Materials, Energy and Environment Engineering
Select Proceedings of ICACE 2015
Published on 26. January 2017
XIII, 316 pages
978-981-10-2675-1 (ISBN)
Description
This edited volume comprises the proceedings of ICACE-2015. In the recent past Chemical Engineering as a discipline has been diversifying into several frontier areas and this volume addresses the advances in core Chemical Engineering as well as allied fields. The contents of this volume focus on energy and environmental applications of chemical engineering research and on materials science aspects of chemical engineering. This book will be useful to researchers, students, and professionals, particularly those working on interdisciplinary applications of Chemical Engineering problems.
More details
Series
Edition
1st ed. 2017
Language
English
Place of publication
Singapore
Singapore
Publishing group
Springer Singapore
Target group
Professional and scholarly
Product notice
Reflowable
Illustrations
XIII, 316 p. 161 illus.
File size
12,54 MB
ISBN-13
978-981-10-2675-1 (9789811026751)
DOI
10.1007/978-981-10-2675-1
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
Raj Mohan B. | G. Srinikethan | Bhim Charan Meikap
Materials, Energy and Environment Engineering
Select Proceedings of ICACE 2015
Book
01/2017
Springer
€213.99
Shipment within 15-20 days
Persons
Dr. Raj Mohan B is working as Associate Professor in Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka. He has more than 50 research publications in the field of Air Pollution: Particulate Matter analysis, Control and Abatement and CO2 sequestration, Bioremediation and Separation Technology, Wastewater Treatment and Quality monitoring, Biosynthesis of nanoparticles, reduction of antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds.
Dr. G. Srinikethan , is working in Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka . He has more than 40 research publications. His research fields are Transfer Operations, Industrial Pollution Control, Hydrodynamics, Environmental Biotechnology.
Dr. Bhim Charan Meikap , is working at Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur . He has more than 100 publications in reputed journals. He is working on the research fieldslike, Air Pollution: Particulate Matter analysis, Control and Abatement and CO2 sequestration, Bioremediation and Separation Technology, Wastewater Treatment and Quality monitoring.
Content
1 - Preface [Seite 5]
2 - Contents [Seite 8]
3 - About the Editors [Seite 12]
4 - Materials and Nanomaterials [Seite 13]
5 - 1 Characterization of Citrus Peels for Bioethanol Production [Seite 14]
5.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 14]
5.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 15]
5.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 15]
5.2.2 - 2.2 Experimental [Seite 16]
5.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 16]
5.3.1 - 3.1 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis [Seite 16]
5.3.2 - 3.2 FTIR Spectroscopy [Seite 17]
5.3.3 - 3.3 Thermal Analysis [Seite 18]
5.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 22]
5.5 - References [Seite 22]
6 - 2 Study of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Aluminium Alloy Reinforced with TiB2, by in Situ Technique [Seite 24]
6.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 24]
6.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 25]
6.2.1 - 2.1 Composition of Alloy [Seite 25]
6.2.2 - 2.2 Preparation of Composites by Mixed Salt Route Technique [Seite 26]
6.2.3 - 2.3 Sample Preparation for Optical Microscopy and SEM [Seite 26]
6.2.4 - 2.4 Micro Structural Characterisation [Seite 27]
6.2.5 - 2.5 Wear Testing [Seite 27]
6.2.6 - 2.6 Hardness Testing [Seite 27]
6.2.7 - 2.7 Tensile Testing [Seite 27]
6.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 28]
6.3.1 - 3.1 Microstructure of AA7175-TiB2 Composite [Seite 28]
6.3.2 - 3.2 Wear Behaviour [Seite 29]
6.3.3 - 3.3 Hardness of Composites [Seite 31]
6.3.4 - 3.4 Tensile Behaviour [Seite 31]
6.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 33]
6.5 - References [Seite 34]
7 - 3 Development of Bio-Based Epoxide from Plant Oil [Seite 35]
7.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 35]
7.2 - 2 Experimental Details [Seite 36]
7.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 36]
7.2.2 - 2.2 Experimental Procedure [Seite 37]
7.2.3 - 2.3 Chemical and Instrumental Analysis [Seite 37]
7.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 38]
7.3.1 - 3.1 Epoxidation Reactions [Seite 38]
7.3.2 - 3.2 Comparison of Different Acid Catalysts on Epoxide Yield [Seite 38]
7.3.3 - 3.3 Comparison of Different Carboxylic Acids on Epoxide Yield [Seite 39]
7.3.4 - 3.4 FTIR Analysis of Nahor Oil and Products [Seite 40]
7.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 41]
7.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 41]
7.6 - References [Seite 41]
8 - 4 Experimental and FEM Analysis on the Mechanical Properties of Al-8011 Alloy Reinforced with Fly-Ash and E-Glass Fibers [Seite 43]
8.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 43]
8.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 44]
8.2.1 - 2.1 Raw Materials and Their Properties [Seite 44]
8.2.2 - 2.2 Fabrication of Composites [Seite 45]
8.2.3 - 2.3 Brinell Hardness Test [Seite 45]
8.2.4 - 2.4 Tensile and Compression Tests [Seite 45]
8.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 46]
8.3.1 - 3.1 Hardness [Seite 46]
8.3.2 - 3.2 Tensile Strength [Seite 47]
8.3.3 - 3.3 Compression Strength [Seite 48]
8.4 - 4 FEM Approach [Seite 49]
8.5 - 5 Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis [Seite 51]
8.6 - 6 Conclusions [Seite 51]
8.7 - References [Seite 52]
9 - 5 Effects of Single, Double, Triple and Quadruple Window Glazing of Various Glass Materials on Heat Gain in Green Energy Buildings [Seite 54]
9.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 54]
9.2 - 2 Experimental Methodology [Seite 54]
9.3 - 3 Thermal Analysis [Seite 56]
9.4 - 4 Results and Discussions [Seite 56]
9.4.1 - 4.1 Heat Gain in Buildings of Hot and Dry (Ahmedabad) and Temperate (Bangalore) Climatic Regions [Seite 56]
9.4.2 - 4.2 Heat Gain in Buildings of Warm and Humid (Bombay) and Composite (New-Delhi) Climatic Regions [Seite 58]
9.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 59]
9.6 - References [Seite 59]
10 - 6 Synthesis of Ruthenium Nanoparticles by Microwave Assisted Solvothermal Technique [Seite 60]
10.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 60]
10.2 - 2 Experimental Procedures [Seite 61]
10.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 61]
10.2.2 - 2.2 Synthesis of Ru Nanoparticles in Pressurized Vial [Seite 61]
10.2.3 - 2.3 Characterisation of Ru Nanoparticles [Seite 61]
10.3 - 3 Result and Discussion [Seite 62]
10.3.1 - 3.1 Formation of Ru Nanoparticles [Seite 62]
