Polymer Surface Modification to Enhance Adhesion

Name: Polymer Surface Modification to Enhance Adhesion | Techniques and Applications
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Techniques and Applications

K. L. Mittal Anil N. Netravali(Editor)

Wiley (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 16. February 2024

592 pages

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978-1-394-23102-7 (ISBN)

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Part I: Energetic Treatments
Chapter 1 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment of Polymers to Enhance Adhesion
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Development of APPTs
1.3 Functional Groups Produced by APPTs
1.3.1 Nitrogen-Based Surface Modification
1.3.2 Oxygen-Based Surface Modification
1.4 Adhesion Improvement for Bonding
1.4.1 Adhesive Bonding by Functional Groups
1.4.2 Adhesive-Free Joining by Functional Coatings
1.5 Targeted Adhesion for Biomedical Applications
1.6 Relevance of Adhesion in Additive Manufacturing
1.6.1 Surface Modification for Adhesion Improvement
1.6.2 Enhanced Cell Adhesion and Growth on Additive Manufactured Parts
1.7 Summary
1.8 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 Corona Treatment of Polymer Surfaces to Enhance Adhesion
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Chemical versus Physical Methods in Polymer Surface Modifications
2.1.2 Corona Treatment and Impact on Polymers
2.1.3 Corona Treatment Applications and Limitations
2.2 Mechanism of Corona Treatment
2.2.1 Equipment and Operation Details for Corona Treatment
2.2.2 Effect of Plasma Source on Efficiency of Corona Treatment
2.3 Factors Affecting Performance of Corona Treatment
2.3.1 Effect of Material Surface Preparation: 2-D vs. 3-D
2.3.2 Mechanistic Discussions of Corona Parameters
2.3.3 Influence of Physical Factors and Equipment Design
2.3.4 Influence of Plasma Chemistry and Gas Composition
2.3.5 Effects of Process Control Methods
2.3.6 Hydrophobic Recovery and Mitigation by Additives
2.4 Surface Effects of Corona Treatment
2.4.1 Surface Polar Functional Groups
2.4.2 Modifying Surface Wettability
2.5 Adhesion Improvement by Corona Treatment
2.5.1 Polypropylene (PP)
2.5.2 Polyethylene (PE)
2.5.3 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
2.5.4 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)
2.5.5 Polystyrene (PS)
2.6 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Flame Surface Treatment of Polymers to Enhance Their Adhesion
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Chemistry of Flame Treatment
3.3 Flame Treatment Equipment
3.4 Factors Controlling Flame Plasma Surface Treatment
3.4.1 Flame Chemistry
3.4.2 Amount of Plasma Generated
3.4.3 Flame Geometry
3.4.4 Distance of the Substrate from the Flame
3.4.5 Dwell Time
3.5 Measurement of Treatment Level
3.6 Safety and Other Considerations
3.7 Adhesion Improvement
3.8 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Vacuum UV (VUV) Photo-Oxidation of Polymer Surfaces to Enhance Adhesion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Vacuum UV Photo-Oxidation Process
4.2.1 VUV Background
4.2.2 VUV Radiation
4.2.2.1 Emission from Excited Atoms
4.2.2.2 Emission from High Pressure Rare Gas Plasmas
4.2.2.3 Emission from Rare-Gas Halides and Halogen Dimers
4.2.2.4 Other VUV Radiation Sources
4.2.3 VUV Optical Filters
4.2.4 Penetration Depths of VUV Radiation with Polymers
4.2.5 Analytical Methods for Surface Analysis
4.2.6 VUV Photochemistry of Oxygen
4.2.7 Reactions of O Atoms and Ozone with a Polymer Surface
4.3 Adhesion to VUV Surface Photo-Oxidized Polymers
4.3.1 Fluorine-Containing Polymers
4.3.1.1 Fluoropolymers
4.3.1.2 Nafion
4.3.2 Polyimides (PIs)
4.3.3 Polymers and Metals
4.3.4 Polyethylene (PE), -(C2H4)n-
4.3.5 Polystyrene (PS)
4.3.6 Cyclo-Olefin Polymers
4.3.7 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
4.3.8 Polybenzimidazole (PBI)
4.3.9 Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK)
4.3.10 Polypropylene (PP), -(C3H6)n-
4.3.11 Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN)
4.3.12 Polyethersulfone (PES)
