
Exploring Polar Frontiers
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Content
- Cover
- Contents
- Entries Listed in Chronological Order
- Entries Listed by Category
- Maps
- Introduction
- A
- Abruzzi, Luigi, Duke of (1873-1933)
- Closest to the North Pole, 1899-1900
- Adams, Jameson (1880-1962)
- The First Ascent of Mount Erebus, 1908
- Adelaide Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Adélie Land (Antarctica)
- Adventurers
- Airplanes
- Airships
- Alexander Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Alexandra Land (Franz Josef Land)
- Alger Island (Franz Josef Land)
- Amdrup, Georg (1866-1947)
- The Unreachable Coast, 1898-1899
- Five Hundred Miles in an Open Boat, 1900
- Amsterdam Island (Svalbard)
- Amund Ringnes Island (Canada)
- Amundsen, Roald (1872-1928)
- The First Transit of the Northwest Passage, 1903-1906
- First at the South Pole, 1910-1912
- Three Frustrating Years in the Northeast Passage, 1918-1921
- Stranded in the Arctic Ocean, 1925
- The Arctic Ocean Crossed by Airship, 1926
- Amundsen Sea (Antarctica)
- Anderson, William (1921-)
- The First Submarine under the North Pole, 1958
- Andersson, Gunnar (1874-1960)
- Bear Island, 1899
- A Harsh Winter at Hope Bay, 1902-1903
- Andrée, Salomon (1854-1897)
- Toward the North Pole in a Balloon, 1897
- Anjou, Peter (1796-1869)
- Searching for "Sannikov Land," 1820-1824
- Antarctic Peninsula
- Antarctic Peninsula, East Coast
- Antarctic Peninsula, West Coast
- Antarctic Sound (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Antarctica
- Anvers Island (Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula)
- Arctic Ocean
- Surface Explorations
- Exploring the Depths
- Argentina
- Argentine Antarctic Territory
- Argentine Islands (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Armitage, Albert (1864-1943)
- First Ascent to the Polar Plateau, 1902-1903
- Atkinson, Edward (1882-1929)
- The Final Winter of Scott's Last Expedition, 1912-1913
- Auckland Islands (Sub-Antarctic)
- Austin, Horatio (1801-1865)
- Looking for Franklin in Barrow Strait, 1850-1851
- Australia
- Australian Antarctic Territory
- Austria
- Axel Heiberg Island (Canada)
- B
- Back, George (1796-1878)
- Down the Great Fish River to the Arctic Coast, 1833-1835
- Frozen Out from Foxe Channel, 1836-1837
- Badigin, Konstantin (1910-1984)
- The Drift of Georgiy Sedov, 1937-1940
- Baffin Bay
- Baffin Island (Canada)
- Cumberland Sound and the South
- Pond Inlet and the North
- Foxe Basin Coast
- The Interior
- Baffin, William (1584?-1622)
- The Discovery of Baffin Bay, 1616
- Baldwin, Evelyn (1862-1933)
- Ziegler's Fortune Squandered in Franz Josef Land, 1901-1902
- Balleny Islands (Antarctic)
- Balleny, John (ca. 1770-ca. 1843)
- A Sealing Voyage of Discovery, 1838-1839
- Balloons
- Banks Island (Canada)
- BANZARE (British, Australian, New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition)
- Barents Island (Svalbard)
- Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean)
- Barents, Willem (ca. 1550-1597)
- The Dutch Reach the Kara Sea, 1594
- Turned Back by Ice, 1595
- Through the First High Arctic Winter, 1596-1597
- Barrow, John (1764-1848)
- Barrow Strait (Canada)
- Bartlett, Bob (1875-1946)
- The Wreck of the Karluk, 1913-1914
- The Arctic Voyages of Effie M. Morrissey, 1926-1945
- Bathurst Island (Canada)
- Bay of Whales
- Bear Island (Svalbard)
- Bear Islands (Russia)
- Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean)
- Beechey, Frederick (1796-1856)
- Waiting for Franklin at Bering Strait, 1825-1828
- Beechey Island (Canada)
- Belcher, Edward (1799-1877)
- Futile Explorations for Franklin in the Canadian High Arctic, 1852-1854
- Belgium
- Bellingshausen, Fabian von (1778-1852)
- The First Sighting of the Antarctic Continent, 1819-1821
- Bellingshausen Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- Bellingshausen Sea (Antarctica)
- Bellot Strait (Canada)
- Bering Strait (Arctic)
- Bering, Vitus (1681-1741)
- Bering Discovers His Strait, 1725-1730
- The Great Northern Expedition, 1733-1743
- Bernier, Joseph-Elzéar (1852-1934)
- Planting the Flag in the Canadian Arctic, 1906-1907
- Collecting Historic Relics on Melville and Banks Islands, 1908-1909
- Hopes Thwarted in the Northwest Passage, 1910-1911
- Last Patrols, 1922-1925
- Biscoe Islands (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Biscoe, John (1794-1843)
- The Third Circumnavigation of Antarctica, 1830-1833
- Black, Richard (1902-1992)
- East Base, Stonington Island, 1940-1941
- Booth Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Boothia Peninsula (Canada)
- Borchgrevink, Carsten (1864-1934)
- First Winter on the Antarctic Continent, 1898-1900
- Borden Island (Canada)
- Borough, Stephen (1525-1584)
- With the Pomor Fleet to Vaygach Island, 1556-1557
- Bouvet de Lozier, Jean (1705-ca. 1788)
- The Discovery of Elusive Bouvet Island, 1738-1739
- Bouvet Island (Sub-Antarctic)
- Boyd, Louise (1887-1972)
- Photogrammetric Survey of East Greenland, 1931, 1933, 1937, 1938
- Brabant Island (Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula)
- Bransfield, Edward (ca. 1783-1852)
- Discovery of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1819-1820
- Brazil
- Bristol Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- British Antarctic Survey
- British Antarctic Territory
- British Graham Land Expedition
- Brock Island (Canada)
- Bruce, William Speirs (1867-1921)
- The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902-1904
- Later Expeditions to Svalbard, 1906-1920
- Brunel, Olivier (ca. 1540-1585)
- A Merchant Explorer, 1584-1585
- Brusilov, Georgiy (1884-1914)
- Adrift in the Arctic Ocean, 1912-1914
- Buchan, David (1780-after 1838)
- An Attempt to Reach Bering Strait Via the North Pole, 1818
- Bulgaria
- Bull, Henrik (1844-1930)
- First Landing on the Antarctic Continent, 1893-1895?
