Solid State Chemistry
An Introduction
6th Edition
Published on 22. May 2025
412 pages
978-1-040-33209-2 (ISBN)
Description
Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction 6th Edition is a fully revised edition of one of our most successful textbooks with at least 20% new information and new images of crystal structures. Solid-state chemistry is still a rapidly advancing field, contributing to areas such as batteries for transport and energy storage, nanostructured materials and porous materials for the capture of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. This edition aims, as previously, not only to teach the basic science that underpins the subject but also to direct the reader to the most modern techniques and to expanding and new areas of research. The user-friendly style takes a largely non-mathematical approach and gives practical examples of applications of solid-state materials and concepts. The chapter on sustainability written by an expert in the field has been updated, and examples of the relevance of solid-state chemistry to sustainability are used throughout. The chapter on batteries has been extended to include fuel cells. Other new topics in this edition include X-ray-free electron laser crystallography and thermal properties of materials. A companion website offering accessible resources for students and instructors alike, featuring topics and tools such as quizzes, videos, web links and more has been provided for this edition.
Excellent overview of solid state properties and syntheses.
User-friendly style taking a largely non-mathematical approach and giving practical examples of applications of solid state materials and concepts.
The companion website offers accessible resources featuring topics and tools such as quizzes, videos, web links and more.
Significantly updated section on sustainability in solid-state chemistry.
Broad range of topics to provide students with a firm grounding in the major theoretical and practical aspects of the chemistry of solids.
Excellent overview of solid state properties and syntheses.
User-friendly style taking a largely non-mathematical approach and giving practical examples of applications of solid state materials and concepts.
The companion website offers accessible resources featuring topics and tools such as quizzes, videos, web links and more.
Significantly updated section on sustainability in solid-state chemistry.
Broad range of topics to provide students with a firm grounding in the major theoretical and practical aspects of the chemistry of solids.
More details
Edition
6th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
London
United Kingdom
Publishing group
Taylor & Francis Ltd
Target group
Adult education
Professional and scholarly
Illustrations
1 Tables, color; 57 Tables, black and white; 198 Line drawings, color; 111 Line drawings, black and white; 22 Halftones, color; 9 Halftones, black and white; 220 Illustrations, color; 120 Illustrations, black and white
File size
101,65 MB
ISBN-13
978-1-040-33209-2 (9781040332092)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
Book
05/2025
6th Edition
CRC Press
€103.40
Shipment within 10-20 days
Book
05/2025
6th Edition
CRC Press
€185.20
Shipment within 10-20 days
Persons
Elaine A. Moore studied Chemistry as an undergraduate at Oxford University and then stayed on to complete a DPhil in theoretical chemistry with Peter Atkins. After a two-year postdoctoral position at the University of Southampton, she joined the Open University in 1975, becoming a lecturer in Chemistry in 1977, senior lecturer in 1998 and reader in 2004. She retired in 2017 and currently has an honorary position at the Open University. She has produced OU teaching texts in chemistry for courses at levels 1, 2 and 3 and written texts in astronomy at level 2 and physics at level 3. She is the coauthor of Metals and Life (RSC Publishing, 2009) and of Concepts in Transition Metal Chemistry (RSC Publishing, 2010), which were part of a level 3 Open University course in inorganic chemistry and co-published with the Royal Society of Chemistry. She was a team leader for the production and presentation of an Open University level 2 chemistry module delivered entirely online. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. She was a co-chair for the successful Departmental submission of an Athena Swan bronze award. Her research interests are in theoretical chemistry applied mainly to solid-state systems and is the author or coauthor of over 50 papers in refereed scientific journals. A long-standing collaboration in this area led to her being invited to help run a series of postgraduate workshops on computational materials science hosted by the University of Khartoum.
