Database of Permitting Practices for Seawater Concentrate Disposal

Name: Database of Permitting Practices for Seawater Concentrate Disposal
Brand: IWA Publishing
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Mike Mickley Nikolay Voutchkov(Author)

IWA Publishing

Published on 15. September 2016

197 pages

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978-1-78040-848-4 (ISBN)

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Permitting the disposal of concentrate and other waste streams is often one of the most challenging tasks associated with the development and implementation of desalination projects. This study focuses on the review of key regulatory requirements, support studies, and permitting practices for medium and large seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plants in the United States and abroad. The size range (from 2.5 to 110 MGD or 9.5 to 440 ML/d) covers most plants built since 2005. The study is based on permitting experience with recent SWRO projects and is focused on the regulatory issues and considerations associated with the most commonly used concentrate management method: discharge to surface water bodies. Issues specific to the permitting of thermal desalination plants are not addressed in the report because, although popular in the Middle East, thermal desalination has not found significant application in seawater desalination in the United States and most other developed countries.

The formal project objective was to identify the discharge information that permitting agencies need and the decision-making process they go through to permit discharge methods in order to help desalination project proponents focus and expedite their permitting efforts.

The project involved documenting SWRO discharge regulatory information and facility information for the United States and selected countries. In the United States, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit is the primary permit required for discharge to surface waters. Discussion focused on events, information, and issues associated with obtaining an NPDES-type permit. One of the key limiting factors in the construction of new seawater desalination plants is the availability of suitable conditions and locations for disposal of the high-salinity sidestream commonly referred to as concentrate or brine. Concentrate is generated as a by-product of the separation of the minerals from the source water used for desalination. This liquid stream contains in concentrated form most of the source water's dissolved solids as well as some pretreatment additives (i.e., residual amounts of coagulants, flocculants, and antiscalants) and other chemicals, as well as microbial contaminants and particulates rejected by the reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. If chemical pretreatment is used, such as coagulants, antiscalants, polymers, or disinfectants, some or all of these chemicals may reach or may be disposed of along with the plant discharge concentrate. Chapter 1 of the report provides background and contextual information for the study including the relatively new interest and recent challenges associated with the permitting complexity of medium and large SWRO desalination plants in the United States.