- Button, Thomas (d. 1634)
- Speculative Fever Survives Discovery of Hudson's Bay's West Coast, 1612-1613
- Byam Martin Island (Canada)
- Bylot Island (Canada)
- Bylot, Robert (fl. 1610-1616)
- Second-in-Command of a Mutinous Crew, 1610-1611
- Following the Tides in Search of the Northwest Passage, 1615
- Byrd, Richard (1888-1957)
- First Flight to the North Pole, 1926
- First Flight to the South Pole, 1928-1930
- Science and Mechanization Triumph on Byrd's Second Antarctic Expedition, 1933-1935
- U.S. Antarctic Service Expedition, 1939-1941
- Later Expeditions
- C
- Cabot, John (ca. 1450-ca. 1498)
- The Northern Columbus, 1497
- Cabot Disappears into the West, 1498
- Cabot, Sebastian (ca. 1484-1557)
- The Discovery of Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay . . . or Not, 1508-1509
- Caird Coast (Antarctica)
- Campbell Island (Sub-Antarctic)
- Campbell, Victor (1875-1956)
- The Ice Cave on Inexpressible Island, 1911-1912
- Canada
- Candlemas Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- Cartography of the Arctic
- Chancellor, Richard (d. 1556)
- Explorers Meet the Tsar, 1553-1554
- A Second Expedition Meets Disaster, 1555-1556
- Charcot Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Charcot, Jean-Baptiste (1867-1936)
- A Relief Expedition Becomes a Voyage of Discovery, 1903-1905
- Charcot Completes His Exploration of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1908-1910
- Later Expeditions to Iceland, Jan Mayen, and Greenland, 1912-1936
- Chichagov, Vasiliy (1726-1809)
- The High-Latitude Route to the Pacific, 1764-1766
- Chile
- Chilean Antarctic Territory
- China
- Chkalov, Valeriy (1904-1938)
- The First Aircraft across the North Pole, 1937
- Christensen, Lars (1884-1965)
- Bouvet Island Controversially Claimed for Norway, 1927-1928
- Norwegian Claims Extended to Peter I Island, 1928-1929
- The Discovery of Queen Maud Land, 1929-1930
- Antarctic Circumnavigation and the Discovery of the Princess Ragnhild Coast, 1930-1931
- Christensen Himself Circumnavigates Antarctica, 1933-1934
- Christensen's Last, 1936-1937
- Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)
- Chun, Carl (1852-1914)
- Elusive Bouvet Island Is Rediscovered, 1898-1899
- Clarence Island (South Shetland Islands)
- Clavering, Douglas (1794-1827)
- New Discoveries in Northeast Greenland, 1823
- Coats Land (Antarctica)
- Colbeck, William (1871-1930)
- Searching for Discovery, 1902-1903
- Extracting Discovery from the Ice, 1903-1904
- Collinson, Richard (1811-1883)
- The Voyage of HMS Enterprise, 1850-1855
- Cook, Frederick (1865-1940)
- Antarctic Ambitions, 1893-1900
- Mount McKinley, 1903, 1906
- The North Pole, 1907-1909
- Cook Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- Cook, James (1728-1779)
- The First Circumnavigation of Antarctica, 1772-1775
- The Search for a Pacific Entrance to the Northwest Passage, 1776-1780
- Cooper, Mercator (fl. 1850s)
- The First Documented Landing on Antarctica in the Ross Sea Sector, 1853
- Cope, John (1893-1947)
- Bagshawe and Lester Survive an Antarctic Winter at Waterboat Point, 1920-1922
- Cornwall Island (Canada)
- Cornwallis Island (Canada)
- Coronation Island (South Orkney Islands)
- Corte-Real Brothers (fl. 1500)
- Portugal Launches the Age of Discovery
- A Supposed Northern Entrance to Asia Is Discovered, 1500
- Gaspar Corte-Real Is Lost Off the Coast of Newfoundland, 1501
- Miguel Searches in Vain for His Brother, 1502
- Crozet Islands (Sub-Antarctic)
- Cunningham, John (1575-1651)
- The Search for the Lost Greenland Colonies Begins, 1605
- Czech Republic
- D
- Dallmann, Eduard (1830-1896)
- Claimed Discovery of Wrangell Island, Russian Arctic, 1866
- A German Whaling and Sealing Voyage to Antarctica, 1873-1874
- Later Expeditions to the Northeast Passage
- Danco Coast (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Danes Island (Svalbard)
- David, Edgeworth (1858-1934)
- First to the South Magnetic Pole, 1908-1909
- Davis, John (ca. 1550-1605)
- The Search for the Northwest Passage Resumed, 1585
- Further Explorations in Davis Strait, 1586
- One More Try for the Northwest Passage, 1587
- Later Life and Expeditions
- Davis, John (fl. 1820)
- First Landing on the Antarctic Continent, 1820-1821
- Davis Strait (North Atlantic)
- De Long, George (1844-1881)
- The Jeannette Is Crushed in the Arctic Ocean, 1879-1881
- De Long Islands (Russia)
- Dease, Peter (1788-1863)
- From Point Barrow to Beyond the Back River, 1837-1839
- Deception Island (South Shetland Islands)
- Denmark
- Devon Island (Canada)
- Dezhnev, Semen (ca. 1605-1673)
