
EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation
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Content
- Cover
- Series
- EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Preface
- Contents
- Detailed Contents
- Table of Cases
- Table of Legislation
- List of Abbreviations
- I. The Institutional Setting
- I.1 EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation
- I.2 The Objectives of Financial Markets Regulation
- I.3 Financial Markets Regulation and the EU: Building an Integrated EU Financial Market
- I.3.1 The Treaties and the Single Market: The Role of Law
- I.3.2 Market Finance, Financial Market Integration, and Capital Markets Union
- I.4 From the Segré Report to the Covid-?19 Pandemic
- I.5 EU Financial Markets Governance: Law-?making and Supervision
- I.5.1 Law-?making
- I.5.2 Supervision and Enforcement
- I.6 EU Financial Markets Governance: ESMA
- I.6.1 ESMA
- I.6.2 Origins and Evolution
- I.6.3 Governance, Powers, and Legitimation
- I.6.4 Regulatory Governance
- I.6.5 Supervisory Convergence, Risk Monitoring, and Direct Intervention
- I.6.6 Centralized Supervision, ESMA, and the EU Financial Market
- I.7 Looking to the Future
- I.7.1 Bending to Uniformity?
- I.7.2 Sustainable Finance
- I.7.3 Technological Innovation and Digital Finance
- II. Capital-?Raising
- II.1 Introduction
- II.1.1 Introduction
- II.1.2 The EU Issuer Disclosure Rulebook
- II.2 Capital Markets, Issuer Disclosure, and the EU
- II.2.1 Capital Markets and Issuer Disclosure
- II.2.2 Issuer Disclosure and the EU: Market Finance and Market Integration
- II.3 The Evolution of the Issuer Disclosure Regime
- II.3.1 A Dynamic History
- II.3.2 Early Efforts
- II.3.3 The FSAP and Reform
- II.3.4 The Global Financial Crisis Era
- II.3.5 In the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis: Capital Markets Union and the Covid-?19 Pandemic
- II.3.6 The SME Agenda
- II.4 The Prospectus Regulation
- II.4.1 The Evolution of the Prospectus Regime
- II.4.2 The Prospectus Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- II.4.3 Setting the Perimeter: Public and Private Markets
- II.4.4 The Prospectus: Disclosure
- II.4.5 Prospectus Format: The Standard Form
- II.4.6 Publication and Dissemination
- II.4.7 Prospectus Supplements
- II.4.8 Prospectus Validity
- II.4.9 Calibration and Differentiation: Multiple Prospectus Formats
- II.4.10 Market Integration: Prospectus Approval and the Passport Mechanism
- II.4.11 Advertising
- II.4.12 Supervision and Enforcement
- II.5 Ongoing and Periodic Disclosure: The Transparency Directive and the Market Abuse Regime
- II.5.1 The Transparency Directive
- II.5.2 The Transparency Directive: Evolution
- II.5.3 The Transparency Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- II.5.4 The Transparency and Prospectus Rules: An Integrated Regime?
- II.5.5 Transparency Directive: Scope
- II.5.6 Transparency Directive: Differentiation, Exemptions, and SMEs
- II.5.7 Transparency Directive: The Issuer Disclosure Regime
- II.5.8 Transparency Directive: Ongoing Disclosure on Major Holdings
- II.5.9 Transparency Directive: Market Integration and Home Member State Control
- II.5.10 Transparency Directive: Supervision and Enforcement
- II.5.11 Ad Hoc Disclosure and the Market Abuse Regime
- II.6 Financial Reporting and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
- II.6.1 The EU Financial Reporting Framework
- II.6.2 IFRS and the IAS Regulation
- II.6.3 Incorporating IFRS in the EU: The Endorsement Mechanism
- II.6.4 IFRS, ESMA, and Supervisory Convergence
- II.7 Filing and Dissemination of Issuer Disclosures
- II.7.1 Substantive and Operational Harmonization
- II.7.2 Filing Ongoing Issuer Disclosures
- II.7.3 Dissemination of Ongoing Issuer Disclosure
