Network Routing
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Content
About the Authors xiii
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
About the Companion Website xxi
Part I Fundamental Concepts 1
1 Introduction to Network Routing 3
1.1 Introduction to Networks 3
1.2 Network Architecture and Standards 6
1.3 Glimpse at the Network Layer 13
1.4 Addressing in TCP/IP Networks 16
1.5 Overview of Routing 20
1.6 Delivery, Forwarding, Routing, and Switching 21
1.7 Routing Taxonomy 23
1.8 Host Mobility and Routing 26
References 27
Abbreviations/Terminologies 28
Questions 30
Exercises 32
2 Basic Routing Algorithms 35
2.1 Introduction to Routing Algorithms 35
2.2 Routing Strategies 40
2.2.1 Non?]Adaptive Algorithms 43
2.2.2 Adaptive Algorithms 44
2.2.3 Flooding 44
2.3 Static Shortest Path Routing Algorithms 47
2.4 Dynamic Shortest Path Routing Algorithms 50
2.5 Stochastic Routing Algorithms 53
References 55
Abbreviations/Terminologies 55
Questions 56
Exercises 57
3 Fundamental Routing Protocols 59
3.1 Routing Protocols 59
3.2 Distance Vector Routing 61
3.2.1 Working of the Protocol 61
3.2.2 Convergence of Distance Vector Table 62
3.2.3 Issues in Distance Vector Routing 63
3.2.4 Improvements in Distance Vector Routing 67
3.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 68
3.3 Link State Routing 68
3.3.1 Working of the Protocol 68
3.3.2 Routing Tables 70
3.4 Path Vector Routing 71
3.4.1 Working of the Protocol 72
3.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 74
3.5 Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Routing 77
References 82
Abbreviations/Terminologies 83
Questions 83
Exercises 84
Part II Routing with Quality?]of?]Service and Traffic Engineering 89
4 Quality?]of?]Service Routing 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 QoS Measures 95
4.3 Differentiated and Integrated Services 97
4.4 QoS Routing Algorithms 103
4.5 QoS Unicast Routing Protocols 106
4.6 QoS Multicast Routing Protocols 108
4.7 QoS Best?]Effort Routing 112
References 113
Abbreviations/Terminologies 116
Questions 117
5 Routing and MPLS Traffic Engineering 119
5.1 MPLS Fundamentals 119
5.2 Traffic Engineering Routing Algorithms 120
5.3 Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm 121
5.3.1 The Algorithm 122
5.3.2 Limitations of MIRA 123
5.4 Profile?]Based Routing Algorithm 124
5.5 Dynamic Online Routing Algorithm 125
5.6 Wang et al.'s Algorithm 126
5.7 Random Races Algorithm 126
References 127
Abbreviations/Terminologies 128
Questions 128
Exercises 129
Part III Routing on the Internet 131
6 Interior Gateway Protocols 133
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 Distance Vector Protocols 135
6.2.1 Routing Information Protocol 137
6.2.2 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 141
6.3 Link State Protocols 143
6.3.1 Open Shortest Path First Protocol 144
6.3.2 Intermediate System to Intermediate System Protocol 148
References 152
Abbreviations/Terminologies 152
Questions 153
Exercises 155
7 Exterior Gateway Protocol 159
7.1 Introduction 159
7.1.1 Hosts vs Gateways 161
7.1.2 Gateway?]to?]Gateway Protocol 162
7.1.3 Autonomous System 163
7.1.4 Characteristics of EGP 165
7.2 Exterior Gateway Protocol 166
7.2.1 Evolution of EGP Standards 166
7.2.2 EGP Terminology and Topology 166
7.2.3 EGP Operation Model 167
7.3 Border Gateway Protocol 169
7.3.1 Router Connectivity and Terminology 169
7.3.2 Routing Information Base 181
7.3.3 BGP Operation 182
7.3.4 Decision Process 184
7.3.5 Route Selection Process 185
References 188
Abbreviations/Terminologies 189
Questions 190
Exercises 191
Part IV Other Routing Contexts 195
8 Routing in ATM Networks 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.1.1 ATM Frames 199
8.1.2 ATM Connection 199
8.1.3 ATM Architecture 203
8.1.4 Service Categories 204
8.2 PNNI Routing 206
8.2.1 PNNI Interface 207
