Handbook of Large Hydro Generators
Description
This book is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of large salient-pole hydro generators used in electric power plants. Focusing on the physics and maintenance of large vertical salient pole generators, it offers readers real-world experience, problem description, and solutions, while teaching them about the design, modernization, inspections, maintenance, and operation of salient pole machines.
Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance provides an introduction to the principles of operation of synchronous machines. It then covers design and construction, auxiliary systems, operation and control, and monitoring and diagnostics of generators. Generator protection, inspection practices and methodology and auxiliaries inspections are also examined. The final two chapters are dedicated to maintenance and testing, and maintenance philosophies, upgrades, and uprates. The handbook includes over 420 color photos and 180 illustrations, forms, and tables to complement the topics covered in the chapters.
Written with a machine operator and inspector in mind, Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance:
* Instructs readers how to perform complete machine inspections, understand what they are doing, and find solutions for any problems encountered
* Includes real-life, practical, field experiences so that readers can familiarize themselves with aspects of machine operation, maintenance, and solutions to common problems
* Benefits experienced and new power plant operators, generator design engineers and operations engineers.
* Is authored by industry experts who participated in the writing and maintenance of IEEE standards (IEEE C50.12 and C50.13) on the subject
Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance is an ideal resource for scientists and engineers whose research interest is in electromagnetic and energy conversion. It is also an excellent book for senior undergraduate and graduate students majoring in energy generation, and generator operation and maintenance.
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Persons
GLENN MOTTERSHEAD, PEng, is a Principle Engineer at HDR and an IEEE Life Member, has served on numerous IEEE electric machinery committees and standards working groups, with 45 years of experience in all aspects of design, installation, testing, troubleshooting, modernizing and uprating of large synchronous generators.
STEFANO BOMBEN, PEng, is a large hydro generator engineer specialist in Ontario, Canada, with over 29 years of experience at a major Ontario utility. His experience includes new generator specifications and installations, rewinds, failure repairs, testing, troubleshooting, and maintenance practices. He has served on numerous IEEE committees and standards working groups relating to large hydro generators and insulation systems.
ISIDOR KERSZENBAUM, PHD, is a generator specialist in Irvine, CA, consulting with power plants on operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of large motors and generators. He is also an IEEE Fellow.
GEOFF KLEMPNER, PEng, is a large generator engineer specialist in the power industry and has served on numerous IEEE committees and standards working groups for large generators. He is also an IEEE Fellow and a contributor to CIGRE on large rotating electrical machines.
Content
Preface xi
About the Authors xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1 Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines 1
1.1 Introduction to Basic Notions on Electric Power 1
1.2 Electrical-Mechanical Equivalence 6
1.3 Alternating Current (AC) 6
1.4 Three-Phase Circuits 13
1.5 Basic Principles of Machine Operation 14
1.6 The Synchronous Machine 18
1.7 Synchronous Machine: Basic Operation 23
Chapter 2 Generator Design and Construction 35