4.3.13 Polyetherimide (PEI) and Epoxy Resin (RTM6)
4.4 Sustainable Polymers
4.5 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Application-Related Optimization of Adhesion of Polymers Using Photochemical Surface Modification
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Photochemical Surface Modification
5.2.1 Fundamentals of the Process
5.2.1.1 Photo-Addition or Photo-Grafting
5.2.1.2 Layer Formation by Homo-Polymerization and Graft-Co-Polymerization
5.2.2 General Process Design
5.3 Using Photo-Addition and Photo-Grafting to Promote the Adhesion Property of Hydrophobic Substrates
5.4 Enhancing Adhesion of Hydrophobic Materials on Hydrophilic Substrates - Biobased Composites as Case Study
5.5 Biosystems: Cell and Protein Adhesion, Antifouling Surfaces
5.6 Summary
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 6 UV/Ozone Surface Treatment of Polymers to Enhance Their Adhesion
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Adhesive Bonding of Polymers
6.1.2 UV-C Sensitivity of Polymers
6.1.3 UV/Ozone Treatment: Advantages
6.1.4 UV/Ozone Treatment: Disadvantages
6.2 Historical Development of UV/Ozone Surface Treatment
6.3 Parameters Controlling the UV/Ozone Surface Treatment Process
6.3.1 Ultraviolet (UV) Light Spectrum
6.3.2 UV-Light Generation
6.3.3 UV-Light Sources Used
6.3.4 Photochemical Ozone Generation
6.3.5 Relation between Ozone Generation and UV-Source Power
6.3.6 Temperature during UV/Ozone Treatment on Polyolefin Surfaces
6.3.7 Influence of Wavelength(s) and Gas Fill on Polyolefin Surfaces
6.3.8 Influence of Ozone Gas and UV-Light Spectrum on Polymer Surface Wetting
6.3.9 Main Process Variables: Overview
6.4 Surface Changes of Polymeric Materials by UV/Ozone Treatment
6.4.1 Polymer Bonds
6.4.2 Surface Cleaning by UV/Ozone: Increasing Hydrophilicity and Surface Free Energy
6.4.3 Photo-Degradation: Surface Roughness and Morphology Changes
6.4.4 UV-Light Treatment Depth in Polymer Surfaces
6.4.5 Surface Relaxation of HDPE
6.5 Surface Analysis of UV/Ozone Treated Polymeric Surfaces
6.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on UV/Ozone Treated Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
6.5.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) on UV/Ozone Treated CFRP
6.5.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) on UV/Ozone Treated CFRP
6.5.4 Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) Investigation on UV/Ozone Treated CFRP
6.5.5 Optically Stimulated Electron Emission (OSEE) Investigation on UV/Ozone Treated CFRP
6.5.6 Contact Angle Measurements on UV/Ozone Treated CFRP
6.6 UV/Ozone Treatment of Polymers: Improved Wetting and Adhesion
6.6.1 Introduction: UV/Ozone Treatment of Polymers
6.6.2 UV/Ozone Treatment of Thermoset Materials
6.6.2.1 Introduction: UV/Ozone Treatment of CFRP
6.6.2.2 Mechanical Tests on UV/Ozone Treated CFRP
6.6.2.3 Mechanical Fatigue Loading of UV/Ozone Treated CFRP
6.6.2.4 Adhesive Bonding of UV/Ozone Treated CFRP to Aluminium
6.6.2.5 UV/Ozone Treatment and Testing of Aerospace Primers
6.6.2.6 Mechanical Tests on UV/Ozone Treated Epoxy Coated Magnets
6.6.2.7 UV/Ozone Modification of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
6.6.3 UV/Ozone Treatment of Thermoplastics
6.6.3.1 Adhesive Bonding of POM to Aluminium
6.6.3.2 Adhesive Bonding of Polyethylene (PE) to Stainless Steel
6.6.3.3 Adhesive Bonding and Aging of HDPE
6.6.3.4 Adhesive Bonding of Polyethylene (PE) to Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA)
6.6.3.5 Adhesive Bonding of Polypropylene (PP)
6.6.3.6 Surface Treatment of Nylon (Polyamide 6)
6.6.3.7 UV/Ozone Treatment of Poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS)
6.6.3.8 UV/Ozone Treatment of Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
6.6.3.9 Adhesive Bonding of Flexible Polymeric Solar Cells
6.6.3.10 Treatment of ABS for Adhesive Bonding
6.6.3.11 Adhesive Bonding of Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN) to a Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE)
6.6.4 UV/Ozone Treatment of Rubbers
6.6.4.1 UV/Ozone Treatment of SBS Rubber