- II.8 Admission to Trading and to Official Listing
- II.8.1 Trading Venues and Capital-?raising
- II.8.2 Regulated Markets and Perimeter Control
- II.8.3 The Admission of Securities to Trading
- II.9 Capital-?raising and Investment Research
- II.9.1 Investment Research, Gatekeeping, and Regulation
- II.9.2 The Evolution of the EU's Response
- II.9.3 Presentation Requirements and Conflict of Interest Management
- II.9.4 Unbundling the Cost of Investment Research
- II.10 Issuer Disclosure and Sustainable Finance
- II.11 Capital-?raising and Digital Finance
- II.11.1 The Issuer Disclosure Regime and Digital Assets
- II.11.2 The 2020 Crowdfunding Regulation
- II.12 The Wider Regulatory Ecosystem Supporting Capital-?raising
- II.13 Issuer Disclosure, Admission to Trading Venues, Reform, and the Market
- III. Collective Investment Management
- III.1 Introduction: Collective Investment Management
- III.2 The EU Collective Investment Management Rulebook
- III.3 The Evolution of the Collective Investment Management Regime
- III.3.1 From the UCITS Regime to the Global Financial Crisis
- III.3.2 The Post Global Financial Crisis Era: Stability Risks and Non-?Bank Financial Intermediation, Capital Markets Union, and Technocracy
- III.4 The UCITS Regime
- III.4.1 The Regulatory Context
- III.4.2 The Evolution of the UCITS Regime
- III.4.3 The UCITS Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- III.4.4 Setting the Perimeter: Scope of the UCITS Regime
- III.4.5 Market Integration: Authorization, the Passport, and UCITS Mergers
- III.4.6 Asset Allocation and Investment Limits
- III.4.7 The Management Company: Ongoing Regulation
- III.4.8 The Depositary
- III.4.9 UCITS Disclosure
- III.4.10 The Retail Markets
- III.4.11 Supervision and Enforcement
- III.5 The AIFMD
- III.5.1 The Regulatory and EU Context
- III.5.2 The Evolution of the AIFMD
- III.5.3 The AIFMD Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- III.5.4 The Directive: Objectives
- III.5.5 Calibration and Differentiation
- III.5.6 Setting the Perimeter: Scope
- III.5.7 Authorization and the AIFM Passport
- III.5.8 Operational and Organizational Requirements
- III.5.9 Risk Management
- III.5.10 Leverage: Macroprudential Risk Management and Loan Origination
- III.5.11 The Depositary
- III.5.12 Disclosure and Supervisory Reporting
- III.5.13 Private Equity AIFs
- III.5.14 The Retail Markets
- III.5.15 Supervision and Enforcement
- III.6 Discrete AIF Regulation: The EuVECA, EuSEF, and ELTIF Vehicles
- III.6.1 Fund Vehicles and Capital-?raising
- III.6.2 The EuVECA Regulation
- III.6.3 The EuSEF Regulation
- III.6.4 The European Long-?term Investment Fund
- III.7 Money-?Market Funds
- III.7.1 Money-?Market Funds and Liquidity Risks
- III.7.2 The MMF Regulation
- III.7.3 The March 2020 Liquidity Crisis and MMF Reform
- IV. Investment Firms and Investment Services
- IV.1 Introduction: The Intermediation Process, Investment Firms, and Regulation
- IV.2 The EU Investment Firm Rulebook
- IV.2.1 MiFID II/?MiFIR: A Brief Tour
- IV.2.2 Beyond MiFID II/?MiFIR
- IV.2.3 Organization of Coverage
- IV.3 The Evolution of MiFID II
- IV.3.1 Initial Developments and the 1993 Investment Services Directive
- IV.3.2 Pre-Global Financial Crisis: The Financial Services Action Plan and MiFID I
- IV.3.3 MiFID II: The MiFID I Review, the Global Financial Crisis, and the MiFID II Negotiations
- IV.3.4 The Post Global Financial Crisis Era: Prudential Regulation, Technocracy, and Legislative Reform
- IV.3.5 Sustainable Finance
- IV.4 The MiFID II Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- IV.5 Setting the MiFID II Perimeter: Scope
- IV.5.1 A Functional Approach
- IV.5.2 Investment Services and Activities
- IV.5.3 Financial Instruments
