
Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics
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Content
- Front Cover
- Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics
- Copyright Page
- Preface to the Second Edition
- Contributors
- Alphabetical List of Articles
- A
- Accessibility Theory
- Bibliography
- Activity Theory
- Historical Background
- Object Orientation
- Mediation
- The Socio-Pragmatic Nature of the Sign
- Overall Structure of Activities
- Zone of Proximal Development
- The International Community
- Bibliography
- Adaptability in Human-Computer Interaction
- Introduction
- Adaptation and Adaptability
- Adaptation
- Computers and Metaphors
- A Case in Point: The Computer as Prosthesis
- The Fragmented Body
- The Effects of Adapting
- Computer Literacy
- The Word Processor
- Why Computer Literacy?
- Writer and Tool
- How (Not) to Use a Computer
- Perspectives and Dangers
- Mind and Body
- Mind, Creativity, and Control
- 'Big Brother' and the Mind's 'Holding Company'
- Bibliography
- Addressivity
- Bibliography
- Anthropology and Pragmatics
- Introduction
- The Semantic Tradition
- The Social-Scientific Tradition of Pragmatics
- Pragmatics, Pragmati(ci)sm, and the Social Semiotics of Praxis
- The Genealogy of Linguistic Anthropology: The Boasian Cosmographic Tradition
- Bibliography
- Applying Pragmatics
- Levels of Application: Micro- and Macro-processes
- Domains of Application: Micro- and Macro-pragmatics
- Applying Pragmatics and the Language User
- Applying Pragmatics and the Social Struggle
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- Austin, John L.
- Bibliography
- B
- Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich
- Bibliography
- Bilingual Education
- Introduction
- Types of Bilingual Education
- Immersion Bilingual Education
- Heritage Language Bilingual Education
- Dual Language Bilingual Education
- Bilingual Education and Politics
- Language Revitalization through Bilingual Education
- The Advantages of 'Strong' Forms of Bilingual Education
- The Effectiveness of Bilingual Education
- The English Language and Bilingual Education
- The Limitations of Bilingual Education
- Bibliography
- Bilingualism
- What Is Bilingualism?
- Who Is Bilingual?
- Theoretical Issues in Bilingualism Research
- Bilingualism as a Sociopolitical Issue
- Changes in Attitudes Toward Bilingualism
- Bibliography
- Bilingualism and Second Language Learning
- Introduction
- Key Concepts
- Acquisition vs. Learning
- The Critical Period Hypothesis and Its Biological Basis
- Access to Universal Grammar (UG)
- Input and Learning Environment: Natural vs. Unnatural Settings
- Defining and Measuring Bilingualism
- Patterns and Mechanisms in Bilinglual Language Development
- Childhood Bilingualism
- Adult Bilingualism: Second Language Learning
- Native Language Influence and Dominance
- Approaches to Second Language Learning
- Bilingual Education: Additive vs. Subtractive Bilingualism
- Socio-Psychological Factors
- Effects of Bilingualism
- Conclusions
- Bibliography
- Bruner, Jerome Seymour
- Bibliography
- Buumlhler, Karl
- The Organon Model
- The 'Field Theory' of Language
- Bibliography
- C
- Class Language
- Language as Social Action and Class Consciousness
- Linguistic Variation and Social Class
- Language as Capital in Linguistic Markets
- Current Issues
- Bibliography
- Classroom Talk
- Bibliography
- Code Switching
- Code Switching as a Research Topic
- The Audience-Centered Approach to Code Switching
- The Conversation Analytic Approach to Code Switching
- The Marked Model: A Speaker-Centered Approach to Code Switching
- Markedness and Communicative Competence
- Explaining Speakers' Choices
- The Significance of the Markedness Model
- Bibliography
- Codes, Elaborated and Restricted
- Bibliography
- Cognitive Pragmatics
- Introduction
- Cognitive Pragmatics Theory
- Inferential Load: Simple and Complex Speech Acts
- Complexity of Mental Representations
- Cognitive Pragmatics and Development
- Cognitive Pragmatics and Brain Damage
- Cognitive Pragmatics and the Executive Function
- Bibliography
- Cognitive Technology
- Cognitive Technology (CT) as a Scholarly Discipline
- Methodology for Tool Design
- Mind-Amplifying Tool
- Natural Technologies
- Fabricated Technologies
- Perspectives on Mind Change
- Bibliography
- Comics, Pragmatic Aspects of
- Origins of the Comics
- Narrative Means: How Comics Tell a Story