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Content

Cover
Copyright
Abstract & Benefits
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acronyms
Acknowledgments
Executive Summary
Chapter 1: Project Context and Report Content
1.1 Chapter Content
1.2 Report Content
1.3 The Subject
1.4 Context of Seawater Concentrate Management and Regulation
1.4.1 Overview of Global Desalination
1.4.2 Overview of U.S. Desalination and Concentrate Management
1.4.3 Seawater Concentrate Discharge Options
1.4.4 Discharge Permit Issues of Seawater Concentrate and Discharge Regulation
1.4.5 Concentrate Management as Part of a Desalination Project
1.4.6 Summary of Background and Context Information
Chapter 2: Desalination Plant Discharge Characterization
2.1 SWRO Residuals
2.2 Concentrate
2.2.1 Quantity
2.2.2 Quality
2.3 Backwash Water
2.3.1 Quantity
2.3.2 Quality
2.3.3 Disposal of Spent Backwash Water
2.4 Disposal of Spent Membrane Flush Water
2.4.1 Quantity
2.4.2 Quality
2.4.3 Disposal
Chapter 3: Seawater Concentrate Discharge Methods
3.1 Surface Water Discharge of Concentrate
3.1.1 Impacts of Surface Water Discharge on the Marine Environment
3.2 Concentrate Treatment Prior to Surface Water Discharge
3.3 New Onshore, Near-shore, or Offshore Outfall
3.3.1 Description
3.3.2 Potential Environmental Impacts and Discharge Feasibility
3.4 Co-disposal with Wastewater Effluent
3.4.1 Description
3.4.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
3.4.3 Feasibility Considerations
3.5 Co-disposal with Power Plant Cooling Water
3.5.1 Description
3.5.2 Potential Environmental Impacts and Discharge Feasibility
Chapter 4: Other Seawater Residual Management Options
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Discharge to Sanitary Sewer
4.2.1 Description
4.2.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
4.2.3 Effect on WRRF Operations
4.2.4 Effect on Water Reused for Irrigation
4.2.5 Application to SWRO Residuals
4.3 Deep Well Injection and Shallow Coastal Well Disposal
4.3.1 Description
4.3.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
4.3.3 Application to SWRO Residuals
4.4 Evaporation Ponds
4.4.1 Description
4.4.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
4.4.3 Application to SWRO Residuals
4.5 High Recovery and Zero Liquid Discharge Concentrate Disposal Systems
4.5.1 Description
4.5.2 Potential Environmental Impacts
4.5.3 Application to SWRO Residuals
4.6 Beneficial Use of Concentrate
4.6.1 Land Application of Concentrate - Description
4.6.1.1 Potential Environmental Impacts
4.6.1.2 Applicability to SWRO Residuals
4.6.2 Other Beneficial Uses of Concentrate
4.6.2.1 Potential Environmental Impacts
4.6.2.2. Applicability to SWRO Residuals
4.6.3 Salt Recovery from Concentrate
4.6.3.1 Potential Environmental Impacts
4.6.3.2 Application to SWRO Residuals
Chapter 5: Regulations and Permitting Practices in the United States
5.1 Introduction
5.2 General Overview of U.S. Federal Regulatory Framework
5.2.1 Federal Regulatory Programs Affecting SWRO Concentrate Disposal
5.2.2 Federal Framework for Ocean Discharge
5.3 Salinity and WET Requirements for Surface Discharges
5.4 Determination of Effluent Limitations for Ocean Discharge
5.4.1 Regulatory Mixing Zones
5.4.2 Mixing Zone Definitions
5.4.3 Water Quality Modeling
5.4.4 Calculation of Dilution Ratios and Numeric Effluent Limitations
Chapter 6: Issues Associated with the Determination of Effluent Limitations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Environmental Issues
6.3 Salinity Tolerance of Aquatic Species
6.4 Concentration of Source Water Constituents to Harmful Levels
6.5 Discharge Discoloration and Low Oxygen Content
6.6 Concentrate Discharge Permit-Related Issues
6.6.1 WET Testing
6.6.2 Testing Issues Not Addressed by WET Tests
6.6.3 Modeling of Dispersion and Recirculation to Intake Area
6.6.4 Analytical Laboratory Testing
6.6.5 Limited Available Information on Existing Projects
6.6.6 Status of Regulatory Policy and Guidelines
6.7 Studies to Develop Data for Discharge Permit Applications
6.7.1 Salinity Dispersion Modeling
6.7.2 Discharge WET Study
6.7.3 Concentrate Water Quality Characterization Study
6.7.4 Salinity Tolerance Evaluation Study
6.7.4.1 Determining Test Salinity Range
6.7.4.2 Identifying Test Species
6.7.4.3 Biometrics Test
6.7.4.4 Salinity Tolerance Test
Chapter 7: U.S. State-Specific Discharge Regulations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 State-Specific Discharge Regulations
7.2.1 California
7.2.1.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
7.2.1.2 California Ocean Plan
7.2.1.2 Regulations Governing Concentrate Management in California
7.2.1.3 Key Permits and Permitting Agencies
7.2.2 Florida
7.2.2.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
7.2.2.2 Existing Regulations Governing Concentrate Management
7.2.2.3 Key Permits and Permitting Agencies
7.2.3 Texas
7.2.3.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
7.2.3.2 Existing Regulations Governing Concentrate Management
7.2.3.3 Key Permits and Permitting Agencies
Chapter 8: U.S. State Permitting Case Studies
8.1 Carlsbad Case Study
