Energy at the surface of the earth : an introduction to the energetics of ecosystems
Published on 19. June 1981
515 pages
978-0-08-095460-8 (ISBN)
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Energy at the surface of the earth : an introduction to the energetics of ecosystems
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12/1981
Academic Press
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Content
- Front Cover
- Energy at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to the Energetics of Ecosystems
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter I. Introduction
- I. The Energy Budget
- II. The Locus of Energy Transformation
- III. Energy in Ecosystems
- References
- Chapter II. Surface Characteristics of Ecosystems
- I. Ecosystem Size and Structure
- II. Factors in Coupling of an Ecosystem with the Sun
- III. Radiative Coupling with the Atmosphere
- IV. Coupling of an Ecosystem with the Atmosphere by Turbulence
- V. Coupling with the Substrate
- VI. Ecosystems at the Active Surface of the Earth
- References
- Chapter III. Direct Solar Radiation
- I. Nature and Significance of the Solar Beam
- II. Geometry of the Solar Beam
- III. Incidence of the Solar Beam on Ecosystems under the Changeable Atmosphere
- IV. Incidence of the Solar Beam on Ecosystems of Different Attitudes
- V. Spatial Patterns and Ecological Consequences
- References
- Chapter IV. Diffuse Solar Radiation
- I. The Diffuse Flux Generated by Rayleigh Scattering
- II. Diffuse Radiation under a Hazy Atmosphere
- III. Diffuse Radiation under a Cloudy Atmosphere
- IV. Spectral Composition of the Diffuse Flux
- V. Variations over Time
- VI. Spatial Variation
- References
- Chapter V. Total Incoming Solar Radiation
- I. The Relative Contributions of the Component Fluxes
- II. Flux Densities of Total Solar Radiation Incident on Ecosystems
- III. Spectral Composition of the Incident Solar Flux
- IV. Determining the Combined Solar Fluxes on Horizontal Surfaces
- V. Variations in Total Solar Radiation over Time
- VI. Spatial Differences in Total Solar Radiation
- References
- Chapter VI. Incoming Longwave Radiation
- I. Magnitude and Significance of the Flux
- II. Radiation under a Cloudless Sky
- III. Sources of Variation under Clouds
- IV. Measurement and Estimation
- V. Variations over Time
- VI. Spatial Variations in Incoming Longwave Radiation
- References
- Chapter VII. Radiant Energy Absorbed by Ecosystems
- I. Ecosystem Characteristics That Affect Absorption of Radiant Energy
- II. Geometric Components of Radiant Energy
- III. Spectral Composition of Radiant Energy Absorbed by Ecosystems
- IV. Spectral Patterns of Absorptivity Coefficient
- V. Variations in Radiant-Energy Intake over Time
- VI. Spatial Patterns of Absorbed Radiant Energy
- VII. The Temperature-Independent Intake of Energy
- References
- Chapter VIII. Surface Temperature of Ecosystems
- I. Defining Surface Temperature T0
- II. Significance of Surface Temperature
- III. Determining Surface Temperature
- IV. Variations over Time
- V. Spatial Patterns
- References
- Chapter IX. Longwave Radiation Emitted by Ecosystems
- I. The Longwave Flux
- II. Role in Ecosystem Energy Budgets
- III. Determination of Upward Longwave Radiation
- IV. Variations in the Upward Flux of Longwave Radiation
- References
- Chapter X. Resultants of the Upward and Downward Radiation Fluxes
- I. The Net Exchange of Longwave Radiation between Ecosystem and Atmosphere
- II. Factors in the Net Exchange of Energy by Longwave Radiation
- III. Combining All the Radiation Fluxes: The Net All-Wave Deficit or Surplus
- IV. Variations in Net All-Wave Radiation over Time
- V. Spatial Contrasts in Net All-Wave Radiation
