Principles and Applications of Tribology

Part I PrinciplesPreface 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition and Scope of Tribology 1.2 Macroscopic and Microscopic Viewpoints 1.3 Internal and External Friction 1.4 Dry and Lubricated Surfaces 1.5 The Range of Applications 1.6 The Challenge of Tribology 2 Surface Topography 2.1 Texture Measurement 2.2 Profilometry 2.3 Cartography 2.4 Photogrammetry 2.5 Texture Depth 2.6 Outflow Meter 2.7 Surface Prints 2.8 Statistical Features 2.9 Mathematical Representation 2.10 Parameter Selection 2.11 Model and Ideal Surfaces 2.12 Requirements for Randomness 2.13 Actual Contact Between Surfaces 3 Friction of Metals 3.1 Classic Laws of Friction 3.2 General Friction Theories 3.3 Elastic Contact in Metals 3.4 Elastoplastic Contact 3.5 Basic Mechanism of Friction 3.6 Welding-Shearing-Ploughing Theory 3.7 Junction Growth 3.8 Work Hardening 3.9 The Ploughing Component of Friction 3.10 The Adhesion Component of Friction 3.11 Surface Contaminants 3.12 Metal Transfer 3.13 Effects Generation in Sliding Friction 3.14 Effects of Sliding Speed 3.15 Hardening of Metals 3.16 Vacuum Conditions 4 Friction of Elastomers 4.1 Fundamental Friction Mechanism 4.2 The Adhesion Term 4.3 The Hysteresis Term 4.4 Viscoelasticity 4.5 Theories of Adhesion 4.6 Adhesion as a Contact Problem 4.7 Theory of Hysteresis Friction 4.8 Generalized Coefficient of Hysteresis Friction 4.9 Mean Pressure Effects 4.10 Macro-and Micro-hysteresis 4.11 Separation of Adhesion and Hysteresis Terms 4.12 The Williams-Landel-Ferry Transform 5 Friction of Various Materials 5.1 Friction of Lamellar Solids 5.2 Friction of Teflon (PTFE) 5.3 Friction and Wear of Diamond 5.4 The Adhesion of Ice 5.5 Friction of Brittle Solids 5.6 The Friction of Wood 5.7 Friction of Yarns and Fibres 6 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 6.1 Brief History 6.2 The Generalized Reynolds Equation 6.3 Velocity Distribution 6.4 Mechanism of Load Support 6.5 Squeeze Films 6.6 Hydrostatic Lubrication 6.7 Cavitation 6.8 Miscellaneous 7 Boundary Lubrication 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Boundary Lubrication of Metals 7.3 Boundary Lubrication of Elastomers 7.4 Molecular Structure of Boundary Lubricants 7.5 General Properties of Metallic Films 7.6 Adsorption of Lubricants 7.7 Wettability and Contact Angle 7.8 Solid Lubricants 7.9 Stick-Slip Phenomena 8 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 8.1 Introduction 8.2 General Iterative Procedure 8.3 Fundamental Parameters 8.4 Normal Approach 8.5 Relative Sliding 8.6 The Pressure Spike 8.7 The Elastohydrodynamic Number 8.8 Macro-Elastohydrodynamics 8.9 Elastohydrodynamics and Hysteresis 8.10 Conclusion 9 Wear and Abrasion 9.1 Wear Mechanisms in Metals 9.2 Wear of Clean Metals 9.3 Loose Wear Fragments 9.4 Mechanisms of Wear in Elastomers 9.5 Wear Measurement 9.6 Intrinsic and Pattern Abrasion 9.7 Abrasive Wear 9.8 Fatigue Wear 9.9 Wear by Roll Formation 9.10 Effects of Speed and Temperature 9.11 Summary 10 Internal Friction 10.1 Molecular Structure of Matter 10.2 Internal Friction in Solids 10.3 Methods for Determining Internal Friction 10.4 The Fitzgerald Internal Friction Apparatus 10.