
Database of Permitting Practices for Seawater Concentrate Disposal
Description
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The formal project objective was to identify the discharge information that permitting agencies need and the decision-making process they go through to permit discharge methods in order to help desalination project proponents focus and expedite their permitting efforts.
The project involved documenting SWRO discharge regulatory information and facility information for the United States and selected countries. In the United States, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit is the primary permit required for discharge to surface waters. Discussion focused on events, information, and issues associated with obtaining an NPDES-type permit. One of the key limiting factors in the construction of new seawater desalination plants is the availability of suitable conditions and locations for disposal of the high-salinity sidestream commonly referred to as concentrate or brine. Concentrate is generated as a by-product of the separation of the minerals from the source water used for desalination. This liquid stream contains in concentrated form most of the source water's dissolved solids as well as some pretreatment additives (i.e., residual amounts of coagulants, flocculants, and antiscalants) and other chemicals, as well as microbial contaminants and particulates rejected by the reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. If chemical pretreatment is used, such as coagulants, antiscalants, polymers, or disinfectants, some or all of these chemicals may reach or may be disposed of along with the plant discharge concentrate. Chapter 1 of the report provides background and contextual information for the study including the relatively new interest and recent challenges associated with the permitting complexity of medium and large SWRO desalination plants in the United States.
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Content
- Cover
- Copyright
- Abstract & Benefits
- Table of Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Acronyms
- Acknowledgments
- Executive Summary
- Chapter 1: Project Context and Report Content
- 1.1 Chapter Content
- 1.2 Report Content
- 1.3 The Subject
- 1.4 Context of Seawater Concentrate Management and Regulation
- 1.4.1 Overview of Global Desalination
- 1.4.2 Overview of U.S. Desalination and Concentrate Management
- 1.4.3 Seawater Concentrate Discharge Options
- 1.4.4 Discharge Permit Issues of Seawater Concentrate and Discharge Regulation
- 1.4.5 Concentrate Management as Part of a Desalination Project
- 1.4.6 Summary of Background and Context Information
- Chapter 2: Desalination Plant Discharge Characterization
- 2.1 SWRO Residuals
- 2.2 Concentrate
- 2.2.1 Quantity
- 2.2.2 Quality
- 2.3 Backwash Water
- 2.3.1 Quantity
- 2.3.2 Quality
- 2.3.3 Disposal of Spent Backwash Water
- 2.4 Disposal of Spent Membrane Flush Water
- 2.4.1 Quantity
- 2.4.2 Quality
- 2.4.3 Disposal
- Chapter 3: Seawater Concentrate Discharge Methods
- 3.1 Surface Water Discharge of Concentrate
- 3.1.1 Impacts of Surface Water Discharge on the Marine Environment
- 3.2 Concentrate Treatment Prior to Surface Water Discharge
- 3.3 New Onshore, Near-shore, or Offshore Outfall
- 3.3.1 Description
- 3.3.2 Potential Environmental Impacts and Discharge Feasibility
- 3.4 Co-disposal with Wastewater Effluent
- 3.4.1 Description
- 3.4.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
- 3.4.3 Feasibility Considerations
- 3.5 Co-disposal with Power Plant Cooling Water
- 3.5.1 Description
- 3.5.2 Potential Environmental Impacts and Discharge Feasibility
- Chapter 4: Other Seawater Residual Management Options
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Discharge to Sanitary Sewer
- 4.2.1 Description
- 4.2.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
- 4.2.3 Effect on WRRF Operations
- 4.2.4 Effect on Water Reused for Irrigation
- 4.2.5 Application to SWRO Residuals
- 4.3 Deep Well Injection and Shallow Coastal Well Disposal
- 4.3.1 Description
- 4.3.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
- 4.3.3 Application to SWRO Residuals
- 4.4 Evaporation Ponds