- First through Bering Strait, 1648
- Discovery Investigations
- Sale of Whaling Licenses Funds Scientific Research, 1925-1951
- Dogs
- Drifting Ice Stations
- Soviet Ice Stations, 1937-1991
- U.S. Ice Stations, 1951 to the Present
- Ice Station Discoveries
- Dronning Maud Land
- Drygalski, Erich von (1865-1949)
- Expeditions to Greenland, 1891 and 1892-1893
- The First German Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1903
- Dumont d'Urville, Jules (1790-1842)
- The Discovery of Adélie Land, Antarctica, 1837-1840
- Dundee Antarctic Whaling Expedition
- The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration, 1892-1893
- Dundee Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- D'Urville Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- E
- East Siberian Sea (Arctic Ocean)
- Eckener, Hugo (1868-1954)
- The Graf Zeppelin's Flight over Arctic Russia, 1931
- Ecuador
- Edge Island (Svalbard)
- Edward VII Land (Antarctica)
- Egede, Hans (1686-1758)
- The Foundation of the Greenland Mission, 1721-1736
- Eglinton Island (Canada)
- Elephant Island (South Shetland Islands)
- Ellef Ringnes Island (Canada)
- Ellesmere Island (Canada)
- Ellsworth Land (Antarctica)
- Ellsworth, Lincoln (1880-1951)
- An Ice Cataclysm Ends Preparations for the First Transantarctic Flight, 1933-1934
- Further Disappointments Postpone the Planned Transantarctic Flight, 1934-1935
- Across Antarctica at Last, 1935-1936
- Secret Instructions Extend U.S. Claims in Antarctica, 1938-1939
- Emerald Island (Canada)
- Enderby Brothers
- Enderby Land (Antarctica)
- Erik the Red (ca. 950-ca. 1002)
- Erik the Red Explores the Coast of West Greenland, 982-985
- The Norse Colonization of Greenland, 986
- Eriksson, Leif (d. ca. 1020)
- The Norse Reach North America, 1001-1002
- F
- Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey
- Farthest North
- Farthest South
- Fiala, Anthony (1869-1950)
- A Fortune Squandered in Franz Josef Land, 1903-1905
- Fiennes, Ranulph (1944-)
- The Transglobe Expedition, 1979-1982
- Unsupported toward the North Pole, 1986-1990
- Unsupported across Antarctica, 1992-1993
- Last Expeditions to Antarctica and the Arctic, 1996-1997 and 2000
- Filchner, Wilhelm (1877-1957)
- An Expedition Divided in the Weddell Sea, 1911-1912
- Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (Antarctica)
- Finland
- Foster, Henry (1796-1831)
- A Scientific Expedition to the South Shetland Islands, 1828-1831
- Foxe Basin (Canada)
- Foxe, Luke (1586-1635)
- Searching for the Northwest Passage in Foxe Basin, 1631
- France
- Franklin, Jane (1791-1875)
- "What the Nation Would Not Do, a Woman Did," 1847-1859
- Franklin, John (1786-1847)
- A Nightmare Journey across the Canadian Barrens, 1819-1822
- The Arctic Survey Continues, 1825-1827
- The Great Arctic Disaster, 1845-1848
- Franklin Search Expeditions
- Franz Josef Land (Russia)
- Frobisher, Martin (1539-1594)
- A Voyage to the Northwest Passage Brings Back Gold, 1576
- The First Arctic Gold Rush Begins, 1577
- 1,000 Tons of Gold Ore Prove Worthless, 1578
- The Postscript
- Fuchs, Vivian (1908-1999)
- The First Crossing of Antarctica, 1955-1958
- Furneaux, Tobias (1735-1781)
- In the Shadow of Captain Cook, 1772-1775
- G
- Geomagnetic Poles
- George Land (Franz Josef Land)
- George V Land (Antarctica)
- Gerlache, Adrien de (1866-1934)
- The First Antarctic Winter, 1897-1899
- Gerlache Strait (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Germany
- Gerritsz, Dirck (1544-ca. 1608)
- Claimed Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, 1599
- Giæver, John (1901-1970)
- Harbinger of the International Geophysical Year, 1949-1952
- Glen, Sandy (1912-)
- The Oxford University Expedition to North East Land, 1935-1936
- Gould, Laurence (1896-1995)
- Geological Studies on Byrd's First Antarctic Expedition, 1928-1930
- Graah, Wilhelm (1793-1863)
- The Eastern Settlement Not Found, 1828-1831
- Graham Bell Island (Franz Josef Land)
- Graham Land
- Great Britain
- Greely, Adolphus (1844-1935)
- The Horrors of Cape Sabine, 1881-1884
- Greenland
- Greenland, East
- Greenland, Inland Ice
- Greenland, North
- Greenland, West
- Greenwich Island (South Shetland Islands)
- Gvozdev, Mikhail (ca. 1700-ca. 1760)
- The First Russian Sighting of Alaska, 1732
- H
- Hall, Charles Francis (1821-1871)
- Frobisher Is Rediscovered in Baffin Island, 1860-1862
- Rumors of Franklin Are Collected among the Inuit, 1864-1869
- Promising Explorations Are Terminated by Hall's Mysterious Death, 1871-1873
- Hall Island (Franz Josef Land)
- Hall, James (d. 1612)
- Pilot on Danish Expeditions to Greenland, 1605, 1606, 1607