Jennifer E. Readman was awarded a BA (Hons) chemistry degree from the University of Oxford and a PhD from the University of Birmingham under the supervision of Dr Paul Anderson. The PhD work involved the use of zeolite frameworks to act as host for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The postdoctoral work was carried out at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, where the project involved using 17-O solid state NMR to study zeolites. This work was followed by SINTEF in Oslo, Norway, where the research project investigated carbon dioxide absorbents for use in the clean fuel production. After returning to the UK, Dr Readman returned to the University of Birmingham, working on a joint chemistry/biochemistry project with Dr Joe Hriljac and Prof. Lynne Macaskie, investigating synthetic and bio-manufactured layered phosphates for the remediation of nuclear waste. Before coming to work at UCLan, Dr Readman worked at Durham University under the supervision of Prof. John Evans working on negative thermal expansion materials. Jennifer teaches many different aspects of inorganic and physical chemistry across all year of the undergraduate chemistry programmes. The topics include structure and bonding in inorganic chem-istry, X-ray diffraction, chemistry of the s and p block elements, introductory d-block chemistry, advanced structural techniques, group theory, and advanced materials chemistry. She is the Course Leader for the undergraduate BSc (Hons) and MChem programmes. Her research interests lie in the areas of solid state chemistry, particularly in the relationship between the structure of a material and its properties, such as zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and metal silicates. Her main research interests also lie in techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction in the laboratory and at synchrotron sources such as the diamond light source. These materials have applications in industry, predomi-nately in the treatment of nuclear and pharmaceutical waste. Dr Readman is also interested in diffuse scattering, electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and solid state NMR.
Lesley E. Smart studied Chemistry at Southampton University, United Kingdom, and after com-pleting a PhD in Raman spectroscopy, she moved to a lectureship at the (then) Royal University of Malta. After returning to the United Kingdom, she took an SRC Fellowship to Bristol University to work on X-ray crystallography. From 1977 to 2009, she worked at the Open University Chemistry department as a lecturer, senior lecturer and Molecular Science Programme director. She held an honorary senior lectureship there until her death in 2016. At the Open University, she was involved in the production of undergraduate courses in inorganic and physical chemistry and health sciences. She was the coordinating editor and the author of The Molecular World course, a series of eight books and DVDs co-published with the Royal Society of Chemistry, authoring two of these, The Third Dimension (RSC Publishing, 2002) and Separation, Purification and Identification (RSC Publishing, 2002). Her most recent books are Alcohol and Human Health (Oxford University Press, 2007) and Concepts in Transition Metal Chemistry (RSC Publishing, 2010). She has an entry in Mothers in Science: 64 Ways to Have It All (RSC Publishing, 2016; downloadable from the Royal Society website). She served on the Council of the Royal Society of Chemistry and as the chair of their Benevolent Fund. Her research interests were in the characterisation of the solid state, and she authored publications on single-crystal Raman studies, X-ray crystallography, Zintl phases, pigments and heterogeneous catalysis and fuel cells.
Jennifer E. Readman was awarded a BA (Hons) chemistry degree from the University of Oxford and a PhD from the University of Birmingham under the supervision of Dr Paul Anderson. The PhD work involved the use of zeolite frameworks to act as host for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The postdoctoral work was carried out at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, where the project involved using 17-O solid state NMR to study zeolites. This work was followed by SINTEF in Oslo, Norway, where the research project investigated carbon dioxide absorbents for use in the clean fuel production. After returning to the UK, Dr Readman returned to the University of Birmingham, working on a joint chemistry/biochemistry project with Dr Joe Hriljac and Prof. Lynne Macaskie, investigating synthetic and bio-manufactured layered phosphates for the remediation of nuclear waste. Before coming to work at UCLan, Dr Readman worked at Durham University under the supervision of Prof. John Evans working on negative thermal expansion materials. Jennifer teaches many different aspects of inorganic and physical chemistry across all year of the undergraduate chemistry programmes. The topics include structure and bonding in inorganic chem-istry, X-ray diffraction, chemistry of the s and p block elements, introductory d-block chemistry, advanced structural techniques, group theory, and advanced materials chemistry. She is the Course Leader for the undergraduate BSc (Hons) and MChem programmes. Her research interests lie in the areas of solid state chemistry, particularly in the relationship between the structure of a material and its properties, such as zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and metal silicates. Her main research interests also lie in techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction in the laboratory and at synchrotron sources such as the diamond light source. These materials have applications in industry, predomi-nately in the treatment of nuclear and pharmaceutical waste. Dr Readman is also interested in diffuse scattering, electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and solid state NMR.