- IV.6 Calibration and Differentiation under MiFID II
- IV.6.1 Exemptions
- IV.6.2 Client Classification
- IV.7 The MiFID II Authorization Process
- IV.7.1 Jurisdiction to Authorize and the Home NCA
- IV.7.2 The Authorization Process
- IV.8 MiFID II Operating Conditions: Organizational and Conduct Requirements
- IV.8.1 A Multi-?layered Regime
- IV.8.2 Organizational and Operational Requirements
- IV.8.3 Conflict-?of-?interest Management
- IV.8.4 Conduct Regulation
- IV.8.5 Trading Rules, Trading Venues, and Transaction Reporting
- IV.9 Prudential Regulation
- IV.9.1 A Distinctive Regime
- IV.9.2 The Evolution of the Prudential Regime
- IV.9.3 The IFD/?IFR
- IV.9.4 CRD IV/?CRR
- IV.10 The Passport for Investment Services and Activities
- IV.10.1 Passport Rights and the Home NCA
- IV.10.2 Host Control and the Host NCA
- IV.10.3 The Notification Process
- IV.11 Supervision and Enforcement
- IV.11.1 MiFID II and IFD/?IFR-?CRD IV/?CRR
- IV.11.2 The MiFID II Supervisory Framework
- IV.11.3 Prudential Supervision and the SREP
- IV.11.4 Enforcement and Administrative Sanctions
- V. Order Execution Venues
- V.1 Order Execution Venues and Regulation
- V.1.1 Introduction
- V.1.2 Regulating Order Execution Venues
- V.1.3 Regulating Trading Venues and the EU
- V.2 The Evolution of the Venue Regime
- V.2.1 From Concentration to Competition: MiFID I
- V.2.2 Market Impact and MiFID I
- V.2.3 The MiFID I Review and the MiFID II/?MiFIR Proposals
- V.2.4 The MiFID II/?MiFIR Negotiations
- V.2.5 From 2014 to the 2021 MiFID III/?MiFIR 2 Proposal
- V.3 The Venue Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- V.4 MiFID II/?MiFIR and the Regulation of Order Execution Venues: Regulatory Design and Scope
- V.4.1 Multilateral and Bilateral Trading
- V.4.2 Multilateral Systems and 'Traded on a Trading Venue'
- V.4.3 Bilateral Systems
- V.4.4 Financial Instruments and Asset Classes
- V.5 Venue Classification
- V.5.1 The Classification System
- V.5.2 Regulated Markets
- V.5.3 Multilateral Trading Facilities
- V.5.4 Organized Trading Facilities
- V.5.5 Systematic Internalizers
- V.5.6 Investment Firms
- V.6 Authorization and Ongoing Regulation of Trading Venues: Regulated Markets
- V.6.1 A Flexible Regime
- V.6.2 Authorization
- V.6.3 Ongoing Requirements
- V.7 Authorization and Ongoing Regulation of Trading Venues: Multilateral Trading Facilities
- V.7.1 Authorization
- V.7.2 Ongoing Requirements
- V.8 Authorization and Ongoing Regulation of Trading Venues: Organized Trading Facilities
- V.9 Authorization and Ongoing Regulation of OTC Execution Venues: Dealing on Own Account
- V.9.1 Systematic Internalizers
- V.9.2 Dealing on Own Account
- V.10 Shrinking the OTC Space: The Share Trading Obligation
- V.11 Transparency Regulation
- V.11.1 The Transparency Framework
- V.11.2 The Equity/?Equity-?like Markets
- V.11.3 The Non-?equity Markets
- V.12 Data Distribution and Consolidation
- V.12.1 Enhancing the Data Framework
- V.12.2 Data Publication
- V.12.3 The Regulation of Data-?reporting Services Providers (DRSPs)
- V.12.4 The 2021 MiFID III/?MiFIR 2 Proposal and the Consolidated Tape Reform
- V.13 Supervision and Enforcement
- V.13.1 The MiFID II Framework
- V.13.2 Transaction Reporting
- V.14 Post-?trading, the Settlement Process, and the Central Securities Depositories Regulation
- VI. Trading
- VI.1 Introduction
- VI.1.1 Regulating Trading
- VI.1.2 Regulating Trading and the EU: A Distinct Setting
- VI.2 MiFID II/?MiFIR: The Regulation of Trading
- VI.2.1 The MiFID II/?MiFIR and IFD/?IFR/?CRD IV/?CRR Framework
- VI.2.2 The Order Execution Process
- VI.2.3 Algorithmic Trading and High Frequency Trading
- VI.2.4 Market-?making
- VI.2.5 The Commodity Derivatives Market and Position Management