- Playful Conventions: How to Read the Narrative Codes
- Common Narrative Codes in Comics
- Arrangement of Panels
- Panel Frame
- Balloons
- Written Text
- Text Within a Balloon
- Text Outside Balloons
- Caption Texts
- Pictorial Signs
- Doing without Sound and Motion: Narrative Rhythm
- Bibliography
- Communication: Semiotic Approaches
- The Rise of a Controversy
- Saussurean 'Signification' as Keyword and Sign of Contradiction
- The Functionalist Reading
- Some Code-model Approaches
- Charles Sanders Peirce
- Concluding Remarks
- Bibliography
- Communicative Competence
- A Key Concept in an Emerging Sociolinguistic Tradition
- Sociocultural Context
- Ethnography of Communication
- Speech Event
- Speech Community
- Diversity
- Appropriateness
- Socialization
- Communicative Competence in Other Domains
- Re-examining Communicative Competence
- Re-examining Appropriateness
- Re-examining Speech Event and Speech Community
- Re-examining the Notion of Speaker
- Re-examining Context
- Bibliography
- Communicative Language Teaching
- Linguistic Theory and Classroom Practice
- Emergence of English as a Global Language
- Sociocultural Competence for a Dialogue of Cultures
- Interpretations of CLT
- CLT in the 21st Century
- Bibliography
- Communicative Principle and Communication
- Inferential Nature of Communication
- Cooperative Principle
- Neo-Gricean View
- Relevance Theory
- Criticism of the Principle of Relevance
- Communicative Principle
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Communities of Practice
- Bibliography
- Computer Literacy
- Introduction: Why Computer Literacy?
- The difference that makes a difference
- How to use (and not use) a computer
- Perspectives and dangers
- Bibliography
- Conspicuity
- Bibliography
- Constraint, Pragmatic
- Bibliography
- Context and Common Ground
- History
- Bases for Common Ground
- Communal Common Ground
- Personal Common Ground
- Language and Communal Common Ground
- Discourse and Personal Common Ground
- Bibilography
- Context, Communicative
- Introduction
- Emergence
- Context as a Sheer Situation
- Relevant Settings
- Semiotic Field, Symbolic and Demonstrative
- Embedding
- Social Field
- Contextualization Processes
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Conversation Analysis
- Introduction
- Studying Transcriptions of Recorded Talk
- Turn Design and the Organization of Turn Taking
- Sequence Organization
- Conversation Analytic Methodology
- The Data
- Analyzing Data
- Preference Organization
- Extensions and Applications
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- Conversational Agents: Synthetic
- Sample Interaction with an ECA
- Conversational Properties
- Distinction between Function and Behavior
- Importance of Timing
- Division between Propositional and Interactional Functions
- Communicating Concepts with Maximal Efficiency
- Research Issues
- Bibliography
- Conversational Analytic Approaches to Culture
- Introduction
- CA Methods
- Implications for Concepts of Culture and Society
- 'Culture' and Conversational Practices - The Possibility of Comparative Research
- Social Organization and Culture as an Organization of Conversational Practices
- Bibliography
- Cooperative Principle
- The Principle Itself
- What Counts as Cooperation?
- The Cooperative Principle and the Maxims of Cooperative Discourse
- Failures to Fulfill Maxims and Implicature
- Major Critiques of the Cooperative Principle
- Problems with the Term 'Cooperation'
- Problems with the Maxims: The Haphazardness of Communication and the Specificity of Maxims
- Scholarship Influenced by the Cooperative Principle
- Grammar
- Neo-Gricean Pragmatics
- Politeness Theory
- Question Processing
- Gender Studies
- Teacher Research and Pedagogy
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Critical Applied Linguistics
- Doing Applied Linguistics Critically
- The Critical in Applied Linguistics
- Applied Linguistics and the Critical
- Bibliography
- Critical Discourse Analysis
- Introduction
- Critical Linguistics
- Critical Discourse Analysis
- Critiques
- Bibliography
- Cultural and Social Dimension of Spoken Discourse
- Bibliography
- D
- Default Semantics
- Bibliography
- Deixis and Anaphora: Pragmatic Approaches
- Bibliography
- Dialogism, Bakhtinian
- Bibliography
- Discourse Anaphora
- Introduction
- Some Useful Concepts and Distinctions in the Study of Indexical Reference: 'Anaphora,' 'Deixis,' and...