- Search for a Silver Mine, 1612
- Hasselburg, Frederick (fl. 1810)
- A Sealing Captain Attempts to Keep His Discoveries Secret, 1810
- Hayes, Isaac (1832-1881)
- Further Sightings of the Open Polar Sea, 1860-1861
- Hayes Island (Franz Josef Land)
- Heard Island (Sub-Antarctic)
- Hearne, Samuel (1745-1792)
- Overland toward the Coppermine River-the First Attempt, 1769
- The Second Attempt to Reach the Coppermine River, 1770
- Across the Canadian Barrens to the Arctic Coast, 1770-1772
- Hedenström, Mathias von (1780-1845)
- A Convict Searches for a Great Northern Promontory of America, 1808-1811
- Hempleman-Adams, David (1956-)
- First Balloon Flight to the North Pole, 2000
- Herald Island (Russia)
- Herbert, Wally (1934-)
- First Across the Arctic Ocean, 1968-1969
- Heroic Era of Antarctic Exploration
- Herschel Island (Canada)
- Hillary, Edmund (1919-)
- Hillary Races Fuchs to the South Pole, 1956-1958
- Hoel, Adolf (1879-1964)
- A Scientist-Explorer Seeks to Restore Norway's Historic Polar Empire, 1911-1938
- Holm, Gustav (1849-1940)
- The Discovery of Ammassalik, 1883-1885
- Hooker Island (Franz Josef Land)
- Hope Bay (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Hope Island (Svalbard)
- Hoseason Island (Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula)
- Hudson Bay (Canada)
- Hudson, Henry (ca. 1550-1611)
- Across the North Pole to Cathay, 1607
- Mermaids, Walruses, and Ice in the Northeast Passage, 1608
- A Convenient Mutiny Sends Hudson to Search for the Northwest Passage, 1609
- Mutiny in Hudson Bay, 1610-1611
- Hudson Strait (Canada)
- Hudson's Bay Company
- I
- IGY
- India
- Indigenous Peoples
- Ingrid Christensen Coast (Antarctica)
- International Geophysical Year
- International Polar Years
- The First International Polar Year, 1882-1883
- The Second International Polar Year, 1932-1933
- Inuit Contribution to Polar Exploration
- Irízar, Julían (1869-1935)
- To Nordenskjöld's Rescue, 1903-1904
- Italy
- J
- Jackson, Frederick (1860-1938)
- From Vaygach Island to Lapland along the Coast of Arctic Russia, 1893-1894
- Strange Meeting at Cape Flora, 1894-1897
- Jackson Island (Franz Josef Land)
- James Ross Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- James, Thomas (ca. 1590-ca. 1635)
- A Strange and Dangerous Voyage to Hudson Bay, 1631-1632
- Jan Mayen (Norway)
- Japan
- Joinville Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Jones Sound (Canada)
- K
- Kane, Elisha Kent (1820-1857)
- The First U.S. Expedition to the Arctic, 1850-1851
- A Calamitous Expedition Is Redeemed Only by "Discovery" of the Open Polar Sea, 1853-1855
- Kara Sea (Arctic Ocean)
- Kellett, Henry (1806-1875)
- HMS Herald Explores North of Bering Strait, 1848-1850
- McClure Is Rescued and the Longest Ever Man-Hauling Journeys Conducted, 1852-1854
- Kemp Land (Antarctica)
- Kemp, Peter (d. 1834)
- A Sealer Reaches Antarctica's Coastline, 1833-1834
- Kennedy, William (1814-1890)
- Lady Franklin's Knights-Errant Go Astray, 1851-1852
- Kerguelen Islands (Sub-Antarctic)
- Kerguelen-Trémarec, Yves (1734-1797)
- "South France Is Discovered," 1771-1772
- A Futile Second Expedition Leads to the Explorer's Disgrace, 1773-1774
- King Charles Land (Svalbard)
- King Christian Island (Canada)
- King Christian IX Land (East Greenland)
- King Christian X Land (East Greenland)
- King Frederik VI Coast (East Greenland)
- King Frederik VIII Land (East Greenland)
- King George Island (South Shetland Islands)
- King William Island (Canada)
- Knight, James (ca. 1640-ca. 1720)
- Marooned on Marble Island? 1719-1721
- Knight, John (d. 1606)
- Shipwrecked on the Labrador Coast, 1606
- Knuth, Eigil (1903-1996)
- Homage to Mylius-Erichsen, 1938-1939
- The Danish Peary Land Expedition, 1947-1950
- Koch, Lauge (1892-1964)
- Sledging around North Greenland, 1920-1923
- Topographic Survey and Geological Expeditions to East Greenland, 1926-1959
- Koldewey, Karl (1837-1908)
- German Polar Exploration Begins Modestly, 1868
- Germania and Hansa Encounter Contrasting Fortunes Off East Greenland, 1869-1870
- Kolguyev Island (Russia)
- Korea
- Kotzebue, Otto von (1787-1846)
- A Russian Expedition Searches for the Northwest Passage, 1815-1818
- L
- Lancaster Sound (Canada)
- Laptev, Dmitriy (fl. 1730s-1740s)
- From the Lena to the Kolyma and on to the Anadyr', 1736-1743
- Laptev, Khariton (d. 1763)
- How Cape Chelyuskin Was Reached, 1739-1742
- Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean)
- Larsen, Carl Anton (1860-1924)
- New Discoveries in the Weddell Sea, 1892-1893
- Further Explorations of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1893-1894