10.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of PVP/RuCl3 Molar Ratio (MR) on Particle Size [Seite 62]
10.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of MWI Power on Average Size of Ru Nanoparticles [Seite 63]
10.3.4 - 3.4 Stability of Ru Nanoparticle and TEM Analysis [Seite 65]
10.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 65]
10.5 - References [Seite 66]
11 - 7 Sonochemical Synthesis of Poly (Styrene-co-Methylmethacrylate)-HNT's Nanocomposites by Mini-emulsion Polymerisation [Seite 67]
11.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 67]
11.2 - 2 Research Methodology [Seite 68]
11.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 68]
11.2.2 - 2.2 Mini-emulsion Copolymerization of Poly(Styrene-co-Methylmethacrylate)-HNT's Nanocomposites [Seite 69]
11.2.3 - 2.3 Polymerization of (Styrene-co-Methylmethacrylate)-HNT's [Seite 69]
11.3 - 3 Characterisation of Nanocomposites [Seite 70]
11.4 - 4 Results and Discussions [Seite 70]
11.4.1 - 4.1 Effect of Sonication and Clay Loading on Structure of Nanocomposites [Seite 70]
11.4.2 - 4.2 Studies on Morphology of Nanocomposites [Seite 72]
11.4.3 - 4.3 Effect of HNTs Inclusion on Polymer Structure [Seite 73]
11.4.4 - 4.4 Effect of Clay Loading on Thermal Stability of Nanocomposites [Seite 74]
11.5 - 5 Summary/Conclusion [Seite 74]
11.6 - References [Seite 75]
12 - 8 A Novel Single Step Sonochemical Synthesis of Micro-Nano Size Palladium-Metal Oxides [Seite 76]
12.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 76]
12.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 77]
12.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 78]
12.3.1 - 3.1 X-Ray Diffraction and Size Distribution Analysis [Seite 78]
12.3.2 - 3.2 Microscopy and Elemental Analysis [Seite 79]
12.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 81]
12.5 - References [Seite 81]
13 - 9 A Novel Single Step Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Nano Size Metal Oxides Metal Carbides and Metal Nitrides [Seite 82]
13.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 82]
13.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 83]
13.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 85]
13.3.1 - 3.1 X-ray Diffraction [Seite 85]
13.3.2 - 3.2 BET Surface Area Analysis [Seite 87]
13.3.3 - 3.3 Size Distribution Analysis [Seite 87]
13.3.4 - 3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis [Seite 88]
13.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 88]
13.5 - References [Seite 89]
14 - Biosorption and Degradation [Seite 90]
15 - 10 Denitrification Under Aerobic Condition in Draft Tube Spouted Bed Reactor [Seite 91]
15.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 91]
15.2 - 2 Materials and Methodology [Seite 92]
15.2.1 - 2.1 Growth Media Composition [Seite 92]
15.2.2 - 2.2 Analytical Method [Seite 92]
15.3 - 3 Experimentation [Seite 93]
15.3.1 - 3.1 Experimental Procedure [Seite 93]
15.4 - 4 Results and Discussion [Seite 94]
15.4.1 - 4.1 Effect of Influent Nitrate Concentrations and Dilution Rates on Time to Attain Steady State [Seite 94]
15.4.2 - 4.2 Effect of Nitrate Loading Rate on Removal Rate at Different GAC Loading [Seite 95]
15.4.3 - 4.3 Effect of Ratio of Nitrate Loading Rate to Attached Biomass Weight on Percentage Nitrate Removal [Seite 96]
15.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 97]
15.6 - Acknowledgments [Seite 98]
15.7 - References [Seite 98]
16 - 11 Feasibility of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in the Presence of Bicarbonate [Seite 99]
16.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 99]
16.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 100]
16.2.1 - 2.1 Nutrient Media for Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation [Seite 100]
16.2.2 - 2.2 Biomass [Seite 100]
16.2.3 - 2.3 Batch Reactor Studies [Seite 100]
16.2.4 - 2.4 Kinetic Studies [Seite 101]
16.2.5 - 2.5 Analytical Techniques [Seite 101]
16.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 101]
16.3.1 - 3.1 Feasibility of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Using HCO3? as Electron Acceptor [Seite 101]
16.3.2 - 3.2 Kinetic Studies [Seite 103]
16.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 104]
16.5 - References [Seite 105]
17 - 12 Denitration of High Nitrate Bearing Alkaline Waste Using Two Stage Chemical and Biological Process [Seite 106]
17.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 106]
17.2 - 2 Materials and Method [Seite 107]
17.2.1 - 2.1 Chemical Denitration [Seite 107]
17.2.2 - 2.2 Biological Denitrification [Seite 108]
17.3 - 3 Result and Discussion [Seite 109]
17.3.1 - 3.1 Chemical Denitration [Seite 109]
17.3.2 - 3.2 Biological Denitrification [Seite 112]
17.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 114]
17.5 - References [Seite 114]
18 - 13 Optimization Study of Cadmium Biosorption on Sea Urchin Test: Application of Response Surface Methodology [Seite 116]
18.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 116]
18.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 117]
18.2.1 - 2.1 Biosorbent Preparation [Seite 117]
18.2.2 - 2.2 Preparation Synthetic Cd(II) Stock Solution [Seite 117]
18.2.3 - 2.3 Biosorption Experiments (Batch Mode) [Seite 118]
18.2.4 - 2.4 Design Variables for Biosorption Study [Seite 118]
18.2.5 - 2.5 Process Optimization [Seite 118]
18.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 120]
18.3.1 - 3.1 Competency of the Model for Cd(II) Removal [Seite 120]
18.3.2 - 3.2 Regression Analysis [Seite 121]
18.3.3 - 3.3 ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model [Seite 122]
18.3.4 - 3.4 Optimization and Confirmation [Seite 123]
18.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 123]
18.5 - References [Seite 123]
19 - 14 Optimization of Nickel (II) and Cadmium (II) Biosorption on Brewery Sludge Using Response Surface Methodology [Seite 125]
19.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 125]
19.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 126]
19.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 126]
19.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 130]
19.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 130]
19.6 - References [Seite 130]
20 - 15 Biosorption of Copper from Wastewater Using Spirulina Species [Seite 132]
20.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 132]
20.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 133]
20.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 133]
20.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Contact Time (min) [Seite 133]
20.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Biosorbent Dosage [Seite 134]
20.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of pH [Seite 134]
20.3.4 - 3.4 Effect of Initial Cu Ion Concentration [Seite 135]
20.3.5 - 3.5 Adsorption Isotherm Study of Cu Metal [Seite 136]