2.1 Stator Core 36
2.2 Stator Frame 50
2.3 Electromagnetics 54
2.4 Core-End Heating 62
2.5 Flux and Armature Reaction 62
2.6 Stator Core and Frame Forces 64
2.7 Stator Windings 65
2.8 Stator Winding Wedges 79
2.9 Endwinding Support Systems 85
2.10 Stator Winding Configurations 86
2.11 Stator Terminal Connections 88
2.12 Rotor Rim 91
2.13 Rotor Spider/Drum 103
2.14 Rotor Pole Body 106
2.15 Rotor Winding and Insulation 110
2.16 Amortisseur Winding 116
2.17 Slip/Collector Rings and Brush Gear 119
2.18 Cooling Air 122
2.19 Rotor Fans/Blower 124
2.20 Rotor Inertia, Torque, and Torsional Stress 125
2.21 Thrust and Guide Bearings 128
Chapter 3 Generator Auxiliary Systems 157
3.1 Oil Systems 157
3.2 Stator Surface Air Cooling System 161
3.3 Bearing Cooling Coils and Water Supply 165
3.4 Stator Winding Direct Cooling Water System 167
3.5 Excitation Systems 171
3.6 Excitation System Performance Characteristics 174
Chapter 4 Operation and Control 177
4.1 Basic Operating Parameters 177
4.2 Operating Modes 188
4.3 Machine Curves 190
4.4 Special Operating Conditions 200
4.5 Basic Operation Concepts 208
4.6 System Considerations 225
4.7 Grid-Induced Torsional Vibrations 235
4.8 Excitation and Voltage Regulation 237
Chapter 5 Monitoring and Diagnostics 241
5.1 Generator Monitoring Philosophies 242
5.2 Simple Monitoring with Static High-Level Alarm Limits 243
5.3 Dynamic Monitoring with Load Varying Alarm Limits 244
5.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Diagnostic Systems 247
5.5 Monitored Parameters 250
5.6 Radio Frequency Monitoring 273
5.7 Capacitive Coupling 274
5.8 Stator Slot Coupler 276
5.9 Rotor 278
5.10 Excitation System 286
Chapter 6 Generator Protection 291
6.1 Basic Protection Philosophy 291
6.2 IEEE Device Number 295
6.3 Brief Description of Protective Functions 296
6.4 Tripping and Alarming Methods 307
Chapter 7 Inspection Practices and Methodology 311
7.1 Site Preparation 311
7.2 Experience and Training 314
7.3 Inspection Frequency 317
7.4 Generator Accessibility 318
7.5 Inspection Tools 319
7.6 Inspection Forms 321
Chapter 8 Stator Inspection 337
8.1 Stator Frame Soleplates 338
8.2 Stator Frame: General 349
8.3 Stator Core Air Ducts 354
8.4 Stator Core Laminations 356
8.5 Stator Core Clamping System 378
8.6 Stator Coils/Bars 389
8.7 Flow Restriction in Water Cooled Stator Windings 396
8.8 Stator Wedging System 398
8.9 Stator Endwinding 405
8.10 Main and Neutral End Leads, Cables, VTs, CTs, and Insulators 411
Chapter 9 Rotor Inspection 417
9.1 Rotor Spider with Shrunk Laminated Rims 419
9.2 Rotor Rim 430
9.3 Rotor Poles 436
9.4 Rotor Brakes 458
Chapter 10 Auxilliaries Inspection 465
10.1 Excitation: Field Breaker 465
10.2 Excitation: Static Exciter Components 470
10.3 Brushless Exciter 470
10.4 Static Exciter Transformer 472
10.5 Excitation: Rotating Exciters 473
10.6 Excitation: Sliprings, Commutator, and Brushes 481
10.7 Surface Air Coolers 499
10.8 Fire Protection 502
10.9 General Items 504
10.10 Thrust and Guide Bearing 507
10.11 Miscellaneous Auxiliaries 510
Chapter 11 Maintenance and Testing 513
11.1 Stator Core Mechanical 513
11.2 Stator Core Electrical Tests 518
11.3 Stator Winding Mechanical Tests 531
11.4 Stator Winding Electrical Tests 534
11.5 Rotor Mechanical Testing 568
11.6 Rotor Electrical Testing 583
11.7 Bearings 590
11.8 Heat-Run Testing 590
Chapter 12 Maintenance Philosophies, Upgrades, and Uprates 595
12.1 General Maintenance Philosophies 595
12.2 Operational and Maintenance History 597
12.3 Maintenance Intervals/Frequency 598
12.4 Planned Outages 599
12.5 Rehabilitation, Uprating/Upgrading and Life Extension 601
12.6 Excitation System Upgrades 611
12.7 Workforce 627
12.8 Spare Parts 628
12.9 Effect of Uprating on Generator Life 629
12.10 Required Information, Tests and Inspection Prior to Uprating/Upgrading 631
12.11 Maintenance Schedule After Uprating 632
Index 633