6.6.4.2 Surface Treatment of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Rubber to Optimize the Adhesion of a Coating
6.6.4.3 EPDM Rubber Pre-Treated by a Low Pressure UV-Source
6.7 Prospects
6.8 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 Adhesion Enhancement of Polymer Surfaces by Ion Beam Treatment
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Ion Beam - Surface Interactions: Background
7.1.2 Ion Beam - Surface Interactions: Kinetics
7.1.3 Computer Simulations of Ion Beam - Solid Interactions
7.2 Ion Beam Treatment of Polymers
7.2.1 Principle of Technique
7.2.2 Types of Ion Beams and Interactions
7.2.3 Impacts and Outcome of Polymer Surface Modification
7.3 Analysis Techniques to Analyze Post Ion Beam Treatment
7.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction
7.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
7.3.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
7.3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
7.3.5 Raman Spectroscopy
7.3.6 UV Spectroscopy
7.3.7 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
7.3.8 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
7.3.9 Wettability Measurements
7.4 Polymer Surface Modifications for Biomedical Applications
7.4.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
7.4.2 Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)
7.4.3 Poly(L-lactide) (PLA), Poly(D, L-Lactide-co-glycolide) (PDLG) and Poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLC)
7.4.4 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)
7.4.5 He+ Ion Irradiation of Selected Polymeric Materials
7.4.6 Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD)
7.4.7 Ion Beam Texturing (IBT)
7.5 Polymer Surface Modification for Microelectronics Applications
7.5.1 Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (PC)
7.5.2 Aluminum Films on Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (PC)
7.5.3 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Films on Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (PC)
7.5.4 Polyimide Films
7.5.5 Cu/Polyimide Films
7.5.6 PVA/PANI Polymer Composite Films
7.5.7 Multiple Ion Beam Treatment of Polymers
7.5.7.1 Kapton H, Teflon PFA, Tefzel and Mylar Polymers
7.5.7.2 Polycarbonate (PC, Lexan)
7.6 Summary
References
Chapter 8 Polymer Surface Modification by Charged Particles from Plasma Using Plasma-Based Ion Implantation Technique
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Literature About Polymer Surface Modification by Charged Particles from Plasma Using Plasma-Based Ion Implantation
8.3 Principle of PBII: Advantages and Limitations
8.4 Equipment Needed
8.5 Factors Influencing the Outcome/Results
8.5.1 Wettability Studies
8.5.2 Surface Free Energy and Wettability
8.5.3 Surface Morphology
8.5.4 XPS Spectra
8.5.5 Raman Spectrometry
8.5.6 FT-IR Measurements
8.6 Results Showing Adhesion Improvement after PBII Treatment
8.7 Prospects
8.8 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials for the Modification of Wettability and Adhesion Characteristics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods for Measuring Wettability and Adhesion Characteristics
9.2.1 Contact Angle Goniometry
9.2.2 Tensiometry
9.3 Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials
9.3.1 Common Surface Engineering Techniques
9.3.2 CO2 Laser and Ultraviolet (UV) Excimer Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials
9.3.3 Ultrafast Lasers for Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials
9.3.4 Currently Available Literature Related to Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials
9.4 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 Competition in Adhesion between Polysort and Monosort Functionalized Polyolefin Surfaces Coated with Vacuum-Evaporated Aluminium
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Differences in Adhesion between Poly- and Monosort Functionalized Polyolefin Surfaces
10.2.1 General Comparison of Mono- and Polysort Functional Groups
10.2.2 Methods for Modifying Polyolefin Surfaces with Polysort Functional Groups
10.2.3 Polysort Functionalization of Polyolefins and the General Problem with Polymer Degradation