20.3.6 - 3.6 Column Studies [Seite 137]
20.3.7 - 3.7 Experiment on Industrial Sample [Seite 137]
20.4 - 4 Summary/Conclusion [Seite 138]
20.5 - References [Seite 138]
21 - 16 A Study on Simultaneous Photocatalytic Removal of Hexavalent Chromium and Pharmaceutical Contaminant from Aqueous Phase [Seite 139]
21.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 139]
21.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 140]
21.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 142]
21.3.1 - 3.1 Characterization of the Catalyst [Seite 142]
21.3.2 - 3.2 Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium [Seite 143]
21.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 145]
21.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 145]
21.6 - References [Seite 145]
22 - 17 Effect of Precursor Salt Solution Concentration on the Size of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Aqueous Leaf Extracts of T. catappa and T. grandis Linn f.-A Green Synthesis Route [Seite 147]
22.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 147]
22.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 148]
22.2.1 - 2.1 Collection of the Plant Material [Seite 148]
22.2.2 - 2.2 Preparation of the Aqueous Extracts of T. catappa (ALE) and T.Grandis Linn f (TLE) Leaves [Seite 148]
22.2.3 - 2.3 Biosynthesis of AgNPs [Seite 148]
22.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 149]
22.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 152]
22.5 - References [Seite 152]
23 - 18 Impact of Hydrochloric Acid on Phase Formation of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles [Seite 154]
23.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 154]
23.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 155]
23.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 156]
23.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 159]
23.5 - References [Seite 159]
24 - 19 Synthesis and Characterization of Mg Doped CuO Nano Particles by Quick Precipitation Method [Seite 160]
24.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 160]
24.2 - 2 Materials and Method [Seite 161]
24.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 161]
24.3.1 - 3.1 XRD Analysis [Seite 161]
24.3.2 - 3.2 FESEM and EDX Analysis [Seite 161]
24.3.3 - 3.3 UV-Vis Analysis [Seite 162]
24.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 165]
24.5 - References [Seite 165]
25 - 20 Studies on Process Parameters of Continuous Production of Nickel Nanoparticles Using Spiral Microreactor [Seite 167]
25.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 167]
25.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 168]
25.2.1 - 2.1 Chemicals [Seite 168]
25.2.2 - 2.2 Experimental Setup and Synthesis [Seite 168]
25.3 - 3 Result and Discussion [Seite 169]
25.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Temperature [Seite 169]
25.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Surfactant [Seite 171]
25.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of N2H4/Ni2+ Molar Ratio [Seite 172]
25.3.4 - 3.4 SEM Analysis: Nanoparticles Structure [Seite 172]
25.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 173]
25.5 - References [Seite 173]
26 - 21 Optimization of Cassava Pulp Pretreatment by Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Using Response Surface Methodology for Bioethanol Production [Seite 175]
26.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 175]
26.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 176]
26.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 176]
26.2.2 - 2.2 Pretreatment [Seite 176]
26.2.3 - 2.3 Enzyme Hydrolysis [Seite 176]
26.2.4 - 2.4 Fermentation [Seite 177]
26.2.5 - 2.5 Analytical Methods [Seite 177]
26.2.6 - 2.6 Experimental Design [Seite 177]
26.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 178]
26.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Solid to Liquid Ratio (SLR) [Seite 178]
26.3.2 - 3.2 Model Fitting [Seite 178]
26.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of Process Variables on Reducing Sugar Yield [Seite 181]
26.3.4 - 3.4 Confirmation Experiments [Seite 182]
26.3.5 - 3.5 Spectral Characterization [Seite 182]
26.3.6 - 3.6 Fermentation [Seite 183]
26.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 183]
26.5 - References [Seite 184]
27 - 22 Production of Biodiesel from Neem Oil Feedstock Using Bifunctional Catalyst [Seite 186]
27.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 186]
27.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 188]
27.2.1 - 2.1 Preparation of Catalyst [Seite 188]
27.2.2 - 2.2 Method [Seite 188]
27.2.3 - 2.3 Catalyst Recovery [Seite 190]
27.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 190]
27.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Bifunctional Catalyst [Seite 190]
27.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Process Time [Seite 191]
27.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of Catalyst [Seite 191]
27.3.4 - 3.4 Effect of Ethanol to Oil Ratio [Seite 192]
27.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 193]
27.5 - References [Seite 193]
28 - 23 Influence of Feed Vapour Fraction on the Performance of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell [Seite 195]
28.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 195]
28.2 - 2 Experimental Set Up [Seite 196]
28.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 197]
28.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Feed Vapor Fraction [Seite 197]
28.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Methanol Concentration [Seite 197]
28.3.3 - 3.3 Comparison with Neat Methanol [Seite 199]
28.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 201]
28.5 - References [Seite 201]
29 - 24 Electrocatalytic Borohydride Oxidation by Supported Tungsten Oxide Nanoclusters Towards Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells [Seite 203]
29.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 203]
29.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 205]
29.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 205]
29.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 207]
29.5 - References [Seite 208]
30 - 25 Optimal Off-Grid Hybrid Options for Power Generation in Remote Indian Villages: HOMER Application and Analysis [Seite 209]
30.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 209]
30.2 - 2 Methodology and Data Used [Seite 211]
30.3 - 3 HOMER Analysis [Seite 213]
30.4 - 4 Results and Discussion [Seite 213]
30.4.1 - 4.1 Optimal Hybrid Energy System Architecture [Seite 213]
30.5 - 5 Conclusions [Seite 216]
30.6 - References [Seite 216]
30.7 - Websites [Seite 216]
31 - 26 Experimental Studies on Electricity Production and Removal of Hexavalent Chromium in Microbial Fuel Cell [Seite 217]
31.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 217]