Lesley E. Smart studied Chemistry at Southampton University, United Kingdom, and after com-pleting a PhD in Raman spectroscopy, she moved to a lectureship at the (then) Royal University of Malta. After returning to the United Kingdom, she took an SRC Fellowship to Bristol University to work on X-ray crystallography. From 1977 to 2009, she worked at the Open University Chemistry department as a lecturer, senior lecturer and Molecular Science Programme director. She held an honorary senior lectureship there until her death in 2016. At the Open University, she was involved in the production of undergraduate courses in inorganic and physical chemistry and health sciences. She was the coordinating editor and the author of The Molecular World course, a series of eight books and DVDs co-published with the Royal Society of Chemistry, authoring two of these, The Third Dimension (RSC Publishing, 2002) and Separation, Purification and Identification (RSC Publishing, 2002). Her most recent books are Alcohol and Human Health (Oxford University Press, 2007) and Concepts in Transition Metal Chemistry (RSC Publishing, 2010). She has an entry in Mothers in Science: 64 Ways to Have It All (RSC Publishing, 2016; downloadable from the Royal Society website). She served on the Council of the Royal Society of Chemistry and as the chair of their Benevolent Fund. Her research interests were in the characterisation of the solid state, and she authored publications on single-crystal Raman studies, X-ray crystallography, Zintl phases, pigments and heterogeneous catalysis and fuel cells.
Content
Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Crystal Structures
Jennifer E. Readman and Lesley E. Smart
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Close packing
1.3 Body-centred and Primitive Structures
1.4 Lattices and Unit Cells
1.4.1 Lattices
1.4.2 One- and Two- Dimensional Unit Cells
1.4.3 Three-Dimensional Lattices and Their Unit Cells
1.5 Crystalline solids
1.5.1 Unit cell stoichiometry and Fractional Coordinates
1.5.2 Ionic Solids with Formula MX
1.5.2.1 Caesium Chloride
1.5.2.2 Sodium Chloride
1.5.2.3 Zinc Blende & Wurtzite
1.5.2.4 Nickel Arsenide
1.5.3 Solids with General Formula MX2
1.5.3.1 Fluorite and Anti-Fluorite
1.5.3.2 Cadmium Chloride and Cadmium Iodide
1.5.3.3 Rutile
1.5.3.4 -Cristobalite
1.5.4 Other Important Crystal Structures
1.5.4.1 Rhenium trioxide
1.5.4.2 Perovskite
1.5.4.3 Spinel and Inverse Spinel
1.5.5 Miscellaneous Oxides
1.6 Ionic Radii and the Radius Ratio Rule
1.7 Extended Covalent Arrays
1.8 Molecular Structures
1.9 Lattice Energy
1.9.1 Born-Haber Cycle
1.9.2 Calculating Lattice Enthalpies
1.9.3 Calculations Using Thermodynamic Cycles and Lattice Energies
1.10 Symmetry
1.10.1 Symmetry Notation
1.10.2 Axes of Symmetry
1.10.3 Planes of Symmetry
1.10.4 Inversion
1.10.5 Inversion Axes, Improper Symmetry Axes, and the Identity Element
1.10.6 Operations
1.10.7 Symmetry in Crystals
1.10.8 Translational Symmetry Elements
1.10.9 Space groups
1.11 Miller Indices and Interplanar spacing
1.12 Quasicrystals
Summary.