- Three Essential Ingredients of the Operation of Discourse Anaphora: 'Antecedent-Trigger,' 'Antecedent...
- The Antecedent-Trigger
- The Antecedent
- The Anaphor
- The Text - as Well as Discourse - Sensitivity of Discourse Anaphora
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Discourse Markers
- Bibliography
- Discourse Processing
- Methods of Studying Discourse Processing
- On-Line Paradigms
- Inconsistency Detection
- Probe Response
- Off-Line Methods
- The Three-Pronged Approach
- Theoretical Approaches to Discourse Processing
- Construction-Integration Model
- Structure-Building Framework
- Event-Indexing Model
- Memory-Based Approach
- Theoretical and Empirical Issues
- Integrating Sentences into a Coherent Discourse
- Generating Inferences during Discourse Processing
- Determining Reference in Discourse Processing
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Discourse, Foucauldian Approach
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Discourse, Narrative and Pragmatic Development
- Discourse, Narrative, and Pragmatics
- Early Pragmatics Development
- Conversation as Discourse
- From Conversation to Longer Texts, Narrative, and Expository
- Narrative Development
- Research Frameworks for Narrative Development
- Developing Narrative Coherence
- Developing Narrative Cohesion
- Developing the Evaluative Function
- Relation to Emerging Literacy
- Bibliography
- Discrimination and Language
- Bibliography
- Relevant Website
- Discursive Practice Theory
- Introduction
- Distinctive Features of Practice Theory in Linguistic Research
- Two Examples of the Impact of Practice Theory in Linguistic Analysis
- Genre Analysis
- Studies of Language and Gender
- Conclusions
- Bibliography
- E
- Education in a Multilingual Society
- Introduction
- Categorizing Education in Multilingual Societies
- Debates and Research on Bilingual Programs
- Bibliography
- Educational Linguistics
- The Emergence of Educational Linguistics
- Three Schools
- Taking Stock of the Field
- Defining Characteristics
- From Interdisciplinary to Transdisciplinary
- Professional Activities
- Future Directions
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- E-mail, Internet, Chatroom Talk: Pragmatics
- Scope and Purpose
- Research Background
- Languages on the Internet
- Language in the Technical Medium
- Substituting Nonlinguistic Contextual Information
- The Status of Internet Language as a Medium: Between Written and Oral, or How?
- Pragmatics
- Varieties and Communities
- Language Change
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- Emancipatory Linguistics
- Verbal Interaction: From Equality and Cooperation Between Autonomous Subjects to Inequalities, Opaqueness and Irreducible...
- Linguistic Ideologies and Indexicality
- Future Research Agenda
- Bibliography
- Endangered Languages
- Language Endangerment
- Levels of Language Endangerment
- What Is Lost?
- Taxonomy of Endangerment Situations
- Assessing Language Vitality
- Intergenerational Transmission
- Absolute Numbers of Speakers
- Proportion of Speakers within the Total Population
- Trends in Existing Language Domains
- Response to New Domains and Media
- Materials for Language Education and Literacy
- Governmental and Institutional Attitudes and Policies
- Causes of Language Shift
- Strengthening Language Vitality
- Bibliography
- Relevant Website
- Environment and Language
- Introduction
- Metaphors and Definitions of Language
- Themes in Language and Environment
- Properties of Words
- Properties of Grammatical Constructions
- Properties of Texts and Discourses
- Environmental Metaphor
- Ongoing Dichotomies
- Applications and Prospects
- Bibliography
- Evolution of Pragmatics
- Introduction
- The Pragmatic Capacity
- Ostensive Behavior
- Theory of Mind
- Metarepresentation and Evolution
- The Evolution of Pragmatics
- Bibliography
- F
- Face
- Background
- 'Face' According to Goffman
- Brown and LevinsonLs 'Face' and Its Critics
- Future of Face Research
- Bibliography
- Family Speak
- Bibliography
- Fillmore, Charles J.
- Bibliography
- Formulaic Language
- Introduction
- Formulaic Language and Novel Language
- A Preliminary Definition of Formulaic Language
- The Focus of Research into Formulaic Language
- Why Formulaic Language Exists
- Processing Shortcuts
- What Formulaic Language Is Used For
- Promotion of Self
- A Badge of Identity
- Social Bonding
- Memorization as an Aide-Memoire
- Fluency Under Pressure
- Support for First Language Acquisition
- Help and Hindrance in Second Language Acquisition
- A Residual Lifeline
- Recognizing Formulaic Language
- Frequency
- Form
- Meaning
- Future Directions
- Bibliography
- Foucault, Michel
- Bibliography
- Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob
- Bibliography
- Freire, Paulo
- Bibliography
- G
- Gender and Language
- Querying the 'Gender Differences' Agenda
- Beyond 'Difference': The Poststructuralist Turn
- Bibliography
- Gender and Political Discourse
- The Discursive Order: Is There a Feminine Style in the Political Arena?