31.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 218]
31.2.1 - 2.1 MFC Construction [Seite 218]
31.2.2 - 2.2 MFC Operation [Seite 218]
31.2.3 - 2.3 Measurement and Analysis [Seite 219]
31.3 - 3 Results [Seite 220]
31.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of PH [Seite 220]
31.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Concentration [Seite 221]
31.3.3 - 3.3 Chromium Reduction [Seite 222]
31.4 - 4 Discussion [Seite 222]
31.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 224]
31.6 - References [Seite 224]
32 - 27 Experimental Studies on Performance of Single Cell PEM Fuel Cell with Various Operating Parameters [Seite 225]
32.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 225]
32.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 227]
32.2.1 - 2.1 Preparation of Catalyst Ink and Fabrication of MEA [Seite 227]
32.2.2 - 2.2 Fuel Cell Tests [Seite 227]
32.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 228]
32.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Operating Temperature [Seite 228]
32.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Operating Pressure [Seite 229]
32.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of Anode Humidification Temperature [Seite 229]
32.3.4 - 3.4 Effect of Cathode Humidification Temperature [Seite 230]
32.3.5 - 3.5 Effect of Anode Gas Flow Rate (H2) [Seite 231]
32.3.6 - 3.6 Effect of Cathode Gas Flow Rate (O2) [Seite 231]
32.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 232]
32.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 233]
32.6 - References [Seite 233]
33 - 28 A Study on Utilization of Latex Processing Effluent for Treatment and Energy Recovery in Microbial Fuel Cell [Seite 234]
33.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 234]
33.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 235]
33.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 237]
33.3.1 - 3.1 Contaminant Removal [Seite 237]
33.3.2 - 3.2 Energy Recovery [Seite 238]
33.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 240]
33.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 240]
33.6 - References [Seite 240]
34 - 29 Effect of Traditionally Synthesized Carbon Nano Particles as Bio-Fuel Blend on the Engine Performance [Seite 242]
34.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 242]
34.2 - 2 Materials and Methodology [Seite 243]
34.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 243]
34.2.2 - 2.2 Traditional Method of Synthesizing Carbon Nanoparticles [Seite 243]
34.2.3 - 2.3 Materials Characterization of Carbon Nanoparticle [Seite 243]
34.2.4 - 2.4 Blending of Carbon Nanoparticles with Diesel [Seite 243]
34.2.5 - 2.5 Experimental Setup [Seite 244]
34.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 244]
34.3.1 - 3.1 Characterization of Carbon Nanoparticle [Seite 244]
34.3.2 - 3.2 Characterization Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) [Seite 245]
34.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of Smoke Capacity [Seite 246]
34.3.4 - 3.4 Effect of Smoke Capacity [Seite 246]
34.3.5 - 3.5 Variation of NOx Emission [Seite 247]
34.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 247]
34.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 248]
34.6 - References [Seite 248]
35 - 30 Optimization of Chitosan Nanoparticles Synthesis and Its Applications in Fatty Acid Absorption [Seite 249]
35.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 249]
35.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 250]
35.2.1 - 2.1 Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles [Seite 250]
35.2.2 - 2.2 Testing of Size of Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Zeta Analyzer [Seite 250]
35.2.3 - 2.3 Testing for Fat Absorption of Chitosan Nanoparticles [Seite 250]
35.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 251]
35.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 252]
35.5 - References [Seite 252]
36 - 31 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Turmeric Extract and Evaluation of Its Anti-Bacterial Activity and Catalytic Reduction of Methylene Blue [Seite 253]
36.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 253]
36.2 - 2 Methodology [Seite 254]
36.2.1 - 2.1 Preparation of Extract [Seite 254]
36.2.2 - 2.2 Synthesis of TUAgnps [Seite 254]
36.2.3 - 2.3 Characterization of TUAgnps [Seite 254]
36.2.3.1 - 2.3.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopic Characterization of TUAgnps [Seite 254]
36.2.3.2 - 2.3.2 FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies [Seite 254]
36.2.3.3 - 2.3.3 Particle Size Distribution and Zeta Potential [Seite 254]
36.2.3.4 - 2.3.4 SEM and EDX Analysis [Seite 255]
36.2.4 - 2.4 Effect of Biosynthesized TUAgnps on the Methylene Blue Reduction and Its Evaluation [Seite 255]
36.2.5 - 2.5 Immobilization of TUAgnps on Cloth and Disk Diffusion Studies [Seite 255]
36.3 - 3 Results [Seite 256]
36.3.1 - 3.1 Characterization of TUAgnps [Seite 256]
36.3.1.1 - 3.1.1 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer [Seite 256]
36.3.1.2 - 3.1.2 FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies [Seite 256]
36.3.1.3 - 3.1.3 Particle Size Distribution and Zeta Potential [Seite 256]
36.3.1.4 - 3.1.4 SEM and EDX Analysis [Seite 258]
36.3.2 - 3.2 Methylene Blue Dye Reduction by TUAgnps and Its Catalytic Activity [Seite 258]
36.3.3 - 3.3 Antimicrobial Activity Studies [Seite 260]
36.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 260]
36.5 - References [Seite 261]
37 - 32 Comparison of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials: Humidity Sensor Applications [Seite 262]
37.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 262]
37.2 - 2 Experimental Details [Seite 263]
37.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 263]
37.3.1 - 3.1 X-Ray Diffractometer [Seite 263]
37.3.2 - 3.2 Particle Size Analyser [Seite 265]
37.4 - 4 Humidity Sensor Application [Seite 265]
37.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 269]
37.6 - Acknowledgments [Seite 269]
37.7 - References [Seite 269]
38 - Pollution Control [Seite 271]
39 - 33 Assessment of Ambient Air Quality Parameters in Various Industries of Uttarakhand, India [Seite 272]
39.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 272]
39.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 274]
39.2.1 - 2.1 Identification of Industries for Air Quality Monitoring [Seite 274]
39.2.2 - 2.2 Survey and Analysis of Various Industries [Seite 274]
39.2.3 - 2.3 Data Collection/Sampling [Seite 274]
39.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 275]
39.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 281]
39.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 282]
39.6 - References [Seite 282]
40 - 34 Urban Air Pollution Impact and Strategic Plans-A Case Study of a Tier-II City [Seite 284]