Questions
Chapter 2 Scattering Techniques for Characterising Solids
Jennifer E. Readman
2.1 Introduction
2.2 X-ray Diffraction
2.2.1 The Generation of X-rays
2.2.2 Scattering of X-rays & Bragg's Law
2.2.3 The Diffraction Experiment
2.2.4 The Powder Diffraction Pattern
2.2.5 The Intensity of Diffracted Peaks
2.2.6 The Width of Diffracted Peaks
2.2.7 Rietveld Refinement
2.2.8 Structure & Single-Crystal Diffraction solution
2.3 Synchrotron Radiation
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Generation of Synchrotron X-rays
2.3.3 Bending Magnets and Insertion Devices
2.4 Neutron Diffraction
2.4.1 Background & Production of Neutrons
2.4.2 Neutron scattering
2.4.3 Experimental Neutron Diffraction
2.4.4 Magnetic Scattering
2.5 Pair Distribution Function Analysis (PDF)
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Theoretical background
2.5.3 The Total Scattering Experiment
2.6 In-situ Experiments
2.6.1 Variable Temperature
2.6.2 Variable Pressure
2.7 Free Electron Lasers (XFELs)
2.7.1 Introduction
2.7.2 How XFEL X-rays Are Generated
2.7.3 Typical XFEL Experiments
Appendix Allowed reflections for simple cubic cells
Questions
Chapter 3 - Non-Scattering Characterisation Techniques
Jennifer E. Readman
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electron Microscopy
3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM}
3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.2.3 Electron Diffraction (ED)
3.2.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)
3.2.5 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDS / EDX)
3.2.6 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
3.2.7 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) & Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
3.3 X-ray Spectroscopy
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)
3.3.3 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
3.3.4 EXAFS
3.3.5 XANES
3.3.6 Experimental XAS
3.3.7 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3.4 Solid State NMR
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 29-Si MAS NMR
3.4.3 Quadrupolar nuclei
3.5 Surface Area Measurements
3.5.1 Gas Adsorption Isotherms
3.5.2 Classification of Isotherms
3.6 Thermal Analysis
3.6.1 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
3.6.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
3.6.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.6.4 Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) & Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD)
Summary for chapters 2 and 3,
Questions
Chapter 4 Synthesis
Elaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart
4.1 Introduction
4.2 High-Temperature Ceramic Methods
4.2.1 Direct Heating of Solids
4.2.2 Precursor Methods
4.2.3 Sol-Gel Methods
4.3. High-Pressure Methods
4.3.1. Using High-Pressure Gases
4.3.2. Using Hydrostatic Pressures
4.4. Chemical Vapour Deposition
4.4.1. Preparation of Semiconductors
4.4.2. Diamond Films
4.4.3 Optical Fibres
4.5. Preparing Single Crystals
4.5.1 Epitaxy Methods
4.5.2 Chemical Vapour Transport
4.5.3. Melt Methods
4.5.4 Solution Methods
4.6. Intercalation
4.7. Green Chemistry
4.7.1. Mechanochemical Synthesis
4.7.2. Microwave Synthesis
4.7.3. Hydrothermal Methods
4.7.4. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis
4.7.5 Biological-related methods
4.7. 6. Barium Titanate
4.8. Choosing a Method
Chapter 5 Solids:Bonding and Electronic Properties
Elaine A. Moore and Neil Allan
5.2. Bonding in Solids: Free electron theory
5.2.1. Electronic conductivity
5.1 Introduction
5.3. Bonding in Solids: Molecular Orbital Theory
5.3.1. Simple Metals
5.3.2. Group 14 elements
5.4. Semiconductors
5.4.1. Photoconductivity
5.4.2. Doped Semiconductors
5.5. p-n junction and field effect transistors
5.5.1. Flash Memory
5.6. Bands in compounds: Gallium Arsenide
5.7. Bands in d-block compounds: transition metal monoxides
5.8. Superconductivity
5.8.1. BCS Theory of superconductivity
5.8.2. High temperature superconductors: cuprates
5.8.3. Iron superconductors
5.9. Summary
Questions
Chapter 6 Defects and Non-stoichiometry
Elaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart
6.1. Introduction
6.2 Point Defects and Their Concentration
6.2.1 Intrinsic Defects
6.2.2 Concentration of Defects
6.2.3 Extrinsic Defects
6.2.4 Defect Nomenclature
6.3 Nonstoichiometric Compounds
6.3.1 Nonstoichiometry in Wuestite (FeO) and MO-Type Oxides
6.3.2 Uranium Dioxide
6.3.3 Titanium Monoxide Structure
6.4 Extended Defects
6.4.1 Crystallographic shear
6.4.2 Planar Intergrowths
6.4.3 Block Structures
6.4.4 Pentagonal Columns
6.4.5 Infinitely Adaptive Structures
6.5 Properties of Nonstoichiometric Oxides
6.5.1. Transition metal monoxides
6.6 Summary
Questions
Chapter 7 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Elaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Ionic conductivity in solids
7.3. Solid electrolytes
7.3.1 Silver-ion conductors
7.3.2. Lithium-ion conductors
7.3.3. Sodium-ion conductors
7.3.4. Oxide-ion conductors
7.4. Lithium-based batteries
7.5. Sodium-based batteries
7.6. Fuel cells
7.6.1. Solid oxide fuel cells
7.6.2. Proton Exchange Membrane cells
7.7. Summary
Questions
Chapter 8 Microporous and Mesoporous solids
Jennifer E. Readman (and Lesley E. Smart ?)