- 4.4.1 Description
- 4.4.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
- 4.4.3 Application to SWRO Residuals
- 4.5 High Recovery and Zero Liquid Discharge Concentrate Disposal Systems
- 4.5.1 Description
- 4.5.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
- 4.5.3 Application to SWRO Residuals
- 4.6 Beneficial Use of Concentrate
- 4.6.1 Land Application of Concentrate - Description
- 4.6.1.1 Potential Environmental Impacts
- 4.6.1.2 Applicability to SWRO Residuals
- 4.6.2 Other Beneficial Uses of Concentrate
- 4.6.2.1 Potential Environmental Impacts
- 4.6.2.2. Applicability to SWRO Residuals
- 4.6.3 Salt Recovery from Concentrate
- 4.6.3.1 Potential Environmental Impacts
- 4.6.3.2 Application to SWRO Residuals
- Chapter 5: Regulations and Permitting Practices in the United States
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 General Overview of U.S. Federal Regulatory Framework
- 5.2.1 Federal Regulatory Programs Affecting SWRO Concentrate Disposal
- 5.2.2 Federal Framework for Ocean Discharge
- 5.3 Salinity and WET Requirements for Surface Discharges
- 5.4 Determination of Effluent Limitations for Ocean Discharge
- 5.4.1 Regulatory Mixing Zones
- 5.4.2 Mixing Zone Definitions
- 5.4.3 Water Quality Modeling
- 5.4.4 Calculation of Dilution Ratios and Numeric Effluent Limitations
- Chapter 6: Issues Associated with the Determination of Effluent Limitations
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 General Environmental Issues
- 6.3 Salinity Tolerance of Aquatic Species
- 6.4 Concentration of Source Water Constituents to Harmful Levels
- 6.5 Discharge Discoloration and Low Oxygen Content
- 6.6 Concentrate Discharge Permit-Related Issues
- 6.6.1 WET Testing
- 6.6.2 Testing Issues Not Addressed by WET Tests
- 6.6.3 Modeling of Dispersion and Recirculation to Intake Area
- 6.6.4 Analytical Laboratory Testing
- 6.6.5 Limited Available Information on Existing Projects
- 6.6.6 Status of Regulatory Policy and Guidelines
- 6.7 Studies to Develop Data for Discharge Permit Applications
- 6.7.1 Salinity Dispersion Modeling
- 6.7.2 Discharge WET Study
- 6.7.3 Concentrate Water Quality Characterization Study
- 6.7.4 Salinity Tolerance Evaluation Study
- 6.7.4.1 Determining Test Salinity Range
- 6.7.4.2 Identifying Test Species
- 6.7.4.3 Biometrics Test
- 6.7.4.4 Salinity Tolerance Test
- Chapter 7: U.S. State-Specific Discharge Regulations
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 State-Specific Discharge Regulations
- 7.2.1 California
- 7.2.1.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
- 7.2.1.2 California Ocean Plan
- 7.2.1.2 Regulations Governing Concentrate Management in California
- 7.2.1.3 Key Permits and Permitting Agencies
- 7.2.2 Florida
- 7.2.2.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
- 7.2.2.2 Existing Regulations Governing Concentrate Management
- 7.2.2.3 Key Permits and Permitting Agencies
- 7.2.3 Texas
- 7.2.3.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
- 7.2.3.2 Existing Regulations Governing Concentrate Management
- 7.2.3.3 Key Permits and Permitting Agencies
- Chapter 8: U.S. State Permitting Case Studies
- 8.1 Carlsbad Case Study
- 8.1.1 Facility Description
- 8.1.2 Receiving Water Characterization
- 8.1.3 Description of Discharge Streams
- 8.1.4 Description of Plant Outfall
- 8.1.5 Key Discharge Permits and Permit Requirements
- 8.1.6 Permit Support Study - Application of the STE Test for the CDP
- 8.2 Huntington Beach Desalination Plant
- 8.2.1 Facility Description
- 8.2.2 Receiving Water Characterization
- 8.2.3 Description of Discharge Streams
- 8.2.4 Description of Plant Outfall
- 8.2.5 Key Discharge Permits and Permit Requirements
- 8.2.6 Permitting Support Studies - Retrofitted Diffuser on the Discharge Outfall
- 8.3 Tampa Bay Desalination Plant
- 8.3.1 Facility Description
- 8.3.2 Receiving Water Characterization
- 8.3.3 Description of Discharge Stream
- 8.3.4 Description of Plant Outfall
- 8.3.5 Key Discharge Permits and Permit Requirements
- 8.3.6 Permit Compliance Observations
- 8.3.7 Permitting Support Studies
- 8.4 Analysis and Comparison of Permitting Practices in Key States
- 8.4.1 Similarities in the General Permitting Process and Permits
