Current Landscape 276
13.3 Need for Portable IoT Smart Devices 278
13.3.1 Global Usage of Portable IoT Smart Devices 279
13.4 Introduction to Portable Labs 283
13.4.1 Advantages of Portable Labs 284
13.4.2 Perspective of Portable Labs in India 285
13.4.2.1 Insights of Portable Labs in India 286
13.4.2.2 Case Study 288
13.5 Prospects for Portable Labs Globally in the Future 290
13.6 Future Scope 292
13.7 Conclusion 293
References 294
14 IoT-Enabled Analysis of COVID Data: Unveiling Insights from Temperature, Pulse Rate, and Oxygen Measurements 297
Justin John, Kukatlapalli Pradeep Kumar and Hari Murthy
14.1 Introduction 298
14.2 Literature 299
14.2.1 Temperature 299
14.2.2 Pulse Rate Monitoring 299
14.2.3 Oxygen Measurement in COVID- 19 300
14.2.4 Dataset Details 300
14.2.5 Analysis and Research Opportunities 300
14.3 Methodology 301
14.4 Results and Discussion 302
14.4.1 Statistical Tests 306
14.4.2 Crosstabs 307
14.5 Conclusion 309
References 310
Index 311
1
IoT-Based Implant Devices in Humans/Animals for Therapeutic Reasons
Chetankumar Kalaskar
Department of CSE, Poojya Doddappa Appa College of Engineering Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
Abstract
IoT-based implant devices have revolutionized therapeutic applications in both humans and animals. These cutting-edge implants enable real-time remote monitoring and personalized treatment adjustments, reducing the need for frequent physical visits to healthcare providers. With the power of continuous data streams and real-time analysis, these implants enhance patient engagement and adherence to treatment plans. The ability to detect anomalies and device malfunctions early through data-driven insights ensures timely interventions, improving patient outcomes. Despite their transformative potential, challenges related to power management, data security, and regulatory compliance must be addressed for seamless integration. Overall, IoT-based implants hold the promise to reshape healthcare delivery and elevate patient care to new levels.
Keywords: Implantable medical devices, IoT healthcare, remote patient monitoring, continuous health monitoring
1.1 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term used to describe the concept of connecting physical objects to the internet and enabling them to communicate with other devices and systems [1]. It refers to the network of devices, vehicles, appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity which enables them to connect and exchange data with other devices over the internet. The ultimate goal of IoT is to make everyday objects smarter and more connected, improving the way we live and work.
IoT technology has revolutionized the way we interact with our surroundings and has enabled us to collect and process data in ways that were previously impossible. With the help of IoT, devices can communicate with each other, share data, and take action based on that data. This technology has far-reaching implications across various industries such as healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and manufacturing. It has the potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of various systems and processes, leading to increased productivity and reduced costs [2].
IoT-based implant devices are a rapidly growing field in healthcare, with the potential to revolutionize the way medical treatment is delivered. These devices, which are implanted inside the body, use IoT technology to collect and transmit data on a patient's vital signs and other healthrelated information. This information can then be used by healthcare providers to monitor the patient's health, detect potential issues, and provide timely interventions. The use of IoT-based implant devices in animals and humans for therapeutic reasons has the potential to greatly improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and increase access to healthcare services. These devices can be used for a variety of purposes, such as monitoring vital signs, delivering medication, and providing electrical stimulation for conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
Another benefit of IoT-based implant devices is their ability to deliver medication directly to the site of the problem. For example, an implantable device could be used to deliver insulin to a patient with diabetes, or to deliver medication to a patient with a chronic pain condition. This can greatly improve the effectiveness of the medication and reduce the need for frequent injections or oral medications. While IoT-based implant devices have the potential to greatly improve patient outcomes, there are also several challenges that need to be addressed.
The Technology behind IoT-based implants rely on a combination of hardware and software technologies. The hardware components include small sensors, microprocessors, wireless communication devices, and power sources such as batteries. These components are carefully designed to fit within the constraints of the implantable device and to withstand the harsh environment inside the body.