- The Social Representation of Female Politicians
- Barriers Constituting a Glass Ceiling and Potential Action
- Bibliography
- Genre and Genre Analysis
- Genre in Literary Studies
- Genre in Language Studies
- Genre in Systemic-Functional Linguistics
- Genre in 'the New Rhetoric'
- Genre in Applied Linguistics
- Changing Conceptions of the Discourse Community
- Summary
- Bibliography
- Genres in Political Discourse
- Political Interviews
- Political Speeches
- Policy Documents
- Public Sphere Dialogues
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Gesture and Communication
- Kendon's Continuum
- The Iconic, Metaphoric, Deictic, Beat Quartet
- Dimensions Rather than Kinds
- Tight Binding
- Gesture Anatomy
- Unfolding in Time and Its Meaning
- Coexpressiveness and Synchrony
- Growth Points and Context
- The Psychological Predicate
- Contexts and Catchments
- Viv's Catchments
- Social Context
- Mimicry and Two-Bodied Gestures
- See also
- Bibliography
- Gesture: Sociocultural Analysis
- Gesture is Integrated with Utterance
- Meanings and Interactions
- Ideologies of Gesture
- Bibliography
- Gestures: Pragmatic Aspects
- Making Sense of the World at Hand
- Revealing the World within Sight
- Depiction by Hand
- Embodying Speech and Communicative Action
- Ordering and Enabling Transactions
- 'Ceiving'
- Pragmatic Function and Placement of Gestures
- Bibliography
- Goffman, Erving
- Bibliography
- Grice, Herbert Paul
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- Guillaume, Gustave
- Bibliography
- Relevant Website
- H
- Habermas, Juumlrgen
- Bibliography
- Halliday, Michael Alexander Kirkwood
- Bibliography
- Hill, Jane
- Bibliography
- Historical Pragmatics
- Introduction
- Data
- Topics in Historical Pragmatics
- Recent Advances
- Bibliography
- History of Pragmatics
- Sources of Antagonism and Inspiration
- Early Pragmatic Insights
- The Development of Pragmatics between 1850 and 1930
- Pragmatism, Semiotics, and Speech Act Theory
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Humor in Language
- Bibliography
- Humor: Stylistic Approaches
- Bibliography
- I
- Iconicity
- Bibliography
- Identity and Language
- What Is Identity?
- Identity and the Functions of Language
- Targeting Identity in the Analysis of Language
- Coconstructing National Identity and Language
- Bibliography
- Identity in Sociocultural Anthropology and Language
- Reflections of Identity in Language Use
- Performance of Identity in Mediated Social Practice
- Studying Identity through Language and Contextualized Language Variation
- Ethnographic Investigation of People's Interpretive Frameworks
- Language and Identity over Time
- Bibliography
- Identity: Second Language
- The Historical Context
- Theoretical Influences
- Research Trajectories
- Identity and Investment
- Identity and Imagined Communities
- Identity Categories and Educational Change
- Identity and Literacy
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Implicature
- The Basic Notions
- Beyond Grice
- Presumptive Meanings: Levinson's Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature
- Division of Pragmatic Labor: Horn's Q- and R-Principles
- Relevance Theory: Carston's Underdeterminacy Thesis
- Quality Reconsidered
- Implicature and the Grammar/Pragmatics Interface
- Conclusions
- Bibliography
- Indexicality: Theory
- Indexicality in Peirce's Categories and Sign Typology
- Indexicality and Logic
- Indexicality and Dialogicality
- Theory of Indexicality in a Peircean Semiotic Framework
- Indexical Types of Verbal and Nonverbal Signs and Signals
- Indexicality in Verbal Language
- Bibliography
- Institutional Talk
- Bibliography
- Interactional Sociolinguistics
- Theoretical Roots
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Intercultural Pragmatics and Communication
- Intercultural Pragmatics
- Bibliography
- Internet and Language Education
- History of the Internet
- The Internet as Classroom
- Research and Resources: The Internet as Tool
- Information about Languages and Linguistics
- Authentic Language Use and Language Samples
- Opportunities for Interaction
- Activities: The Internet as Tutor
- Equality, Democracy, and the Internet
- Future
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- Irony
- Bibliography
- Irony: Stylistic Approaches
- Bibliography