8.1. Introduction
8.2 Silicates
8.3. Zeolites
8.3.1. Background
8.3.2. Composition and Structure of Zeolites.
8.3.3. Zeolite Nomenclature
8.3.4. Si/Al ratios in Zeolites
8.3.5. Exchangeable Cations
8.3.6 Synthesis of Zeolites
8.3.7. Uses of Zeolites
8.4. Zeotypes
8.4.1. Aluminophosphates
8.4.2. Mixed Coordination Metallosilicates
8.5. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
8.5.1. Composition and Structure of MOFs
8.5.2. Example MOF Structures
8.5.3. Breathing MOFs
8.5.4. Synthesis of MOFs
8.5.5. Applications of MOFs
8.6. Zeolite-like MOFs
8.7. Covalent Organic Frameworks
8.8. Mesoporous Silicas
8.9. Clays
Summary
Questions
Chapter Optical 9 and Thermal Properties of Solids
Elaine A. Moore
9.1 Introduction
9.2. Interaction of Light with atoms
9.2.1. Ruby Laser
9.2.2. Phosphors for LEDs
9.3. Colour Centres
9.4. Absorption and Emission of Radiation in Continuous Solids
9.4.1. Gallium Arsenide Laser
9.4.2. Quantum Wells: Blue laser
9.4.3. Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
9.4.4. Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells
9.5. Carbon-based conducting polymers
9.5.1. Polyacetylene
9.5.2. Bonding in Polyacetylene and related polymers
9.5.3 Organic LEDs (QLEDs)
9.6. Refraction
9.6.1. Calcite
9.6.2. Optical Fibres
9.7. Photonic crystals
9.8. Thermal properties of Materials
9.8.1 Heat Capacity
9.8.2. Thermal Energy Storage
9.8.3. Thermal Expansion
9.8.4. Thermal conductivity
9.8.5 Thermal devices
9.9 Summary
Questions
Chapter 10 Magnetic and Electrical Properties
Elaine A. Moore
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Magnetic Susceptibility
10.3. Paramagnetism in metal complexes
10.4. Ferromagnetic Metals
10.4.1. Magnetic Domains
10.4.2 Permanent magnets
10.4.3 Magnetic Shielding
10.5. Ferromagnetic compounds: chromium dioxide
10.6. Antiferromagnetism: transition metal monoxides
10.7. Ferrimagnetism: ferrites
10.7.1. Magnetic strips on swipe cards
10.8. Spiral Magnetism
10.9 Giant, Tunneling and colossal magnetoresistance
10.9.1 Giant Magnetoresistance
10.9.2. Tunneling Magnetoresistance
10.9.3 Car steering angle sensors
10.9.4 Colossal Magnetoresistance: manganites
10.10 Magnetic properties of superconductors
10.11 Electrical Polarisation
10.12. Piezoelectric crystals A-Quartz
10.13 Ferroelectric effect
10.13.1. Capacitors
10.14. Multiferroics
10.14.1. Type 1 multiferroics:bismuth ferrite
10.14.2. Type 2 multiferroics: terbium manganite
10.15. Summary
Questions
Chapter 11 Nanostructures
Elaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Consequences of the nanoscale
11.2.1. Nanoparticle morphology
11.2.2. Mechanical Properties
11.2.3 Melting temperature
11.2.4. Electronic properties
11.2.5. Optical Properties
11.2.6 Magnetic Properties
11.3. Nanostructural Carbon
11.3.1. Carbon Black
11.3.2. Graphene
11.3.3. Graphene Oxide
11.3.4. Buckminsterfullerene
11.3.5. Carbon nanotubes
11.4. Noncarbon nanostructures
11.4.1 Fumed Silica
11.4.2. Metal nanoparticles
11.4.3. Non-carbon -ene structures
11.4.4. Other non-carbon nanostructures
11.5. Synthesis of nanostructures
11.5.1 Top-down methods
11.5.2. Bottom-up methods
11.5.3 Synthesis using templates
11.6. Nanostructures in health
11.7. Safety
11.8 Summary
Questions
Chapter 12 Sustainability
Mary Anne White
12.1. Introduction
12.1.1 Definition of Materials Sustainability
12.1.2 Sustainable Materials Chemistry Goals
12.1.3 Materials Dependence in Society
12.1.4 Elemental Abundances
12.1.5 Solid State Chemistry's Role in Sustainability