- Marooned on Paulet Island, 1902-1903
- Larsen, Henry (1899-1964)
- From the Pacific to the Atlantic through the Northwest Passage, 1940-1942
- Pioneering a New Route through the Passage, 1944
- Laurie Island (South Orkney Islands)
- Lemaire Channel (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Leskov Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- Libraries on Polar Expeditions
- Collections
- Catalogs
- Liège Island (Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula)
- Lindenow, Godske (d. 1612)
- The Search Continues for the Missing Norse Colonies in Greenland, 1606
- Lindsay, Martin (1905-1981)
- Across Greenland's Inland Ice to the Watkins Mountains, 1934
- Little America
- Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands)
- Lougheed Island (Canada)
- Low, Albert (1861-1952)
- Canada's Claims Are Asserted in the High Arctic, 1903-1904
- Low Island (South Shetland Islands)
- Lyakhovskiy Islands (Russia)
- Lyon, George (1795-1832)
- Repelled from Repulse Bay, 1824
- M
- Mac. Robertson Land (Antarctica)
- Mackenzie, Alexander (1764-1820)
- Down the Mackenzie River to the Arctic Coast of North America, 1789
- Mackenzie King Island (Canada)
- Mackintosh, Aeneas (1879-1916)
- Shackleton's Forgotten Expedition: The Ross Sea Party, 1914-1917
- MacMillan, Donald (1874-1970)
- Peary's "Crocker Land" Proves a Mirage, 1913-1917
- Bowdoin Explores Foxe Basin, 1921-1922
- Airplanes Assist the Search for Land in the Arctic Ocean, 1925
- Later Voyages of the Bowdoin, 1926-1957
- Macquarie Island (Sub-Antarctic)
- Magnetic Poles
- North Magnetic Pole
- South Magnetic Pole
- Malygin, Stepan (d. 1764)
- From the Pechora to the Ob' along the Arctic Coast, 1736-1739
- Man-hauling
- Manning, Thomas (1911-1998)
- The British Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1936-1941
- Canada's Last Undiscovered Islands, 1949
- Coastal Survey of Banks Island, 1952-1953
- Marguerite Bay (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Marie Byrd Land (Antarctica)
- Marion Dufresne, Marc-Joseph (1724-1772)
- New Discoveries in the Southern Ocean, 1771-1773
- Markham, Clements (1830-1916)
- Mawson, Douglas (1882-1958)
- An Extraordinary Survival Story from the "Home of the Blizzard," 1911-1914
- The Race to Enderby Land, 1929-1931
- McClintock, Leopold (1819-1907)
- Relics of Franklin's Expedition Are Found on King William Island, 1857-1859
- McClure, Robert (1807-1873)
- The Discovery of the Northwest Passage, 1850-1854
- McClure Strait (Canada)
- Medals
- Meighen Island (Canada)
- Melville Island (Canada)
- Middendorff, Alexander von (1815-1894)
- A Scientific Expedition Barely Survives the Taymyr, 1842-1844
- Middleton, Christopher (ca. 1690-1770)
- The Search for the Northwest Passage as a Ploy in Imperial Politics, 1741-1742
- Mikkelsen, Ejnar (1880-1971)
- The Search for "Keenan Land," 1906-1908
- Searching for Mylius-Erichsen in Northeast Greenland, 1909-1912
- Later Life and Expeditions
- Minin, Fedor (fl. 1730s-1740s)
- From the Yenisey toward Taymyr along the Arctic Coast, 1738-1741
- Montagu Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- Moor, William (d. 1765)
- The Attack on Hudson's Bay Company Renewed, 1746-1747
- Moore, Thomas (1819-1872)
- A Magnetic Survey Voyage through the South Ocean, 1845
- Waiting for Franklin, 1848-1852
- Morrell, Benjamin (1795-1839)
- The Biggest Liar in the Southern Ocean? Morrell and the Voyage of 1822-1823
- Munk, Jens (1579-1628)
- A Mysterious Killer in Hudson Bay, 1619-1620
- Murav'yev, Stepan (fl. 1730s-1740s)
- From Archangel to the Ob' along the Arctic Coast, 1734-1736
- Muscovy Company
- Mylius-Erichsen, Ludvig (1872-1907)
- The Danish Literary Greenland Expedition, 1902-1904
- Tragedy in Northeast Greenland, 1906-1908
- N
- Nansen, Fridtjof (1861-1930)
- The First Crossing of Greenland, 1888-1889
- Across the Arctic Ocean in Fram, 1893-1896
- Nares, George (1831-1915)
- Challenger Explores the Southern Ocean, 1872-1874
- A Major Arctic Expedition Is Blighted by Scurvy, 1875-1876
- Nares Strait (Canada and Greenland)
- Nathorst, Alfred (1850-1921)
- The Search for a Supposed Continent, 1898
- The Fiords of East Greenland, 1899
- Nelson Island (South Shetland Islands)
- Netherlands
- Neumayer Channel (Antarctic Peninsula)
- New Siberian Islands (Russia)
- New Zealand
- Nicholas of Lynn (Fourteenth Century)
- The Arctic Travels of an English Friar, 1360
- Nobile, Umberto (1885-1978)
- The Italia Disaster, 1928
- Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1832-1901)
- Topographic and Scientific Survey in Svalbard, 1864