- J
- Jakobson, Roman
- Bibliography
- L
- Language Attitudes
- Introduction
- The Basis of Judgment
- Intrinsic Difference
- Aesthetic Difference
- Social Perception
- Variation in Social Attitudes
- Difference, Deficit hellip and Solidarity
- In the Classroom
- 'At Home'
- Language Attitudes and Language Acquisition
- Details and Directions
- Conclusions
- Bibliography
- Language Change and Cultural Change
- Language Change and Sociocultural Evolution
- Language Spread and Language Shift
- Esoterogeny and Exoterogeny
- Culture and the Speed of Language Change
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Language Education for Endangered Languages
- School-Based Programs
- Total-Immersion Programs
- The Language Nest Model
- Partial-Immersion Programs
- Outside of the Schools
- Community-Based Programs
- Master-Apprentice Program
- Potential Difficulties
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- Language Education: Language Awareness
- Bibliography
- Language in Computer-Mediated Communication
- Characteristics of Computer Language Media
- Languages Used in Computer-Mediated Communication
- Writing, Speaking, and Hybridity
- Playfulness in Computer-Mediated Language
- Online Hostility
- Gender
- The Effect of Computer-Mediated Language on Offline Language Use
- Bibliography
- Relevant Website
- Language Maintenance and Shift
- Languages Are Threatened in Different Settings
- Global Context
- Nation-State Context
- Subnational Contexts
- Which Languages Are Endangered?
- What Is Actually Lost When Languages Vanish?
- What Could and Should Be Done?
- Language Work
- Capacity Building
- Language Policy
- Living Conditions
- Roles for Linguists and Speech Communities
- Bibliography
- Language Planning and Policy: Models
- Managing Bad and Good Language
- National Language Policies
- Corpus Planning and Management
- Status Management
- Ideologically Monolingual Countries
- Ethno-Linguistic Regional Minorities
- Territorial Linguistic Minorities
- Aboriginals
- Immigrants
- Dyadic or Triadic Societies
- Mosaic Societies
- Foreign Language Teaching Policies
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Language Policy in Multinational Educational Contexts
- Global Distribution of Multilingualism
- Need for Language Policy and Planning
- Components of Language Policy
- Language Policies in Nation-States
- Language Policy beyond the Nation-State
- Language Policies at the International Level
- Linguistic Human Rights
- Typologies and Models of Multilingual Education
- Immersion
- Transitional Bilingual Education
- Weak Linkages between Language Policy and Planning
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- Language Politics
- Bibliography
- Language Socialization
- Introduction
- Origins
- Axioms and Aims
- Examples of Key Insights and Areas of Investigation
- Nonuniversality of Baby Talk
- Differing Cultural Understandings of Human Development
- Influence of Local Social Norms on ChildrenLs Acquisition and Production of Specific'Linguistic Forms
- Differing Social Functions of Specific Verbal Practices across Cultures and Social Groups
- Delimiting Universals of Communicative Practice
- Language Practices at Home and in School
- The Development of Subjectivities
- Languages and Cultures in Contact
- Dynamics of Language Shift
- The Persistence of Everyday Practices
- Essential Features of Language Socialization Research
- Language Socialization across the Lifespan
- Reproduction and Continuity
- Transformation and Change
- Toward a Relational, Nonlinear Perspective on Human Development
- Bibliography
- Language Teaching Traditions: Second Language
- Introduction
- Early Greek Education
- Schools in Sparta
- Schools in Athens
- Plato and the Academy
- Aristotle and the Lyceum
- Roman Education
- Quintilian
- Latin Grammars
- Education in the Medieval Age
- The Rise of Universities
- Revival of Classical Studies
- Rise of the Vernacular Languages
- The Jesuits
- Toward the Modern Era
- The Lesson of Tradition
- Bibliography
- Languages for Specific Purposes
- Defining the Object
- Basic Distinctions: Relations between Communicators
- Traditional Approaches
- Recent Trends for the Development of the Discipline
- Bibliography
- Languages of Wider Communication
- World Language
- Is English a World Language?