12.1.6 Material Life Cycle
12.2 Tools for Sustainable Approaches
12.2.1 Green Chemistry
12.2.2 Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)
12.2.3 Embodied Energy
12.2.4 Exergy
12.2.5 Life Cycle Assessment
12.3 Case Study: Sustainability of a Smartphone
12.4 Theoretical Approaches
12.5 Summary
Questions
Jennifer E. Readman and Lesley E. Smart
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Close packing
1.3 Body-centred and Primitive Structures
1.4 Lattices and Unit Cells
1.4.1 Lattices
1.4.2 One- and Two- Dimensional Unit Cells
1.4.3 Three-Dimensional Lattices and Their Unit Cells
1.5 Crystalline solids
1.5.1 Unit cell stoichiometry and Fractional Coordinates
1.5.2 Ionic Solids with Formula MX
1.5.2.1 Caesium Chloride
1.5.2.2 Sodium Chloride
1.5.2.3 Zinc Blende & Wurtzite
1.5.2.4 Nickel Arsenide
1.5.3 Solids with General Formula MX2
1.5.3.1 Fluorite and Anti-Fluorite
1.5.3.2 Cadmium Chloride and Cadmium Iodide
1.5.3.3 Rutile
1.5.3.4 -Cristobalite
1.5.4 Other Important Crystal Structures
1.5.4.1 Rhenium trioxide
1.5.4.2 Perovskite
1.5.4.3 Spinel and Inverse Spinel
1.5.5 Miscellaneous Oxides
1.6 Ionic Radii and the Radius Ratio Rule
1.7 Extended Covalent Arrays
1.8 Molecular Structures
1.9 Lattice Energy
1.9.1 Born-Haber Cycle
1.9.2 Calculating Lattice Enthalpies
1.9.3 Calculations Using Thermodynamic Cycles and Lattice Energies
1.10 Symmetry
1.10.1 Symmetry Notation
1.10.2 Axes of Symmetry
1.10.3 Planes of Symmetry
1.10.4 Inversion
1.10.5 Inversion Axes, Improper Symmetry Axes, and the Identity Element
1.10.6 Operations
1.10.7 Symmetry in Crystals
1.10.8 Translational Symmetry Elements
1.10.9 Space groups
1.11 Miller Indices and Interplanar spacing
1.12 Quasicrystals
Summary.
Questions
Chapter 2 Scattering Techniques for Characterising Solids
Jennifer E. Readman
2.1 Introduction
2.2 X-ray Diffraction
2.2.1 The Generation of X-rays
2.2.2 Scattering of X-rays & Bragg's Law
2.2.3 The Diffraction Experiment
2.2.4 The Powder Diffraction Pattern
2.2.5 The Intensity of Diffracted Peaks
2.2.6 The Width of Diffracted Peaks
2.2.7 Rietveld Refinement
2.2.8 Structure & Single-Crystal Diffraction solution
2.3 Synchrotron Radiation
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Generation of Synchrotron X-rays
2.3.3 Bending Magnets and Insertion Devices
2.4 Neutron Diffraction
2.4.1 Background & Production of Neutrons
2.4.2 Neutron scattering
2.4.3 Experimental Neutron Diffraction
2.4.4 Magnetic Scattering
2.5 Pair Distribution Function Analysis (PDF)
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Theoretical background
2.5.3 The Total Scattering Experiment
2.6 In-situ Experiments
2.6.1 Variable Temperature
2.6.2 Variable Pressure
2.7 Free Electron Lasers (XFELs)
2.7.1 Introduction
2.7.2 How XFEL X-rays Are Generated
2.7.3 Typical XFEL Experiments
Appendix Allowed reflections for simple cubic cells
Questions
Chapter 3 - Non-Scattering Characterisation Techniques
Jennifer E. Readman
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electron Microscopy
3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM}
3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.2.3 Electron Diffraction (ED)
3.2.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)
3.2.5 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDS / EDX)
3.2.6 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
3.2.7 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) & Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
3.3 X-ray Spectroscopy