40.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 284]
40.2 - 2 Methodology [Seite 286]
40.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 286]
40.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 289]
40.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 289]
40.6 - References [Seite 289]
41 - 35 Optimization of Engineering and Process Parameters for Electro-Chemical Treatment of Textile Wastewater [Seite 291]
41.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 291]
41.2 - 2 Materials and Method [Seite 292]
41.2.1 - 2.1 Materials Used [Seite 292]
41.2.2 - 2.2 Apparatus Design [Seite 292]
41.2.3 - 2.3 Experimental Procedure [Seite 293]
41.2.4 - 2.4 Analytical Method [Seite 293]
41.2.5 - 2.5 Data Analysis [Seite 294]
41.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 294]
41.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 299]
41.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 299]
41.6 - References [Seite 299]
42 - 36 Secondary Treatment of Dairy Effluents with Trickle Bed [Seite 300]
42.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 300]
42.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 301]
42.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 303]
42.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 306]
42.5 - References [Seite 307]
2 - Contents [Seite 8]
3 - About the Editors [Seite 12]
4 - Materials and Nanomaterials [Seite 13]
5 - 1 Characterization of Citrus Peels for Bioethanol Production [Seite 14]
5.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 14]
5.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 15]
5.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 15]
5.2.2 - 2.2 Experimental [Seite 16]
5.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 16]
5.3.1 - 3.1 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis [Seite 16]
5.3.2 - 3.2 FTIR Spectroscopy [Seite 17]
5.3.3 - 3.3 Thermal Analysis [Seite 18]
5.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 22]
5.5 - References [Seite 22]
6 - 2 Study of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Aluminium Alloy Reinforced with TiB2, by in Situ Technique [Seite 24]
6.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 24]
6.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 25]
6.2.1 - 2.1 Composition of Alloy [Seite 25]
6.2.2 - 2.2 Preparation of Composites by Mixed Salt Route Technique [Seite 26]
6.2.3 - 2.3 Sample Preparation for Optical Microscopy and SEM [Seite 26]
6.2.4 - 2.4 Micro Structural Characterisation [Seite 27]
6.2.5 - 2.5 Wear Testing [Seite 27]
6.2.6 - 2.6 Hardness Testing [Seite 27]
6.2.7 - 2.7 Tensile Testing [Seite 27]
6.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 28]
6.3.1 - 3.1 Microstructure of AA7175-TiB2 Composite [Seite 28]
6.3.2 - 3.2 Wear Behaviour [Seite 29]
6.3.3 - 3.3 Hardness of Composites [Seite 31]
6.3.4 - 3.4 Tensile Behaviour [Seite 31]
6.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 33]
6.5 - References [Seite 34]
7 - 3 Development of Bio-Based Epoxide from Plant Oil [Seite 35]
7.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 35]
7.2 - 2 Experimental Details [Seite 36]
7.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 36]
7.2.2 - 2.2 Experimental Procedure [Seite 37]
7.2.3 - 2.3 Chemical and Instrumental Analysis [Seite 37]
7.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 38]
7.3.1 - 3.1 Epoxidation Reactions [Seite 38]
7.3.2 - 3.2 Comparison of Different Acid Catalysts on Epoxide Yield [Seite 38]
7.3.3 - 3.3 Comparison of Different Carboxylic Acids on Epoxide Yield [Seite 39]
7.3.4 - 3.4 FTIR Analysis of Nahor Oil and Products [Seite 40]
7.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 41]
7.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 41]
7.6 - References [Seite 41]
8 - 4 Experimental and FEM Analysis on the Mechanical Properties of Al-8011 Alloy Reinforced with Fly-Ash and E-Glass Fibers [Seite 43]
8.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 43]
8.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 44]
8.2.1 - 2.1 Raw Materials and Their Properties [Seite 44]
8.2.2 - 2.2 Fabrication of Composites [Seite 45]
8.2.3 - 2.3 Brinell Hardness Test [Seite 45]
8.2.4 - 2.4 Tensile and Compression Tests [Seite 45]
8.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 46]
8.3.1 - 3.1 Hardness [Seite 46]
8.3.2 - 3.2 Tensile Strength [Seite 47]
8.3.3 - 3.3 Compression Strength [Seite 48]
8.4 - 4 FEM Approach [Seite 49]
8.5 - 5 Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis [Seite 51]
8.6 - 6 Conclusions [Seite 51]
8.7 - References [Seite 52]
9 - 5 Effects of Single, Double, Triple and Quadruple Window Glazing of Various Glass Materials on Heat Gain in Green Energy Buildings [Seite 54]
9.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 54]
9.2 - 2 Experimental Methodology [Seite 54]
9.3 - 3 Thermal Analysis [Seite 56]
9.4 - 4 Results and Discussions [Seite 56]
9.4.1 - 4.1 Heat Gain in Buildings of Hot and Dry (Ahmedabad) and Temperate (Bangalore) Climatic Regions [Seite 56]
9.4.2 - 4.2 Heat Gain in Buildings of Warm and Humid (Bombay) and Composite (New-Delhi) Climatic Regions [Seite 58]
9.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 59]
9.6 - References [Seite 59]
10 - 6 Synthesis of Ruthenium Nanoparticles by Microwave Assisted Solvothermal Technique [Seite 60]
10.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 60]
10.2 - 2 Experimental Procedures [Seite 61]
10.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 61]
10.2.2 - 2.2 Synthesis of Ru Nanoparticles in Pressurized Vial [Seite 61]
10.2.3 - 2.3 Characterisation of Ru Nanoparticles [Seite 61]
10.3 - 3 Result and Discussion [Seite 62]
10.3.1 - 3.1 Formation of Ru Nanoparticles [Seite 62]
10.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of PVP/RuCl3 Molar Ratio (MR) on Particle Size [Seite 62]
10.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of MWI Power on Average Size of Ru Nanoparticles [Seite 63]
10.3.4 - 3.4 Stability of Ru Nanoparticle and TEM Analysis [Seite 65]
10.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 65]
10.5 - References [Seite 66]
11 - 7 Sonochemical Synthesis of Poly (Styrene-co-Methylmethacrylate)-HNT's Nanocomposites by Mini-emulsion Polymerisation [Seite 67]
11.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 67]
11.2 - 2 Research Methodology [Seite 68]
11.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 68]
11.2.2 - 2.2 Mini-emulsion Copolymerization of Poly(Styrene-co-Methylmethacrylate)-HNT's Nanocomposites [Seite 69]
11.2.3 - 2.3 Polymerization of (Styrene-co-Methylmethacrylate)-HNT's [Seite 69]
11.3 - 3 Characterisation of Nanocomposites [Seite 70]
11.4 - 4 Results and Discussions [Seite 70]
11.4.1 - 4.1 Effect of Sonication and Clay Loading on Structure of Nanocomposites [Seite 70]
11.4.2 - 4.2 Studies on Morphology of Nanocomposites [Seite 72]