- References
- Chapter XI. Fixing of Carbon by Ecosystems
- I. Gross Primary Production
- II. Net Primary Production
- III. Influences on Productivity and Translocation
- References
- Chapter XII. The Release of Carbon Fixed in Ecosystems
- I. Biological Energy Conversions
- II. Ecosystems in Steady State
- III. Energy Conversion by Fire
- References
- Chapter XIII. Broad-Scale Transformations of Fossil Energy
- I. Fossil Energy in the Management of Extensively Exploited Ecosystems
- II. Fossil-Energy Conversions in Farm Operations
- III. Fossil Energy in Ecosystems and Mosaics
- IV. Energy in Circulation Systems
- References
- Chapter XIV. Phase Changes of Water in Ecosystems: I. Freezing and Thawing
- I. Presence and Characteristics of Snow Cover in Ecosystems
- II.The Energy Budget of Melting Snow Cover
- III. Effects of Terrain and Weather on the Energy Budget
- IV. Thawing of Soil and Ice
- V. Freezing
- References
- Chapter XV. Phase Changes of Water in Ecosystems: II. Vaporization
- I. Energy Conversion by Vaporization
- II. Ecosystem Characteristics
- III. Atmospheric Removal of Vapor from Ecosystems
- IV. Variations in Latent-Heat Conversions
- References
- Chapter XVI. The Flux of Sensible Heat from Ecosystems
- I. Ecosystem Characteristics
- II. The Atmospheric Environment as a Sink or Source for Sensible Heat
- III. Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relationships
- IV. Variations in the Removal of Sensible Heat from an Ecosystem
- V. Spatial Contrasts
- References
- Chapter XVII. Substrate Heat Flux in Terrestrial Ecosystems
- I. Role of the Soil in the Ecosystem
- II. Thermal Diffusivity and Admittance
- III. Heat Storage in the Daily Cycle
- IV. Aperiodic Variations
- V. Heat Storage in the Annual Cycle
- VI. Spatial Patterns of Soil-Heat Flux
- References
- Chapter XVIII. Substrate Energy Storage in Aquatic Ecosystems and Its Place in Their Energy Budgets
- I. Ecosystem Structure
- II. Coupling with the Sun
- III. Coupling with the Atmosphere
- IV. Advection of Upstream Heat or Cold in Ecosystem Energy Budgets
- V. Variations in the Energy Budget
- References
- Chapter XIX. Potential and Kinetic Energy in Ecosystems
- I. Potential Energy in Ecosystems
- II. Potential Energy in Ecosystem Environments
- III. Kinetic Energy of Water in Ecosystems
- IV. Atmospheric Kinetic Energy in Ecosystems
- V. Variations of Potential and Kinetic Energy
- References
- Chapter XX. Energy Budgets at Different Depths in Ecosystems
- I. The Ecosystem as Environment of Its Members
- II. Radiant-Energy Absorption at Different Levels
- III. Ventilation
- IV. Vertical Profiles
- V. Substrate Energy
- VI. Stratification of Energy Budgets
- References
- Chapter XXI. Ecosystem Contrasts
- I. The Origins of Contrast
- II. Contrasts in Temperature-Independent Fluxes
- III. Contrasts in Surface Temperature
- IV. Contrasts in Emitted Radiation and Energy Conversion
- V. Contrasts in Ecosystem Couplings
- VI. Contrasts in the Outputs from Ecosystems
- VII. Time Variations in Contrast
- VIII. The Variegated Mantle of the Earth
- References
- Chapter XXII. Energy Conversions at Nodes
- I. Points of Energy Concentration
- II. Characteristics of the Urban Interface
- III. Modified Radiant-Energy Intake
- IV. Fossil-Energy Augmentation
- V. Temperature-Dependent Energy Fluxes
- VI. Responses of Urban Ecosystems
- References
- Chapter XXIII. Integrating the Energy Fluxes
- I. Models of Ecosystem Energy Budgets
- II. Effects of Changes in Radiant-Energy Intake
- III. Effects of Changes in Surface Characteristics
- IV. Effects of Changes in Atmospheric Conditions
- V. The Structure of Ecosystem Energy Budgets
- VI. Conclusion
- References
- Index