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)
3.3.3 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
3.3.4 EXAFS
3.3.5 XANES
3.3.6 Experimental XAS
3.3.7 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3.4 Solid State NMR
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 29-Si MAS NMR
3.4.3 Quadrupolar nuclei
3.5 Surface Area Measurements
3.5.1 Gas Adsorption Isotherms
3.5.2 Classification of Isotherms
3.6 Thermal Analysis
3.6.1 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
3.6.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
3.6.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.6.4 Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) & Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD)
Summary for chapters 2 and 3,
Questions
Chapter 4 Synthesis
Elaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart
4.1 Introduction
4.2 High-Temperature Ceramic Methods
4.2.1 Direct Heating of Solids
4.2.2 Precursor Methods
4.2.3 Sol-Gel Methods
4.3. High-Pressure Methods
4.3.1. Using High-Pressure Gases
4.3.2. Using Hydrostatic Pressures
4.4. Chemical Vapour Deposition
4.4.1. Preparation of Semiconductors
4.4.2. Diamond Films
4.4.3 Optical Fibres
4.5. Preparing Single Crystals
4.5.1 Epitaxy Methods
4.5.2 Chemical Vapour Transport
4.5.3. Melt Methods
4.5.4 Solution Methods
4.6. Intercalation
4.7. Green Chemistry
4.7.1. Mechanochemical Synthesis
4.7.2. Microwave Synthesis
4.7.3. Hydrothermal Methods
4.7.4. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis
4.7.5 Biological-related methods
4.7. 6. Barium Titanate
4.8. Choosing a Method
Chapter 5 Solids:Bonding and Electronic Properties
Elaine A. Moore and Neil Allan
5.2. Bonding in Solids: Free electron theory
5.2.1. Electronic conductivity
5.1 Introduction
5.3. Bonding in Solids: Molecular Orbital Theory
5.3.1. Simple Metals
5.3.2. Group 14 elements
5.4. Semiconductors
5.4.1. Photoconductivity
5.4.2. Doped Semiconductors
5.5. p-n junction and field effect transistors
5.5.1. Flash Memory
5.6. Bands in compounds: Gallium Arsenide
5.7. Bands in d-block compounds: transition metal monoxides
5.8. Superconductivity
5.8.1. BCS Theory of superconductivity
5.8.2. High temperature superconductors: cuprates
5.8.3. Iron superconductors
5.9. Summary
Questions
Chapter 6 Defects and Non-stoichiometry
Elaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart
6.1. Introduction
6.2 Point Defects and Their Concentration
6.2.1 Intrinsic Defects
6.2.2 Concentration of Defects
6.2.3 Extrinsic Defects
6.2.4 Defect Nomenclature
6.3 Nonstoichiometric Compounds
6.3.1 Nonstoichiometry in Wuestite (FeO) and MO-Type Oxides
6.3.2 Uranium Dioxide
6.3.3 Titanium Monoxide Structure
6.4 Extended Defects
6.4.1 Crystallographic shear
6.4.2 Planar Intergrowths
6.4.3 Block Structures
6.4.4 Pentagonal Columns
6.4.5 Infinitely Adaptive Structures
6.5 Properties of Nonstoichiometric Oxides
6.5.1. Transition metal monoxides
6.6 Summary
Questions
Chapter 7 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Elaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Ionic conductivity in solids
7.3. Solid electrolytes
7.3.1 Silver-ion conductors
7.3.2. Lithium-ion conductors
7.3.3. Sodium-ion conductors
7.3.4. Oxide-ion conductors
7.4. Lithium-based batteries
7.5. Sodium-based batteries
7.6. Fuel cells
7.6.1. Solid oxide fuel cells
7.6.2. Proton Exchange Membrane cells
7.7. Summary
Questions
Chapter 8 Microporous and Mesoporous solids
Jennifer E. Readman (and Lesley E. Smart ?)