11.4.3 - 4.3 Effect of HNTs Inclusion on Polymer Structure [Seite 73]
11.4.4 - 4.4 Effect of Clay Loading on Thermal Stability of Nanocomposites [Seite 74]
11.5 - 5 Summary/Conclusion [Seite 74]
11.6 - References [Seite 75]
12 - 8 A Novel Single Step Sonochemical Synthesis of Micro-Nano Size Palladium-Metal Oxides [Seite 76]
12.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 76]
12.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 77]
12.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 78]
12.3.1 - 3.1 X-Ray Diffraction and Size Distribution Analysis [Seite 78]
12.3.2 - 3.2 Microscopy and Elemental Analysis [Seite 79]
12.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 81]
12.5 - References [Seite 81]
13 - 9 A Novel Single Step Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Nano Size Metal Oxides Metal Carbides and Metal Nitrides [Seite 82]
13.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 82]
13.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 83]
13.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 85]
13.3.1 - 3.1 X-ray Diffraction [Seite 85]
13.3.2 - 3.2 BET Surface Area Analysis [Seite 87]
13.3.3 - 3.3 Size Distribution Analysis [Seite 87]
13.3.4 - 3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis [Seite 88]
13.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 88]
13.5 - References [Seite 89]
14 - Biosorption and Degradation [Seite 90]
15 - 10 Denitrification Under Aerobic Condition in Draft Tube Spouted Bed Reactor [Seite 91]
15.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 91]
15.2 - 2 Materials and Methodology [Seite 92]
15.2.1 - 2.1 Growth Media Composition [Seite 92]
15.2.2 - 2.2 Analytical Method [Seite 92]
15.3 - 3 Experimentation [Seite 93]
15.3.1 - 3.1 Experimental Procedure [Seite 93]
15.4 - 4 Results and Discussion [Seite 94]
15.4.1 - 4.1 Effect of Influent Nitrate Concentrations and Dilution Rates on Time to Attain Steady State [Seite 94]
15.4.2 - 4.2 Effect of Nitrate Loading Rate on Removal Rate at Different GAC Loading [Seite 95]
15.4.3 - 4.3 Effect of Ratio of Nitrate Loading Rate to Attached Biomass Weight on Percentage Nitrate Removal [Seite 96]
15.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 97]
15.6 - Acknowledgments [Seite 98]
15.7 - References [Seite 98]
16 - 11 Feasibility of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in the Presence of Bicarbonate [Seite 99]
16.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 99]
16.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 100]
16.2.1 - 2.1 Nutrient Media for Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation [Seite 100]
16.2.2 - 2.2 Biomass [Seite 100]
16.2.3 - 2.3 Batch Reactor Studies [Seite 100]
16.2.4 - 2.4 Kinetic Studies [Seite 101]
16.2.5 - 2.5 Analytical Techniques [Seite 101]
16.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 101]
16.3.1 - 3.1 Feasibility of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Using HCO3? as Electron Acceptor [Seite 101]
16.3.2 - 3.2 Kinetic Studies [Seite 103]
16.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 104]
16.5 - References [Seite 105]
17 - 12 Denitration of High Nitrate Bearing Alkaline Waste Using Two Stage Chemical and Biological Process [Seite 106]
17.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 106]
17.2 - 2 Materials and Method [Seite 107]
17.2.1 - 2.1 Chemical Denitration [Seite 107]
17.2.2 - 2.2 Biological Denitrification [Seite 108]
17.3 - 3 Result and Discussion [Seite 109]
17.3.1 - 3.1 Chemical Denitration [Seite 109]
17.3.2 - 3.2 Biological Denitrification [Seite 112]
17.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 114]
17.5 - References [Seite 114]
18 - 13 Optimization Study of Cadmium Biosorption on Sea Urchin Test: Application of Response Surface Methodology [Seite 116]
18.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 116]
18.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 117]
18.2.1 - 2.1 Biosorbent Preparation [Seite 117]
18.2.2 - 2.2 Preparation Synthetic Cd(II) Stock Solution [Seite 117]
18.2.3 - 2.3 Biosorption Experiments (Batch Mode) [Seite 118]
18.2.4 - 2.4 Design Variables for Biosorption Study [Seite 118]
18.2.5 - 2.5 Process Optimization [Seite 118]
18.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 120]
18.3.1 - 3.1 Competency of the Model for Cd(II) Removal [Seite 120]
18.3.2 - 3.2 Regression Analysis [Seite 121]
18.3.3 - 3.3 ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model [Seite 122]
18.3.4 - 3.4 Optimization and Confirmation [Seite 123]
18.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 123]
18.5 - References [Seite 123]
19 - 14 Optimization of Nickel (II) and Cadmium (II) Biosorption on Brewery Sludge Using Response Surface Methodology [Seite 125]
19.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 125]
19.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 126]
19.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 126]
19.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 130]
19.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 130]
19.6 - References [Seite 130]
20 - 15 Biosorption of Copper from Wastewater Using Spirulina Species [Seite 132]
20.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 132]
20.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 133]
20.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 133]
20.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Contact Time (min) [Seite 133]
20.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Biosorbent Dosage [Seite 134]
20.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of pH [Seite 134]
20.3.4 - 3.4 Effect of Initial Cu Ion Concentration [Seite 135]
20.3.5 - 3.5 Adsorption Isotherm Study of Cu Metal [Seite 136]
20.3.6 - 3.6 Column Studies [Seite 137]
20.3.7 - 3.7 Experiment on Industrial Sample [Seite 137]
20.4 - 4 Summary/Conclusion [Seite 138]
20.5 - References [Seite 138]
21 - 16 A Study on Simultaneous Photocatalytic Removal of Hexavalent Chromium and Pharmaceutical Contaminant from Aqueous Phase [Seite 139]
21.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 139]
21.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 140]
21.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 142]
21.3.1 - 3.1 Characterization of the Catalyst [Seite 142]
21.3.2 - 3.2 Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium [Seite 143]
21.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 145]
21.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 145]
21.6 - References [Seite 145]
22 - 17 Effect of Precursor Salt Solution Concentration on the Size of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Aqueous Leaf Extracts of T. catappa and T. grandis Linn f.-A Green Synthesis Route [Seite 147]
22.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 147]
22.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 148]