- Record Farthest North, 1868
- The First Crossing of North East Land, 1872-1873
- The First Transit of the Northeast Passage, 1878-1880
- Ice-Free Land and the Ancient Norse in Greenland, 1883
- Nordenskjöld, Otto (1869-1928)
- The Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904
- Norse Arctic Exploration
- North East Land (Svalbard)
- North Pole
- Northbrook Island (Franz Josef Land)
- Northern Sea Route
- Northeast Passage
- Western European Navigators Search for a Route to Cathay, 1553-1676
- Russia Explores the Northeast Passage, 1686-1743
- The Northern Sea Route Becomes a Reality, 1860-
- Northwest Passage
- The Route to Cathay, 1497-1632
- Continuing Investigations by the British Admiralty and Hudson's Bay Company, 1719-1795
- The Discovery of the Northwest Passage, 1815-1859
- 1860 to the Present
- Norway
- Novaya Zemlya (Russia)
- O
- Oates Land (Antarctica)
- Ohthere (Ninth Century)
- An Early Norse Voyage to the White Sea, Circa a.d. 880
- Open Polar Sea
- Operation Deep Freeze
- Deep Freeze 1, 1955-1956
- Deep Freeze 2, 1956-1957
- Operation Highjump
- Wartime Technology Is Employed in an Assault on Antarctica, 1946-1947
- Operation Tabarin
- Establishment of British Bases Are Established at Deception and Port Lockroy, 1943-1944
- Sledging Campaigns Begin from the New British Base at Hope Bay, 1944-1945
- Operation Windmill
- Helicopters Prove Indispensable to Operation Highjump's Successor, 1947-1948
- Ousland, Børge (1962-)
- Unsupported to the North Pole, 1990
- The First Unsupported Solo Expedition to the North Pole, 1994
- First across Antarctica Alone, 1996-1997
- First across the Arctic Ocean Alone, 2001
- Ovtsyn, Dmitriy (fl. 1730s-1750s)
- From the Ob' to the Yenisey along the Arctic Coast, 1734-1738
- P
- Pakhtusov, Petr (1800-1835)
- Charting Novaya Zemlya's Inaccessible East Coast, 1832-1833
- Surveys Continue along Novaya Zemlya's East Coast, 1834-1835
- Pakistan
- Palmer Archipelago (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Palmer Land
- Palmer, Nathaniel (1799-1877)
- Early Explorations of the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula, 1820-1821
- Discovery of the South Orkney Islands, 1821-1822
- Papanin, Ivan (1894-1986)
- Stalin's Scientists Conquer the North Pole, 1937-1938
- Parry, Edward (1790-1855)
- The Entrance to the Northwest Passage Found in Lancaster Sound, 1819-1820
- An Inuit Map Leads Parry to Fury and Hecla Strait, 1821-1823
- Grand Plans Come to Naught in Prince Regent Inlet, 1824-1825
- By Sledge-Boat toward the North Pole, 1827
- Parry Islands (Canada)
- Paulet Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Payer, Julius von (1842-1915)
- The Discovery of Franz Josef Land, 1872-1874
- Peary Land (North Greenland)
- Peary, Robert (1856-1920)
- A First Trial on the Greenland Ice Sheet, 1886
- Across the Ice Sheet to the North Coast of Greenland, 1891-1892
- Ice and Meteorites in Northwest Greenland, 1893-1895
- Four Futile Years on Ellesmere Island, 1898-1902
- Farthest North, 1905-1906
- The North Pole, 1908-1909
- Peel Sound (Canada)
- Pendleton, Benjamin (fl. 1820s-1830s)
- A Sealing Voyage to the South Shetland Islands, 1820-1821
- Return to the South Shetlands, 1821-1822
- Precursor of the United States Exploring Expedition, 1829-1832
- Penny, William (1809-1892)
- Cumberland Sound Rediscovered, 1832-1840
- Searching for Franklin on Beechey Island and in Wellington Channel, 1850-1851
- Later Whaling Voyages and the Establishment of a British Colony in Cumberland Sound, 1853-1863
- Peru
- Pet, Arthur (fl. 1580s)
- First into the Kara Sea, 1580-1581
- Peter I Island (Antarctica)
- Petermann Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Phipps, Constantine (1744-1792)
- The Search for the Open Polar Sea, 1773
- Plaisted, Ralph (1927-)
- Toward the North Pole by Snowmobile, 1967
- The North Pole at Last, 1968
- Poland
- Poles of Inaccessibility
- Pomor Contribution to Arctic Exploration
- Ponies
- Powell, George (ca. 1796-1824)
- Discovery of the South Orkney Islands, 1821-1822
- Prince Charles Foreland (Svalbard)
- Prince Edward Islands (Sub-Antarctic)
- Prince Harald Coast (Antarctica)
- Prince of Wales Island (Canada)
- Prince of Wales Strait (Canada)
- Prince Olav Coast (Antarctica)
- Prince Patrick Island (Canada)
- Prince Regent Inlet (Canada)
- Princess Astrid Coast (Antarctica)
- Princess Elizabeth Land (Antarctica)
- Princess Martha Coast (Antarctica)
- Princess Ragnhild Coast (Antarctica)
- Pronchishchev, Vasiliy (d. 1736)
- Defeated by the Taymyr, 1735-1737
- Pytheas (Fourth Century b.c.)