- 8.4.2 Differences among the State Permitting Processes and Permits
- 8.4.2.1 Differences in Effluent Limits
- 8.4.2.2 Differences in Guidelines
- 8.4.2.3 Differences in Complexity of the Regulatory Process
- 8.4.2.4 Differences in Salinity Limits
- Chapter 9: Regulation and Permitting Practices Abroad
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Australia
- 9.2.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
- 9.2.1.1 Queensland
- 9.2.1.2 Western Australia
- 9.2.1.3 South Australia
- 9.2.1.4 New South Wales
- 9.2.1.5 Victoria
- 9.2.1.6 Tasmania
- 9.2.2 Existing Regulations Governing Concentrate Management
- 9.2.3 Permitting Support Studies
- 9.3 Spain
- 9.3.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
- 9.3.2 Existing Regulations Governing Concentrate Management
- 9.3.2.1 Planning Phase
- 9.3.2.2 Construction Phase
- 9.3.2.3 Operation Phase
- 9.3.3 Key Permits and Permitting Agencies
- 9.3.4 Permitting Support Studies
- 9.4 Israel
- 9.4.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
- 9.4.2 Existing Regulations Governing Concentrate Management
- 9.4.2.1 Discharge Characteristics
- 9.4.2.2 Marine Outfall
- 9.4.2.3 Discharge Monitoring Program
- 9.4.3 Permitting Support Studies
- Chapter 10: International Permitting Case Studies
- 10.1 Perth I Desalination Plant, Australia
- 10.1.1 Facility Description
- 10.1.2 Receiving Water Characterization
- 10.1.3 Description of Discharge Streams
- 10.1.4 Description of Plant Outfall
- 10.1.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
- 10.1.6 Permit Compliance Observations
- 10.2 Gold Coast Desalination Plant, Australia
- 10.2.1 Facility Description
- 10.2.2 Receiving Water Characterization
- 10.2.3 Description of Discharge Streams
- 10.2.4 Description of Plant Outfall
- 10.2.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
- 10.2.6 Permit Compliance Observations
- 10.3 Torrevieja Desalination Plant, Alicante, Spain
- 10.3.1 Facility Description
- 10.3.2 Receiving Water Characterization
- 10.3.3 Description of Discharge Streams
- 10.3.4 Description of Plant Outfall
- 10.3.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
- 10.3.6 Permit Compliance Observations
- 10.4 Alicante I, Javea, and San Pedro del Pinatar Plants, Spain
- 10.4.1 Facilities Description
- 10.4.2 Receiving Water Characterization
- 10.4.3 Description of Discharge Streams
- 10.4.4 Description of Plant Outfalls
- 10.4.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
- 10.4.6 Permit Compliance Observations
- 10.5 Maspalomas II Desalination Plant, Canary Islands, Spain
- 10.5.1 Facility Description
- 10.5.2 Receiving Water Characterization
- 10.5.3 Description of Plant Outfall
- 10.5.4 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
- 10.5.5 Permit Compliance Observations
- 10.6 Ashkelon Desalination Plant, Israel
- 10.6.1 Facility Description
- 10.6.2 Receiving Water Characterization
- 10.6.3 Description of Discharge Streams
- 10.6.4 Description of Plant Outfall
- 10.6.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
- 10.6.6 Permit Compliance Observations
- 10.7 Sorek Desalination Plant, Israel
- 10.7.1 Facility Description
- 10.7.2 Receiving Water Characterization
- 10.7.3 Description of Discharge Streams
- 10.7.4 Description of Plant Outfall
- 10.7.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
- 10.7.6 Permit Compliance Observations
- 10.8 Analysis and Comparison of Permitting Practices
- 10.8.1 Country Permitting Systems
- 10.8.2 Country Positions on Key Permitting Issues
- Chapter 11: Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Regulatory Guidelines for SWRO Concentrate Discharge
- 11.3 Regulatory and Permitting Processes
- 11.3.1 Streamlined Regulatory Process
- 11.3.2 Priority Review of Desalination Projects
- 11.3.3 Superior Expertise of Regulatory Agencies in the Permitting of Desalination Plants
- 11.3.4 Sharing of Regulatory Expertise between Various Agencies
- 11.4 Salinity Limits
- 11.5 Other Regulatory and Permitting Issues
- 11.5.1 WET Testing Species and Conditions
- 11.5.2 Biological Survey
- 11.5.3 Salinity Tolerance of Marine Species
- 11.6 Conclusions
- 11.7 Recommendations
- References
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