- VI.3 The Regulation of Short Selling
- VI.3.1 Short Selling Regulation and the EU
- VI.3.2 The Evolution of the Short Selling Regulation
- VI.3.3 The Short Selling Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- VI.3.4 Setting the Perimeter: Scope and Exemptions
- VI.3.5 Restricting Short Sales: The Uncovered Short Sales Prohibition and 'Locate' Rules
- VI.3.6 Transparency of Net Short Positions: Supervisory Reporting and Public Disclosure
- VI.3.7 Intervention in Exceptional Circumstances
- VI.3.8 Supervision and Enforcement
- VI.3.9 Extraterritorial Reach
- VI.4 The Securities Financing Transactions Regulation
- VI.4.1 Securities Financing Transactions and the EU
- VI.4.2 The Regulation
- VI.4.3 Experience with the SFTR
- VI.5 The European Market Infrastructure Regulation and the OTC Derivatives Market
- VI.5.1 The Regulation of OTC Derivatives Trading and the EU
- VI.5.2 The Evolution of EMIR
- VI.5.3 The EMIR Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- VI.5.4 Setting the Perimeter: Scope and Exemptions
- VI.5.5 Calibration for Small Financial Counterparties and NFCs: The Clearing Thresholds
- VI.5.6 The CCP Clearing Obligation
- VI.5.7 The Risk Mitigation Obligation for non-?CCP-?cleared Derivatives: Margin and Collateral
- VI.5.8 Reporting
- VI.5.9 Infrastructure Regulation and Supervision: CCPs
- VI.5.10 Infrastructure Regulation and Supervision: TRs
- VI.5.11 The Derivatives Trading Obligation and MiFIR
- VII. Rating Agencies
- VII.1 Introduction: Rating Agencies and Regulation
- VII.1.1 The Gatekeeper Function
- VII.1.2 The Global Financial Crisis and Reform
- VII.2 The EU CRA Rulebook
- VII.3 The Evolution of the EU Regime
- VII.3.1 Initial Efforts: The IOSCO Code and the EU
- VII.3.2 The Global Financial Crisis
- VII.3.3 The CRA Regime Negotiations
- VII.3.4 From the Global Financial Crisis to Capital Markets Union
- VII.4 The CRA Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- VII.5 Setting and Securing the Regulatory Perimeter
- VII.6 Differentiation and Calibration
- VII.7 The Registration Process
- VII.8 Conflict-?of-?interest Management and Organizational Requirements
- VII.9 Methodologies
- VII.10 Disclosure and Supervisory Reporting
- VII.11 Discrete Regulation and the Financial Crisis: Sovereign Debt Ratings and Securitization Instruments
- VII.11.1 Sovereign Debt Ratings
- VII.11.2 Securitization Instruments
- VII.12 Over-?reliance
- VII.13 Regulation, Market Discipline, and Market Structure
- VII.14 ESMA and Supervision
- VII.14.1 The CCRAR Framework
- VII.14.2 Experience Since 2011
- VII.14.3 Enforcement of the CCRAR and ESMA
- VII.15 The CCRAR and Civil Liability
- VII.16 CRAs and Sustainable Finance
- VIII. Market Abuse
- VIII.1 Introduction
- VIII.2 The Rationale for Prohibiting Insider Dealing and Market Manipulation and the EU
- VIII.2.1 The Rationale for Prohibiting Insider Dealing and Market Manipulation
- VIII.2.2 The EU and the Prohibition of Market Abuse
- VIII.3 The Evolution of the Regime
- VIII.3.1 From the Insider Dealing Directive to the Market Abuse Directive
- VIII.3.2 The Global Financial Crisis Era and the Market Abuse Regulation
- VIII.3.3 From the Global Financial Crisis to the Covid-?19 Pandemic: A Decade of Stability
- VIII.4 The MAR Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- VIII.5 Setting the Perimeter: Scope
- VIII.5.1 Financial Instruments and Commodities
- VIII.5.2 Venues
- VIII.5.3 Jurisdictional Scope
- VIII.6 The Prohibition on Insider Dealing
- VIII.6.1 Inside Information
- VIII.6.2 Persons Subject to the Prohibition
- VIII.6.3 The Prohibition: Dealing, Recommending, and Disclosing
- VIII.7 Disclosure Obligations
- VIII.7.1 Issuer Disclosure
- VIII.7.2 Insider Lists
- VIII.7.3 Disclosure of Insider Transactions: Managers' Transactions