- Did an Ancient Greek Reach the Arctic Around 325 b.c.?
- Q
- Queen Elizabeth Islands (Canada)
- Queen Mary Land (Antarctica)
- Queen Maud Land (Antarctica)
- R
- Rae, John (1813-1893)
- Boothia and the Northwest Passage, 1846-1847
- Searching for Franklin along North America's Arctic coast, 1847-1849
- The Search Continues on Victoria Island, 1850-1851
- Franklin's Tragedy Revealed, 1853-1854
- Rasmussen, Knud (1879-1933)
- The First Thule Expedition: Across the Inland Ice to Search for Mikkelsen, 1912
- Across North Greenland as Two Die, 1916-1918
- The Danish Ethnographic Expedition to Arctic North America, 1921-1924
- Scientific Surveys of East Greenland during the Sixth and Seventh Thule Expeditions, 1931-1933
- Richardson, Carsten (fl. 1600s)
- The Search for the Norse Colonies Continues in East Greenland, 1607
- Riiser-Larsen, Hjalmar (1890-1965)
- The Race to Enderby Land and the Discovery of Queen Maud Land, 1929-1930
- The Discovery of Princess Ragnhild Coast, 1930-1931
- An Ambitious Attempt to Sledge Antarctica's Coastline Come to Nothing, 1933
- Ritscher, Alfred (1879-1963)
- Hitler's Germany Claims Antarctic Territory in a Secret Expedition, 1938-1939
- Robert Island (South Shetland Islands)
- Ronne, Finn (1899-1980)
- Ronne's Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947-1948
- Conflict at Ellsworth Station, 1957-1958
- Ross Dependency (Antarctica)
- Ross Ice Shelf (Antarctica)
- Ross Island (Antarctica)
- Ross, James Clark (1800-1862)
- Through the Pack Ice to the Ross Sea, 1839-1843
- The First Franklin Search Expedition to Arctic Canada, 1848-1849
- Ross, John (1777-1856)
- The Northwest Passage Is Prematurely Rejected, 1818
- The Rosses Survive Four Winters in Prince Regent Inlet, 1829-1833
- John Ross's Last Voyage Searches for Sir John Franklin, 1850-1851
- Ross Sea (Antarctica)
- Rudolf Island (Franz Josef Land)
- Russia
- Imperial Russia, 1553-1917
- The Soviet Era, 1917-1991
- The Russian Federation, 1991-
- Rymill, John (1905-1968)
- The British Graham Land Expedition, 1934-1937
- S
- Samoylovich, Rudolf (1884-1940)
- Krasin to the Rescue, 1928
- The High Latitude Expeditions of Sadko, 1936 and 1937
- Saunders Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- Schrader, Karl (fl. 1880s)
- Scientific Studies on South Georgia, 1882-1883
- Schröder-Stranz, Herbert (1884-1912)
- Eight Die on a Disastrous Expedition to Svalbard, 1912-1913
- Scoresby, William, Jr. (1789-1857)
- Whaler, Scientist, and Explorer, 1803-1823
- Scott Island (Antarctica)
- Scott, Robert Falcon (1868-1912)
- Opening up a Continent, 1901-1904
- The South Pole Tragedy, 1910-1912
- Sealing and Antarctic Exploration
- Sedov, Georgiy (1877-1914)
- Sedov Achieves Martyrdom in Franz Josef Land, 1912-1914
- Seven Islands (Svalbard)
- Severnaya Zemlya (Russia)
- Seymour Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Shackleton, Ernest (1874-1922)
- Almost to the South Pole, 1907-1909
- Enduring against All Odds, 1914-1916
- A Last Return to South Georgia, 1921-1922
- Sheffield, James (fl. 1820s)
- A Sealing Voyage to the South Shetland Islands, 1819-1820
- Shirase, Nobu (1861-1946)
- The First Japanese Expedition to Antarctica, 1910-1912
- Shmidt, Otto (1891-1956)
- The First Single-Season Transit of the Northeast Passage, 1932
- Rescued from the Ice: The Voyage of Chelyushkin, 1933-1934
- Shparo, Dmitriy (1941-)
- The First Expedition to the North Pole from Eurasia, 1979
- On Skis to the Pole of Inaccessibility, 1986
- Polar Bridge: Across the Arctic Ocean on Skis, 1988
- Across Bering Strait on Skis, 1989, 1996, 1997, and 1998
- Signy Island (South Orkney Islands)
- Simpson, Jim (1911-2002)
- The British North Greenland Expedition, 1952-1954
- Siple, Paul (1908-1968)
- West Base, Little America III, 1940-1941
- Siple's Later Involvement in Antarctic Exploration
- Sledges and Sleds
- Smith, Benjamin Leigh (1828-1913)
- The Route to Franz Josef Land Discovered, 1880
- Shipwrecked at Cape Flora, 1881-1882
- Smith Island (South Shetland Islands)
- Smith Sound
- Smith, William (1790-1847)
- The Discovery of the South Shetland Islands, 1819
- The Discovery of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1819-1820
- Snow Hill Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Snow Island (South Shetland Islands)
- Somerset Island (Canada)
- South Africa
- South Georgia (Sub-Antarctic)
- South Orkney Islands (Antarctic)
- South Pole
- South Sandwich Islands (Sub-Antarctic)
- South Shetland Islands (Antarctic)
- Southern Ocean
- Soviet Union
- Spain
- Spitsbergen (Svalbard)
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (1879-1962)
- The "Blond Inuit" of Victoria Island, 1908-1912
- The Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