8.1. Introduction
8.2 Silicates
8.3. Zeolites
8.3.1. Background
8.3.2. Composition and Structure of Zeolites.
8.3.3. Zeolite Nomenclature
8.3.4. Si/Al ratios in Zeolites
8.3.5. Exchangeable Cations
8.3.6 Synthesis of Zeolites
8.3.7. Uses of Zeolites
8.4. Zeotypes
8.4.1. Aluminophosphates
8.4.2. Mixed Coordination Metallosilicates
8.5. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
8.5.1. Composition and Structure of MOFs
8.5.2. Example MOF Structures
8.5.3. Breathing MOFs
8.5.4. Synthesis of MOFs
8.5.5. Applications of MOFs
8.6. Zeolite-like MOFs
8.7. Covalent Organic Frameworks
8.8. Mesoporous Silicas
8.9. Clays
Summary
Questions
Chapter Optical 9 and Thermal Properties of Solids
Elaine A. Moore
9.1 Introduction
9.2. Interaction of Light with atoms
9.2.1. Ruby Laser
9.2.2. Phosphors for LEDs
9.3. Colour Centres
9.4. Absorption and Emission of Radiation in Continuous Solids
9.4.1. Gallium Arsenide Laser
9.4.2. Quantum Wells: Blue laser
9.4.3. Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
9.4.4. Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells
9.5. Carbon-based conducting polymers
9.5.1. Polyacetylene
9.5.2. Bonding in Polyacetylene and related polymers
9.5.3 Organic LEDs (QLEDs)
9.6. Refraction
9.6.1. Calcite
9.6.2. Optical Fibres
9.7. Photonic crystals
9.8. Thermal properties of Materials
9.8.1 Heat Capacity
9.8.2. Thermal Energy Storage
9.8.3. Thermal Expansion
9.8.4. Thermal conductivity
9.8.5 Thermal devices
9.9 Summary
Questions
Chapter 10 Magnetic and Electrical Properties
Elaine A. Moore
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Magnetic Susceptibility
10.3. Paramagnetism in metal complexes
10.4. Ferromagnetic Metals
10.4.1. Magnetic Domains
10.4.2 Permanent magnets
10.4.3 Magnetic Shielding
10.5. Ferromagnetic compounds: chromium dioxide
10.6. Antiferromagnetism: transition metal monoxides
10.7. Ferrimagnetism: ferrites
10.7.1. Magnetic strips on swipe cards
10.8. Spiral Magnetism
10.9 Giant, Tunneling and colossal magnetoresistance
10.9.1 Giant Magnetoresistance
10.9.2. Tunneling Magnetoresistance
10.9.3 Car steering angle sensors
10.9.4 Colossal Magnetoresistance: manganites
10.10 Magnetic properties of superconductors
10.11 Electrical Polarisation
10.12. Piezoelectric crystals A-Quartz
10.13 Ferroelectric effect
10.13.1. Capacitors
10.14. Multiferroics
10.14.1. Type 1 multiferroics:bismuth ferrite
10.14.2. Type 2 multiferroics: terbium manganite
10.15. Summary
Questions
Chapter 11 Nanostructures
Elaine A. Moore and Lesley E. Smart
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Consequences of the nanoscale
11.2.1. Nanoparticle morphology
11.2.2. Mechanical Properties
11.2.3 Melting temperature
11.2.4. Electronic properties
11.2.5. Optical Properties
11.2.6 Magnetic Properties
11.3. Nanostructural Carbon
11.3.1. Carbon Black
11.3.2. Graphene
11.3.3. Graphene Oxide
11.3.4. Buckminsterfullerene
11.3.5. Carbon nanotubes
11.4. Noncarbon nanostructures
11.4.1 Fumed Silica
11.4.2. Metal nanoparticles
11.4.3. Non-carbon -ene structures
11.4.4. Other non-carbon nanostructures
11.5. Synthesis of nanostructures
11.5.1 Top-down methods
11.5.2. Bottom-up methods
11.5.3 Synthesis using templates
11.6. Nanostructures in health
11.7. Safety
11.8 Summary
Questions
Chapter 12 Sustainability
Mary Anne White
12.1. Introduction
12.1.1 Definition of Materials Sustainability
12.1.2 Sustainable Materials Chemistry Goals
12.1.3 Materials Dependence in Society
12.1.4 Elemental Abundances
12.1.5 Solid State Chemistry's Role in Sustainability
12.1.6 Material Life Cycle
12.2 Tools for Sustainable Approaches
12.2.1 Green Chemistry
12.2.2 Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)
12.2.3 Embodied Energy
12.2.4 Exergy
12.2.5 Life Cycle Assessment
12.3 Case Study: Sustainability of a Smartphone
12.4 Theoretical Approaches
12.5 Summary
Questions