The software components include the algorithms that process the data collected by the sensors, and the communication protocols that enable the device to transmit data to external devices. These algorithms must be optimized for low power consumption and high efficiency, as the devices are often powered by small batteries that must last for years. In addition, the software must be highly secure to prevent unauthorized access to the device and the sensitive data it collects shows the evidence of Technical framework of IoT-based implant devices in humans for therapeutic reasons. Advances in microelectronics, wireless communication, and biomedical engineering have made it possible to develop increasingly sophisticated IoT-based implantable devices. These devices have the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling real-time monitoring of vital signs, drug delivery, and other critical parameters. The technology behind IoT-based implants is constantly evolving, driven by the need for smaller, more powerful, and more reliable devices that can provide accurate and timely information to healthcare professionals.
Figure 1.1 Technical framework of IoT-based implant devices in humans for therapeutic reasons.
Some of IoT-based implant devices that are currently being developed or used for therapeutic purposes in humans.
This chapter outlines the significance of IoT-based implant devices for therapeutic purposes in both humans and animals. It covers various aspects related to these devices, including current developments, potential improvements, and future directions.
1.2 Application of IoT in Implantable Insulin Pumps
An insulin pump is a medical device that is used to deliver insulin to individuals with diabetes. This device replaces the need for multiple daily injections of insulin by delivering a continuous flow of insulin into the body. In recent years, implantable insulin pumps have gained popularity due to their ability to provide insulin therapy without the need for external tubing or devices. IoT technology is revolutionizing the field of healthcare, particularly in devices like implantable insulin pumps. These pumps, surgically implanted under the skin, continuously deliver insulin to manage diabetes IoT components enhance their functionality in the following ways:
Remote Monitoring and Adjustment: IoT-enabled insulin pumps allow healthcare professionals to remotely monitor patients' glucose levels and adjust insulin dosages in real-time. This remote connectivity reduces the need for frequent clinic visits and enables timely interventions.
Wireless Connectivity: The integration of wireless communication modules like Bluetooth or cellular connectivity facilitates seamless data transmission from the pump to external devices or cloud platforms. This connectivity ensures that patients and healthcare providers have access to critical health data.
Data Analytics and Insights: IoT-enabled pumps collect a wealth of data, including insulin delivery rates and glucose levels. Advanced analytics algorithms process this data to generate insights, enabling healthcare providers to make informed decisions about treatment adjustments.
1.3 Application of IoT in Implantable Heart Monitors
As shown in Figure 1.2, an implantable heart monitor device that is inserted beneath the skin of a patient's chest. The device is small and compact, roughly the size of a pacemaker, and is connected to leads that are implanted into the heart. The leads monitor the electrical activity of the heart and send this information to the device. An implantable heart monitor is a small device that is placed inside a patient's chest to continuously monitor their heart rhythm and detect any abnormalities. These devices are typically used in patients who have a history of heart disease or other cardiovascular issues, as they provide continuous monitoring of the heart's electrical activity and can help detect potential issues early on. Implantable heart monitors, also known as cardiac implants or pacemakers, are lifesaving devices used to monitor and regulate heart rhythms [4].
Figure 1.2 Implantable heart monitors.
The application of IoT in these devices brings several benefits:
Remote Monitoring and Alerts: IoT-enabled heart monitors can transmit real-time heart rhythm data to healthcare providers. This remote monitoring allows for early detection of irregularities, enabling prompt medical intervention.
Alerts and Notifications: When abnormal heart rhythms are detected, IoT-enabled monitors can automatically send alerts to both patients and healthcare providers. This rapid communication ensures timely responses to critical situations.
Data-driven Insights: IoT components collect data on heart rhythm patterns over time. Analyzing this data helps healthcare professionals identify trends, triggers, and potential risk factors, leading to more personalized treatment plans.
1.4 Application of IoT in Implantable Nerve Stimulators
Implantable nerve stimulators are devices that use electrical impulses to stimulate the nerves in the body. These devices are typically used to treat chronic pain or other conditions that are resistant to traditional treatments. IoT integration offers the following advantages:
Remote Control and Adjustment: IoT-enabled nerve stimulators allow patients to adjust stimulation settings within prescribed limits. This remote control enhances patient comfort...