8.1.1 Facility Description
8.1.2 Receiving Water Characterization
8.1.3 Description of Discharge Streams
8.1.4 Description of Plant Outfall
8.1.5 Key Discharge Permits and Permit Requirements
8.1.6 Permit Support Study - Application of the STE Test for the CDP
8.2 Huntington Beach Desalination Plant
8.2.1 Facility Description
8.2.2 Receiving Water Characterization
8.2.3 Description of Discharge Streams
8.2.4 Description of Plant Outfall
8.2.5 Key Discharge Permits and Permit Requirements
8.2.6 Permitting Support Studies - Retrofitted Diffuser on the Discharge Outfall
8.3 Tampa Bay Desalination Plant
8.3.1 Facility Description
8.3.2 Receiving Water Characterization
8.3.3 Description of Discharge Stream
8.3.4 Description of Plant Outfall
8.3.5 Key Discharge Permits and Permit Requirements
8.3.6 Permit Compliance Observations
8.3.7 Permitting Support Studies
8.4 Analysis and Comparison of Permitting Practices in Key States
8.4.1 Similarities in the General Permitting Process and Permits
8.4.2 Differences among the State Permitting Processes and Permits
8.4.2.1 Differences in Effluent Limits
8.4.2.2 Differences in Guidelines
8.4.2.3 Differences in Complexity of the Regulatory Process
8.4.2.4 Differences in Salinity Limits
Chapter 9: Regulation and Permitting Practices Abroad
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Australia
9.2.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
9.2.1.1 Queensland
9.2.1.2 Western Australia
9.2.1.3 South Australia
9.2.1.4 New South Wales
9.2.1.5 Victoria
9.2.1.6 Tasmania
9.2.2 Existing Regulations Governing Concentrate Management
9.2.3 Permitting Support Studies
9.3 Spain
9.3.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
9.3.2 Existing Regulations Governing Concentrate Management
9.3.2.1 Planning Phase
9.3.2.2 Construction Phase
9.3.2.3 Operation Phase
9.3.3 Key Permits and Permitting Agencies
9.3.4 Permitting Support Studies
9.4 Israel
9.4.1 Regulatory Bodies Involved in Permitting
9.4.2 Existing Regulations Governing Concentrate Management
9.4.2.1 Discharge Characteristics
9.4.2.2 Marine Outfall
9.4.2.3 Discharge Monitoring Program
9.4.3 Permitting Support Studies
Chapter 10: International Permitting Case Studies
10.1 Perth I Desalination Plant, Australia
10.1.1 Facility Description
10.1.2 Receiving Water Characterization
10.1.3 Description of Discharge Streams
10.1.4 Description of Plant Outfall
10.1.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
10.1.6 Permit Compliance Observations
10.2 Gold Coast Desalination Plant, Australia
10.2.1 Facility Description
10.2.2 Receiving Water Characterization
10.2.3 Description of Discharge Streams
10.2.4 Description of Plant Outfall
10.2.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
10.2.6 Permit Compliance Observations
10.3 Torrevieja Desalination Plant, Alicante, Spain
10.3.1 Facility Description
10.3.2 Receiving Water Characterization
10.3.3 Description of Discharge Streams
10.3.4 Description of Plant Outfall
10.3.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
10.3.6 Permit Compliance Observations
10.4 Alicante I, Javea, and San Pedro del Pinatar Plants, Spain
10.4.1 Facilities Description
10.4.2 Receiving Water Characterization
10.4.3 Description of Discharge Streams
10.4.4 Description of Plant Outfalls
10.4.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
10.4.6 Permit Compliance Observations
10.5 Maspalomas II Desalination Plant, Canary Islands, Spain
10.5.1 Facility Description
10.5.2 Receiving Water Characterization
10.5.3 Description of Plant Outfall
10.5.4 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
10.5.5 Permit Compliance Observations
10.6 Ashkelon Desalination Plant, Israel
10.6.1 Facility Description
10.6.2 Receiving Water Characterization
10.6.3 Description of Discharge Streams
10.6.4 Description of Plant Outfall
10.6.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
10.6.6 Permit Compliance Observations
10.7 Sorek Desalination Plant, Israel
10.7.1 Facility Description
10.7.2 Receiving Water Characterization
10.7.3 Description of Discharge Streams
10.7.4 Description of Plant Outfall
10.7.5 Key Discharge Permit Requirements
10.7.6 Permit Compliance Observations
10.8 Analysis and Comparison of Permitting Practices
10.8.1 Country Permitting Systems
10.8.2 Country Positions on Key Permitting Issues
Chapter 11: Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Regulatory Guidelines for SWRO Concentrate Discharge
11.3 Regulatory and Permitting Processes
11.3.1 Streamlined Regulatory Process
11.3.2 Priority Review of Desalination Projects
11.3.3 Superior Expertise of Regulatory Agencies in the Permitting of Desalination Plants
11.3.4 Sharing of Regulatory Expertise between Various Agencies
11.4 Salinity Limits
11.5 Other Regulatory and Permitting Issues
11.5.1 WET Testing Species and Conditions
11.5.2 Biological Survey
11.5.3 Salinity Tolerance of Marine Species
11.6 Conclusions
11.7 Recommendations
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Database of Permitting Practices for Seawater Concentrate Disposal

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