Descriptive Micrometeorology
Published on 12. September 2013
260 pages
978-1-4832-8225-1 (ISBN)
Description
Descriptive Micrometeorology compiles views and findings in micrometeorology, which is concerned with the surface boundary layer or thin slice of atmosphere extending from the ground up to a height of approximately 50 meters. This book describes the micrometeorology of soil, short vegetation, forest, water, ice, snow, and built-up urban surfaces. The properties and influence of the planetary boundary layer are not included. The topics discussed include the energy balance at the earth-atmosphere boundary, radiative flux divergence, factors influencing air temperatures, and Kolmogorov similarity theory. The Eddy correlation method for measuring evaporation, radiation balance of snow and ice surfaces, heat storage and horizontal advection in water, and changes in wind patterns are also covered. This publication is intended for meteorologists, but is also a good reference for chemists, engineers, geographers, botanists, hydrologists, health physicists, glaciologists, town planners, limnologists, oceanographers, air pollution control officers, foresters, and ecologists interested in the surface boundary layer.
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Content
¿ForewordPreface1· The Earth-Atmosphere Boundary 1.1. The Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2. The Energy Balance at the Earth-Atmosphere Boundary 1.3. Models in Micrometeorology 1.4. Micrometeorology and Microclimatology2. Short-Wave Radiation at the Earth's Surface 2.1. The Spectrum of Radiation 2.2. The Effect of Temperature on Radiant Energy 2.3. The Energy from the Sun at the Outer Edge of the Atmosphere 2.4. Depletion of Solar Energy by the Atmosphere 2.5. Optical Air Mass 2.6. An Illustrative Example 2.7. Reflection by the Earth's Surface QR 2.8. The Estimation and Measurement of QT and QR3. Long-Wave Radiation at the Earth's Surface 3.1. Long-Wave Radiation from the Earth's Surface QL¿ 3.2. Long-Wave Radiation from the Sky QL¿ 3.3. Radiative Flux Divergence 3.4. Measurement of Long-Wave and Net Radiation4. Soil Temperature and Moisture 4.1. Surface Temperature 4.2. Subsurface Soil Temperatures 4.3. Moisture in Bare Soil 4.4. Evapotranspiration 4.5. The Lysimeter5. Soil Heat Transfer 5.1. Heat Transfer in a Solid 5.2. The Fourier Heat Conduction Equation in One Dimension 5.3. Experimental Methods 5.4. Some Estimates of Soil Heat Flux 5.5. Soil Moisture Flux6. Air Temperature and Humidity near the Earth's Surface 6.1. Factors Influencing Air Temperatures 6.2. Diurnal and Annual Patterns of Air Temperature Differences 6.3. Precipitation and Fog 6.4. Humidity Near the Earth's Surface 6.5. The Measurement of Temperature and Mixing Ratio7. Wind Flow Over Homogeneous Surfaces 7.1. The Essential Problem 7.2. Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theory 7.3. Viscosity and Shearing Stress 7.4. The Vertical Wind Profile in the Absence of Buoyancy 7.5. The Vertical Wind Profile in a Nonadiabatic Atmosphere 7.6. The Measurement of Mean Wind and Surface Shearing Stress8. Turbulence over Homogeneous Surfaces 8.1. The Nature of Turbulence 8.2. Some Definitions 8.3. The Problems of Normality and Intermittency in Shear Zones 8.4. The Spectrum of Turbulence 8.5. The Kolmogorov Similarity Theory 8.6. The Effect of Sampling and Smoothing Times 8.7. Correlation Coefficients and the Scale of Turbulence 8.8. Cross-Spectrum Analysis 8.9. Shearing Stress in Terms of Eddy Fluctuations 8.10. The Lagrangian Reference Frame 8.11. The Measurement of Turbulence9. Turbulent Transfer of Heat from Homogeneous Surfaces 9.1. The Assumption of Constant Vertical Heat Flux 9.2. The Monin-Obukhov Length and the Richardson Number 9.3. The Ratio of Diffusivities KH/Km 9.4. Daytime Turbulent Heat Fluxes 9.5. Nighttime Turbulent Heat Fluxes 9.6. Viscous Dissipation and the Diabatic Wind Profile 9.7. The Eddy Correlation Method for Measuring Heat Flux 9.8. The Effect of Radiative Flux Divergence on Heat Transfer10. Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 10.1. The Evaporation Process 10.2. Some Formal Relations 10.3. The Ratio of Diffusivities 10.4. Some Recent Experimental Data 10.5. The Eddy Correlation Method for Measuring Evaporation 10.6. Some Practical Considerations 10.7. Measurement of Temperature and Water Vapor Fluctuations11. Wind Flow Around Obstacles 11.1. The Surface of the Earth 11.2. Wind Flow Around a Cylinder 11.3. Wind Flow around Irregular Objects 11.4. The Energy Balance of an Enclosed Area 11.5. The Effect of a Tower on Wind Measurements12. Transitional Zones and States 12.1. Introduction 12.2. The Fetch Required to Achieve Steady State Conditions Downwind from an Obstacle 12.3. The Effect of a Discrete Change in Roughness 12.4. Advection 12.5. Transitional States13. Atmospheric Pollution 13.1. The Meteorological Problem 13.2. A Diffusion Model from Probability Theory 13.3. Taylor's Theorem 13.4. The Pasquill Diffusion Model 13.5.