8.2.2 PNNI Hierarchy 207
8.2.3 Building the Network Topology 209
8.2.4 Peer Group Leader 210
8.2.5 Advertizing Topology 211
8.2.6 Setting up Connection 212
References 213
Abbreviations/Terminologies 213
Questions 214
Exercises 216
9 Routing in Cellular Wireless Networks 219
9.1 Introduction 219
9.2 Basics of Cellular Wireless Networks 220
9.3 Resource Allocation 229
9.4 Routing in GSM Networks 231
9.4.1 Architecture 232
9.4.2 Call Routing 234
9.5 Challenges in Mobile Computing 235
References 238
Abbreviations/Terminologies 240
Questions 241
Exercises 242
10 Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 245
10.1 Introduction 245
10.1.1 Basics of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 248
10.1.2 Issues with Existing Protocols 256
10.2 Table?]Driven (Proactive) Routing Protocols 258
10.3 On?]Demand (Reactive) Routing Protocols 260
10.4 Hybrid Routing Protocols 266
10.5 Hierarchical Routing Protocols 267
10.6 Geographic Routing Protocols 268
10.7 Power?]Aware Routing Protocols 274
References 276
Abbreviations/Terminologies 278
Questions 280
Exercises 281
11 Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks 285
11.1 Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks 285
11.1.1 Hardware Architecture of Sensor Node 287
11.1.2 Network Topology 289
11.1.3 Design Factors 290
11.1.4 Classification of Routing Protocol 292
11.2 Routing Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks 293
11.2.1 Self?]Healing Networks 295
11.2.2 Security Threats 296
11.3 Flat Routing Protocols 297
11.4 Hierarchical Routing Protocols 303
11.5 Location?]Based Routing Protocols 308
11.6 Multipath Routing Protocols 310
11.7 Query?]Based Routing Protocols 312
11.8 Negotiation?]Based Routing Protocols 314
11.9 QoS Routing Protocols 315
11.9.1 Challenges 316
11.9.2 Approach to QoS Routing 316
11.9.3 Protocols 317
References 317
Abbreviations/Terminologies 321
Questions 322
Exercises 324
12 Routing in 6LoWPAN 327
12.1 Introduction 327
12.1.1 IP for Smart Objects 328
12.1.2 6LoWPAN 329
12.1.3 ZigBee 330
12.1.4 ZigBee vs 6LoWPAN 330
12.2 6LoWPAN Fundamentals 331
12.2.1 Architecture 332
12.2.2 Header Format and Compression 332
12.2.3 Network Topology 335
12.2.4 Neighbor Discovery 335
12.2.5 Routing 336
12.3 Interoperability of 6LoWPAN 337
12.4 Applications 338
12.5 Security Considerations and Research Areas 341
References 342
Abbreviations/Terminologies 345
Questions 346
Exercises 348
Part V Advanced Concepts 349
13 Security in Routing 351
13.1 Introduction 351
13.1.1 Network Sniffer 353
13.1.2 Denial of Service Attack 357
13.1.3 Social Engineering 358
13.1.4 Packet Filtering 359
13.2 Attack Surface 360
13.2.1 Types of Attack Surface 361
13.2.2 Attack Surface and System Resources 361
13.2.3 Attack Surface Metric 362
13.2.4 Reduction in Attack Surface 362
13.3 Networked Battlefield 363
13.4 Mobile Agents 365
13.4.1 Architecture and Framework 368
13.4.2 Life Cycle 369
13.4.3 Challenges 370
13.5 Cognitive Security 370
13.5.1 Solution Concept 371
13.5.2 Cognitive Capabilities 372
13.5.3 General Capabilities 373
References 373
Abbreviations/Terminologies 374
Questions 375
Exercises 376
14 Reliability and Fault?]Tolerant and Delay?]Tolerant Routing 377
14.1 Fundamentals of Network Reliability 377
14.1.1 Importance of Reliability Calculation 378
14.1.2 Methods to Calculate the Reliability of a Network 379
14.2 Fault Tolerance 390
14.2.1 Fault?]Tolerant Network 394
14.2.2 Autonomic Network 394
14.3 Network Management for Fault Detection 398
14.3.1 Traditional Network Management 399
14.3.2 Mobile Agent 400
14.3.3 Policy?]Based Network Management 401
14.4 Wireless Tactical Networks 402
14.5 Routing in Delay?]Tolerant Networks 403
14.5.1 Applications 404
14.5.2 Routing Protocols 404
References 405
Abbreviations/Terminologies 407
Questions 408
Exercises 409
Index 411