- The Wrangell Island Adventure, 1921-1923
- Steger, Will (1944-)
- By Dogsled to the North Pole, 1986
- The International Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1989-1990
- Attempted Crossing of the Arctic Ocean, 1995
- Solo from the Pole, 1997
- Stenhouse, Joseph (1887-1941)
- Aurora's Drift in the Ross Sea, 1915-1916
- Sub-Antarctic Islands
- Submarines
- Surveying and Mapping
- Svalbard (Norway)
- Sverdrup Islands (Canada)
- Sverdrup, Otto (1855-1930)
- Major Discoveries in the Canadian Arctic, 1898-1902
- Later Voyages to the Russian Arctic, 1914-1921
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- T
- Taylor, Thomas Griffith (1880-1963)
- Scott's Western Party Explores Victoria Land, 1911-1912
- Terra Australis Incognita
- Thule Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- Toll, Eduard von (1858-1902)
- Elusive "Sannikov Land" Is Sighted from the New Siberian Islands, 1885-1886
- Explorations Continue in Siberia, 1892-1893
- A Search for a Nonexistent Land Ends in Tragedy, 1900-1903
- Tolstoukhov, Ivan (fl. 1680s)
- The First Round Cape Chelyuskin? 1686-1689
- Torell, Otto (1828-1900)
- Early Explorations of North East Land, 1861
- Transantarctic Mountains
- Trinity Island (Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula)
- Trinity Peninsula (Antarctic Peninsula)
- U
- Uemura, Naomi (1941-1984)
- Ukraine
- United States
- United States Antarctic Service Expedition
- United States Exploring Expedition
- Unsupported Expeditions
- Uruguay
- Ushakov, Georgiy (1901-1963)
- The Mapping of Severnaya Zemlya, 1930-1932
- A Voyage to the High Arctic, 1935
- V
- Vasil'yev, Mikhail (1770-1847)
- Russia Continues the Search for the Northwest Passage, 1819-1822
- Vaygach Island (Russia)
- Vega Island (Antarctic Peninsula)
- Victor, Paul-Émile (1907-1995)
- Early Expeditions to Greenland, 1934-1937
- A Revolution in Polar Logistics, 1948-1953
- Victoria Island (Canada)
- Victoria Island (Russia)
- Victoria Land (Antarctica)
- Vil'kitskiy, Boris (1885-1961)
- The Discovery of Severnaya Zemlya, 1913
- The Second Transit of the Northeast Passage, 1914-1915
- Vindication Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- Visokoi Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- W
- Watkins, Gino (1907-1932)
- Student-Explorer, 1927
- The Man on the Ice Cap, 1930-1931
- The Lost Leader, 1932-1933
- Weddell, James (1787-1834)
- A Sealing Voyage to the South Shetland Islands, 1820-1821
- A Sealing Voyage to the South Shetlands and South Orkneys, 1821-1822
- Farthest South in the Weddell Sea, 1822-1824
- Weddell Sea (Antarctica)
- Wegener, Alfred (1880-1930)
- A Preparatory Expedition to Greenland, 1929
- Tragedy on the Inland Ice, 1930-1931
- Wellington Channel (Canada)
- Wellman, Walter (1859-1934)
- A Journalist Attempts to Reach the North Pole, 1894
- Franz Josef Land Explored in a Second Attempt to the Pole, 1898-1899
- Wellman Pioneers Exploration by Airship, 1906
- A Second Flight Comes to Naught, 1907
- America II Goes out with a Bang, 1909
- Weymouth, George (fl. 1601-1612)
- Mutiny in Davis Strait, 1602
- Whaling and Antarctic Exploration
- Whaling and Arctic Exploration
- White Island (Svalbard)
- Wiencke Island (Palmer Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula)
- Wilczek Land (Franz Josef Land)
- Wild, Frank (1874-1930)
- West Base on Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1912-1913
- Marooned on Elephant Island, 1916
- The Voyage of the Quest: Shackleton's Last Hurrah, 1922
- Wilhelm II Land (Antarctica)
- Wilkes, Charles (1798-1877)
- The United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842
- Wilkes Land (Antarctica)
- Wilkins, George Hubert (1888-1958)
- An Inauspicious Beginning to Ambitious Plans to Explore the Arctic Ocean, 1926
- Crash-Landing in the Arctic Ocean, 1927
- The First Airplane Flight across the Arctic Ocean, 1928
- The First Antarctic Flights, 1928-1929
- Further Antarctic Flights and Discovery of the Insularity of Charcot Island, 1929-1930
- The First Submarine Voyage toward the North Pole, 1931
- Later Expeditions to Antarctica and the Arctic
- Willoughby, Hugh (d. 1554)
- The First Northeast Passage Expedition Ends in Disaster, 1553-1554
- Wilson, Edward (1872-1912)
- A Winter Journey to Collect Some Penguin Eggs, 1911
- Women Explorers
- Wood, John (fl. 1676)
- Marooned on Novaya Zemlya, 1676
- Wrangell, Ferdinand von (1797-1870)
- Asia and North America Finally Proved Separate Continents, 1820-1824
- Wrangell Island (Russia)
- Z
- Zavodovski Island (South Sandwich Islands)
- Glossary
- Polar Timeline: A Chronological Listing of Polar Expeditions by Region
- Selected Bibliography
- Index
- About the Author
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