- VIII.8 The Prohibition on Market Manipulation
- VIII.8.1 The Prohibition on Market Manipulation and Identification of Market Manipulation
- VIII.8.2 Accepted Market Practices and Liquidity Contracts
- VIII.8.3 Stabilization and Buy-?Backs
- VIII.9 Supervision and Enforcement
- VIII.9.1 Context
- VIII.9.2 Supervision and Prevention
- VIII.9.3 Enforcement
- VIII.10 Benchmark Abuse and Benchmark Regulation
- VIII.10.1 The Reform Context
- VIII.10.2 Market Abuse and Benchmarks
- VIII.10.3 The Benchmark Regulation
- IX. Retail Markets
- IX.1 Introduction
- IX.1.1 Regulating the Retail Markets
- IX.1.2 Regulating the Retail Markets and the EU: A Challenging Setting
- IX.2 The Evolution of EU Retail Market Regulation
- IX.2.1 Initial Developments
- IX.2.2 The FSAP, the Pre Global Financial Crisis Period, and the Retail Markets
- IX.2.3 The Global Financial Crisis
- IX.2.4 From the Global Financial Crisis to Capital Markets Union
- IX.2.5 Retail Markets, Digital Finance, and Sustainable Finance
- IX.3 The Retail Rulebook: Legislation, Administrative Rules, and Soft Law
- IX.3.1 The Retail Rulebook
- IX.3.2 Silos and the Retail Markets
- IX.3.3 ESMA and Supervisory Convergence
- IX.4 MiFID II/?MiFIR and the Retail Markets
- IX.4.1 Context and Coverage: Retail Distribution
- IX.4.2 Evolution
- IX.4.3 Scope and the Impact of Technology
- IX.4.4 Segmentation and Classification
- IX.4.5 Fair Treatment
- IX.4.6 Marketing Communications
- IX.4.7 Disclosure
- IX.4.8 Know-?your-?Client: Suitability and Appropriateness
- IX.4.9 Know-?your-?Client: The Execution-?only Context
- IX.4.10 Conflict-?of-?interest Management and Investment Advice
- IX.4.11 Product Governance
- IX.4.12 Product Intervention
- IX.4.13 Distribution and the Insurance Distribution Directive
- IX.5 The PRIIPs Regulation, Disclosure, and the Retail Markets
- IX.5.1 Context and Coverage
- IX.5.2 The Evolution of the PRIIPs Regime
- IX.5.3 The PRIIPs Regulation
- IX.5.4 The PRIIPs KID in Action and Reform
- IX.6 The Investor Compensation Schemes Directive
- IX.6.1 Compensation Schemes, Retail Investor Protection, and the EU
- IX.6.2 The 1997 ICSD
- IX.6.3 Reviewing the ICSD
- X. Third Countries
- X.1 The EU, Third Countries, and the International Financial Market
- X.1.1 Introduction
- X.1.2 Access to Financial Markets Internationally
- X.2 Access to the EU Financial Market
- X.2.1 The Access System
- X.2.2 The Equivalence Regime
- X.3 The Institutional Context: The Commission and ESMA
- X.4 The Evolution of the Third Country Regime
- X.5 The Collective Investment Management Regime and Third Countries
- X.5.1 Delegation and the Collective Investment Management Sector
- X.5.2 The AIFMD Passport
- X.6 The Issuer Disclosure Regime and Third Countries
- X.6.1 The Prospectus Regime
- X.6.2 Ongoing Disclosures and IFRS
- X.7 The Rating Agency Regime and Third Countries
- X.7.1 The Legislative Scheme: Endorsement and Certification
- X.7.2 The CRA Third Country Regime in Practice
- X.8 The Investment Services Regime and Third Countries
- X.8.1 MiFID II/?MiFIR and Market Access
- X.8.2 MiFID II/?MiFIR and Export Effects
- X.9 EMIR and Third Countries
- X.9.1 The OTC Derivatives Markets, Third Countries, and EMIR
- X.9.2 EMIR and CCP Access
- X.9.3 EMIR and Trade Repositories
- X.9.4 EMIR and Global Derivatives Markets
- X.10 Central Securities Depositaries and Benchmarks and Third Countries
- X.10.1 CSDs and Third Countries
- X.10.2 Benchmark Administrators, Benchmarks, and Third Countries
- X.11 The UK as a Third Country and the Trade and Cooperation Agreement
- X.11.1 The Path to the TCA
- X.11.2 The TCA
- X.11.3 The Third Country Regime and the UK
- Index
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