10.2.4 Polysort Functionalization and Surface Free Energy
10.2.5 Methods of Generating Polysort Functionalized Polyolefin Surfaces
10.2.6 Monosort OH Groups
10.2.7 OH Groups by Wet-Chemical Post-Plasma Transformation of Polysort O Functional Groups into OH Groups
10.2.8 Monosort COOH Groups
10.2.9 Monosort NH2 Groups
10.2.10 Other Methods for Selectively Modifying Polyolefin Surfaces with Monosort Functional Groups
10.2.11 Monosort Bromination
10.2.12 Advantages of Plasma Monosort Bromination
10.2.13 Transformation of C-Br Groups into Adhesion-Promoting OH- or NH2-Groups
10.2.14 Monosort Functionalization via Grafting of Flexible Spacer Molecules
10.2.15 Advantages of Monosort Functionalized Surfaces Formed by Spacer Molecules
10.2.16 Monosort Functional Groups Deposited via Plasma Polymers as Ultra-Thin Film Adhesion Promoters
10.2.17 Variation of the Density of Monosort Functional Groups by Copolymerization
10.2.18 Plasmaless Coating with Classic Polymers Carrying Monosort Functional Groups
10.3 Bonding of Metal Coatings to Polysort and Monosort Functionalized Polyolefins
10.3.1 Physical Bonding
10.3.2 Covalent Bonding along the Metal-Polymer Interface
10.4 Adhesion Results for Evaporated Aluminium Coating on Poly- and Monosort Functionalized Polyolefin Surfaces
10.4.1 Competition of Adhesion Efficiency between Strong Covalent Bonds and Polar Groups with Weak Interactions
10.4.2 Peel Strength of Metal-Monosort Functionalized Polyolefin Laminates
10.4.3 Peel Strength of Monosort Terminal Groups of Flexible Spacers Grafted to the Polyolefin Surface
10.4.4 Role of Spacer Length and Associated Flexibility
10.4.5 Protection of Al-O-C Bonds against Hydrolysis
10.4.6 Redox Reactions and Ion Migration
10.5 Realization of Ideal Covalently Bonded Interface
10.5.1 Schematic Structure of "Ideal" Interface
10.5.2 Results
10.5.3 Comparison of Results
10.5.4 Limitations of Ideally Designed Interface
10.6 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Part II: Chemical Treatments
Chapter 11 Amine-Terminated Dendritic Materials for Polymer Surface Modification to Enhance Adhesion
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Dendritic Materials
11.3 Amine-Terminated Dendritic Materials as Adhesion Modifiers
11.3.1 Hydrophilicity
11.3.2 Zeta Potential and Surface Charge
11.3.3 Surface Topography
11.3.4 New Interaction
11.4 Applications of Amine-Terminated Dendritic Materials in Adhesion
11.4.1 Cell Adhesion
11.4.2 Bacterial Adhesion
11.4.3 Adhesion in Composites
11.4.4 Adhesion in Water Treatment
11.4.5 Coatings Adhesion
11.5 Summary
References
Chapter 12 Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid (RGD) Modification of Polymer Surfaces to Enhance Cell Adhesion
12.1 Introduction
12.2 RGD Peptides
12.3 RGD Immobilization Techniques
12.3.1 Physical Entrapment
12.3.2 Covalent Attachment
12.3.2.1 Water-Soluble Carbodiimide (WSC) Chemistry
12.3.2.2 Click Chemistry
12.3.2.3 Photo-Immobilization
12.3.3 Micro/Nano-Patterning
12.3.3.1 Photolithography
12.3.3.2 Focused Laser Light
12.3.3.3 Soft Lithography
12.3.3.4 Dip Pen Nanolithography
12.3.3.5 Bioprinting
12.4 Characterization
12.5 Applications
12.6 Summary
References
Chapter 13 Adhesion Promotors for Polymer Surfaces
13.1 To Coat or Not to Coat Polymer Surfaces
13.2 Theory of Adhesion: Adhesion Forces
13.3 Plastics
13.4 Polymer Adhesion Mechanisms
13.4.1 Mechanical
13.4.2 Electrical
13.4.3 Adsorption/Wetting
13.4.4 Diffusion
13.4.5 Covalent Bonding
13.4.6 Summary: Adhesion Mechanisms
13.5 Pretreatments
13.5.1 Solvent Wipe Treatment
13.5.2 Chemical Treatments
13.5.3 Chemical Etching
13.5.4 Adhesion Promoters
13.5.4.1 Chlorinated Polyolefin (CPO)
13.5.4.2 CPO Cosolvent
13.5.4.3 Other Chlorinated Tie-Coats
13.5.4.4 In-Mold Application of CPO
13.5.4.5 Non-Chlorinated Adhesion Promoters
13.5.4.6 Environmentally-Benign Approaches
13.5.4.7 Melt-Blended Polymer Additives
13.5.4.8 Silanes
13.6 Summary
References
Index
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Polymer Surface Modification to Enhance Adhesion

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