22.2.1 - 2.1 Collection of the Plant Material [Seite 148]
22.2.2 - 2.2 Preparation of the Aqueous Extracts of T. catappa (ALE) and T.Grandis Linn f (TLE) Leaves [Seite 148]
22.2.3 - 2.3 Biosynthesis of AgNPs [Seite 148]
22.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 149]
22.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 152]
22.5 - References [Seite 152]
23 - 18 Impact of Hydrochloric Acid on Phase Formation of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles [Seite 154]
23.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 154]
23.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 155]
23.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 156]
23.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 159]
23.5 - References [Seite 159]
24 - 19 Synthesis and Characterization of Mg Doped CuO Nano Particles by Quick Precipitation Method [Seite 160]
24.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 160]
24.2 - 2 Materials and Method [Seite 161]
24.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 161]
24.3.1 - 3.1 XRD Analysis [Seite 161]
24.3.2 - 3.2 FESEM and EDX Analysis [Seite 161]
24.3.3 - 3.3 UV-Vis Analysis [Seite 162]
24.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 165]
24.5 - References [Seite 165]
25 - 20 Studies on Process Parameters of Continuous Production of Nickel Nanoparticles Using Spiral Microreactor [Seite 167]
25.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 167]
25.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 168]
25.2.1 - 2.1 Chemicals [Seite 168]
25.2.2 - 2.2 Experimental Setup and Synthesis [Seite 168]
25.3 - 3 Result and Discussion [Seite 169]
25.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Temperature [Seite 169]
25.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Surfactant [Seite 171]
25.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of N2H4/Ni2+ Molar Ratio [Seite 172]
25.3.4 - 3.4 SEM Analysis: Nanoparticles Structure [Seite 172]
25.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 173]
25.5 - References [Seite 173]
26 - 21 Optimization of Cassava Pulp Pretreatment by Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Using Response Surface Methodology for Bioethanol Production [Seite 175]
26.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 175]
26.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 176]
26.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 176]
26.2.2 - 2.2 Pretreatment [Seite 176]
26.2.3 - 2.3 Enzyme Hydrolysis [Seite 176]
26.2.4 - 2.4 Fermentation [Seite 177]
26.2.5 - 2.5 Analytical Methods [Seite 177]
26.2.6 - 2.6 Experimental Design [Seite 177]
26.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 178]
26.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Solid to Liquid Ratio (SLR) [Seite 178]
26.3.2 - 3.2 Model Fitting [Seite 178]
26.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of Process Variables on Reducing Sugar Yield [Seite 181]
26.3.4 - 3.4 Confirmation Experiments [Seite 182]
26.3.5 - 3.5 Spectral Characterization [Seite 182]
26.3.6 - 3.6 Fermentation [Seite 183]
26.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 183]
26.5 - References [Seite 184]
27 - 22 Production of Biodiesel from Neem Oil Feedstock Using Bifunctional Catalyst [Seite 186]
27.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 186]
27.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 188]
27.2.1 - 2.1 Preparation of Catalyst [Seite 188]
27.2.2 - 2.2 Method [Seite 188]
27.2.3 - 2.3 Catalyst Recovery [Seite 190]
27.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 190]
27.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Bifunctional Catalyst [Seite 190]
27.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Process Time [Seite 191]
27.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of Catalyst [Seite 191]
27.3.4 - 3.4 Effect of Ethanol to Oil Ratio [Seite 192]
27.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 193]
27.5 - References [Seite 193]
28 - 23 Influence of Feed Vapour Fraction on the Performance of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell [Seite 195]
28.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 195]
28.2 - 2 Experimental Set Up [Seite 196]
28.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 197]
28.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Feed Vapor Fraction [Seite 197]
28.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Methanol Concentration [Seite 197]
28.3.3 - 3.3 Comparison with Neat Methanol [Seite 199]
28.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 201]
28.5 - References [Seite 201]
29 - 24 Electrocatalytic Borohydride Oxidation by Supported Tungsten Oxide Nanoclusters Towards Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells [Seite 203]
29.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 203]
29.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 205]
29.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 205]
29.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 207]
29.5 - References [Seite 208]
30 - 25 Optimal Off-Grid Hybrid Options for Power Generation in Remote Indian Villages: HOMER Application and Analysis [Seite 209]
30.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 209]
30.2 - 2 Methodology and Data Used [Seite 211]
30.3 - 3 HOMER Analysis [Seite 213]
30.4 - 4 Results and Discussion [Seite 213]
30.4.1 - 4.1 Optimal Hybrid Energy System Architecture [Seite 213]
30.5 - 5 Conclusions [Seite 216]
30.6 - References [Seite 216]
30.7 - Websites [Seite 216]
31 - 26 Experimental Studies on Electricity Production and Removal of Hexavalent Chromium in Microbial Fuel Cell [Seite 217]
31.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 217]
31.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 218]
31.2.1 - 2.1 MFC Construction [Seite 218]
31.2.2 - 2.2 MFC Operation [Seite 218]
31.2.3 - 2.3 Measurement and Analysis [Seite 219]
31.3 - 3 Results [Seite 220]
31.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of PH [Seite 220]
31.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Concentration [Seite 221]
31.3.3 - 3.3 Chromium Reduction [Seite 222]
31.4 - 4 Discussion [Seite 222]
31.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 224]
31.6 - References [Seite 224]
32 - 27 Experimental Studies on Performance of Single Cell PEM Fuel Cell with Various Operating Parameters [Seite 225]
32.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 225]
32.2 - 2 Experimental [Seite 227]
32.2.1 - 2.1 Preparation of Catalyst Ink and Fabrication of MEA [Seite 227]
32.2.2 - 2.2 Fuel Cell Tests [Seite 227]
32.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 228]
32.3.1 - 3.1 Effect of Operating Temperature [Seite 228]
32.3.2 - 3.2 Effect of Operating Pressure [Seite 229]
32.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of Anode Humidification Temperature [Seite 229]
32.3.4 - 3.4 Effect of Cathode Humidification Temperature [Seite 230]
32.3.5 - 3.5 Effect of Anode Gas Flow Rate (H2) [Seite 231]
32.3.6 - 3.6 Effect of Cathode Gas Flow Rate (O2) [Seite 231]
32.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 232]
32.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 233]
32.6 - References [Seite 233]
33 - 28 A Study on Utilization of Latex Processing Effluent for Treatment and Energy Recovery in Microbial Fuel Cell [Seite 234]
33.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 234]
33.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 235]
33.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 237]
33.3.1 - 3.1 Contaminant Removal [Seite 237]
33.3.2 - 3.2 Energy Recovery [Seite 238]
33.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 240]
33.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 240]
33.6 - References [Seite 240]
34 - 29 Effect of Traditionally Synthesized Carbon Nano Particles as Bio-Fuel Blend on the Engine Performance [Seite 242]
34.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 242]
34.2 - 2 Materials and Methodology [Seite 243]
34.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 243]
34.2.2 - 2.2 Traditional Method of Synthesizing Carbon Nanoparticles [Seite 243]
34.2.3 - 2.3 Materials Characterization of Carbon Nanoparticle [Seite 243]
34.2.4 - 2.4 Blending of Carbon Nanoparticles with Diesel [Seite 243]
34.2.5 - 2.5 Experimental Setup [Seite 244]
34.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 244]
34.3.1 - 3.1 Characterization of Carbon Nanoparticle [Seite 244]
34.3.2 - 3.2 Characterization Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) [Seite 245]
34.3.3 - 3.3 Effect of Smoke Capacity [Seite 246]
34.3.4 - 3.4 Effect of Smoke Capacity [Seite 246]
34.3.5 - 3.5 Variation of NOx Emission [Seite 247]
34.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 247]
34.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 248]
34.6 - References [Seite 248]
35 - 30 Optimization of Chitosan Nanoparticles Synthesis and Its Applications in Fatty Acid Absorption [Seite 249]
35.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 249]
35.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 250]
35.2.1 - 2.1 Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles [Seite 250]
35.2.2 - 2.2 Testing of Size of Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Zeta Analyzer [Seite 250]
35.2.3 - 2.3 Testing for Fat Absorption of Chitosan Nanoparticles [Seite 250]
35.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 251]
35.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 252]
35.5 - References [Seite 252]
36 - 31 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Turmeric Extract and Evaluation of Its Anti-Bacterial Activity and Catalytic Reduction of Methylene Blue [Seite 253]
36.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 253]
36.2 - 2 Methodology [Seite 254]
36.2.1 - 2.1 Preparation of Extract [Seite 254]
36.2.2 - 2.2 Synthesis of TUAgnps [Seite 254]
36.2.3 - 2.3 Characterization of TUAgnps [Seite 254]
36.2.3.1 - 2.3.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopic Characterization of TUAgnps [Seite 254]
36.2.3.2 - 2.3.2 FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies [Seite 254]
36.2.3.3 - 2.3.3 Particle Size Distribution and Zeta Potential [Seite 254]
36.2.3.4 - 2.3.4 SEM and EDX Analysis [Seite 255]
36.2.4 - 2.4 Effect of Biosynthesized TUAgnps on the Methylene Blue Reduction and Its Evaluation [Seite 255]
36.2.5 - 2.5 Immobilization of TUAgnps on Cloth and Disk Diffusion Studies [Seite 255]
36.3 - 3 Results [Seite 256]
36.3.1 - 3.1 Characterization of TUAgnps [Seite 256]
36.3.1.1 - 3.1.1 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer [Seite 256]
36.3.1.2 - 3.1.2 FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies [Seite 256]
36.3.1.3 - 3.1.3 Particle Size Distribution and Zeta Potential [Seite 256]
36.3.1.4 - 3.1.4 SEM and EDX Analysis [Seite 258]
36.3.2 - 3.2 Methylene Blue Dye Reduction by TUAgnps and Its Catalytic Activity [Seite 258]
36.3.3 - 3.3 Antimicrobial Activity Studies [Seite 260]
36.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 260]
36.5 - References [Seite 261]
37 - 32 Comparison of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials: Humidity Sensor Applications [Seite 262]
37.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 262]
37.2 - 2 Experimental Details [Seite 263]
37.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 263]
37.3.1 - 3.1 X-Ray Diffractometer [Seite 263]
37.3.2 - 3.2 Particle Size Analyser [Seite 265]
37.4 - 4 Humidity Sensor Application [Seite 265]
37.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 269]
37.6 - Acknowledgments [Seite 269]
37.7 - References [Seite 269]
38 - Pollution Control [Seite 271]
39 - 33 Assessment of Ambient Air Quality Parameters in Various Industries of Uttarakhand, India [Seite 272]
39.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 272]
39.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 274]
39.2.1 - 2.1 Identification of Industries for Air Quality Monitoring [Seite 274]
39.2.2 - 2.2 Survey and Analysis of Various Industries [Seite 274]
39.2.3 - 2.3 Data Collection/Sampling [Seite 274]
39.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 275]
39.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 281]
39.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 282]
39.6 - References [Seite 282]
40 - 34 Urban Air Pollution Impact and Strategic Plans-A Case Study of a Tier-II City [Seite 284]
40.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 284]
40.2 - 2 Methodology [Seite 286]
40.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 286]
40.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 289]
40.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 289]
40.6 - References [Seite 289]
41 - 35 Optimization of Engineering and Process Parameters for Electro-Chemical Treatment of Textile Wastewater [Seite 291]
41.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 291]
41.2 - 2 Materials and Method [Seite 292]
41.2.1 - 2.1 Materials Used [Seite 292]
41.2.2 - 2.2 Apparatus Design [Seite 292]
41.2.3 - 2.3 Experimental Procedure [Seite 293]
41.2.4 - 2.4 Analytical Method [Seite 293]
41.2.5 - 2.5 Data Analysis [Seite 294]
41.3 - 3 Results and Discussion [Seite 294]
41.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 299]
41.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 299]
41.6 - References [Seite 299]
42 - 36 Secondary Treatment of Dairy Effluents with Trickle Bed [Seite 300]
42.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 300]
42.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 301]
42.3 - 3 Results and Discussions [Seite 303]
42.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 306]
42.5 - References [Seite 307]