- Development of World Language
- World Language and Language Contact
- Linguistic, Political, and Social Consequences of World Language
- International Language
- Major International Languages: A Statistical Picture
- Functions of International Languages
- Impact of English as a World Language on the Functions and Usage of International Languages
- Languages of Wider Communication
- Functions of Languages of Wider Communication
- Bibliography
- Law and Language: Overview
- Introduction
- Fields of Research
- Bibliography
- Legal Pragmatics
- Pragmatic Concepts in the Language of the Law
- Presupposition
- Deixis
- Implicature
- Speech Acts
- Power vs. Solidarity
- Power in the Courtroom
- Forms of Address
- The Structure of Courtroom Discourse
- Guidelines for Courtroom Discourse Participants
- Court Examination vs. Conversation
- The Language of the Law - At the Crossroads of Sociopragmatics, Discourse Analysis, and Intercultural Communication
- Bibliography
- Linguistic Anthropology
- Terms and Turfs
- Roots and Shoots
- Concepts and Controversies
- Indexicality, Metalanguage, Materiality
- Context and Contextualization
- Text and Entextualization
- Language Ideologies
- Differentiation: Registers, Communities, Variation and Change
- Language and Thought
- Bibliography
- Linguistic Decolonialization
- Bibliography
- Linguistic Habitus
- Bibliography
- Linguistic Rights
- Central Concepts
- Linguistic Human Rights (LHRs)
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- Literacy Practices in Sociocultural Perspective
- Introduction
- Literacy Practices in the New Literacy Studies
- Literacy Practices in Sociocultural Perspective
- Artifactualized Language
- Sociocultural Practices of Language Use Associated with Inscription and Artifact Circulation
- Ideologies of Language and Literacy
- Institutions, Language, and Social Structure
- Taking Stock: New Literacy Studies, Linguistic Anthropology and Indexical Analysis
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Literary Pragmatics
- The Linguistics of Texts
- Production and Consumption
- Authors and Readers
- Text Dialectics
- Cocreativity
- Signposting
- The Voices of the Text
- Vocalization
- Voice and Focus
- The Pragmatics of Voice
- When Voices Clash
- Conclusion: The Role of Pragmatics
- Bibliography
- Literary Theory and Stylistics
- Bibliography
- Lying, Honesty, and Promising
- Informational Theories
- Noninformational Theories
- Bibliography
- M
- Marxist Theories of Language
- Looking for a 'True' Marxism in Linguistics
- ClassicsL Indications
- Scylla and Charybdis in Marxist Linguistics
- Language Sciences and Critique of Ideologies
- 'Bakhtin's Circle'
- Social Cognition and Linguistic Praxis
- Sign Systems and Social Reproduction
- What Shall We Do?
- Bibliography
- Maxims and Flouting
- The Cooperative Principle
- The Maxims
- Quantity
- Quality
- Relation
- Manner
- What Is a Maxim?
- Flouting: Past, Present, and Future
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Media and Language: Overview
- Approaches to Media Language Analysis
- Current Issues
- The Impact of New Media
- Revisiting Traditional Media
- Bibliography
- Media, Politics and Discourse Interactions
- Media, Politics, and the Public Sphere
- Struggle of Discourses
- Fragmentation and Reconfiguration of Media Spaces
- Approaches to the Analysis of Political Discourse in the Media
- The Field of Politics and of the Media
- Analyzing Media Texts
- Imagining the Audience
- Modalities and Meanings
- Text and Context
- Bibliography
- Media: Pragmatics
- Approaches to the Study of Media Discourses
- First-Generation Discourse Analysis: 'Critical Linguistics'
- Critical Discourse Analysis of the Media
- Conversation Analysis and Discursive Psychology
- Analyzing the Visual Aspects of Media Discourse
- Toward a Pragmatics of Media
- Bibliography
- Medical Communication: Professional-Lay
- The Information Society and the Changing Status of Experts
- The New Roles of Medical Experts
- What Is Medical Language?
- Characteristics of Medical Language
- What Is Professional-Lay Medical Language?
- Target Group
- Characteristics of Professional-Lay Medical Language
- Incomprehensible Medical Jargon
- False Friends
- Inconsistent Use of Synonyms
- Long or Complicated Words or Expressions
- Long and Complicated Sentences
- Passive and Impersonal Style
- Too Much Information in One Sentence
- Remnants from Translation
- Presuppositions
- Length
- Print Size
- Order of Information
- Headings
- Pictograms
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Metaphor: Philosophical Theories
- Metaphor and Philosophy
- Defining Metaphor
- Delineating Metaphor
- The Metaphorical and the Literal
- Deviance and Value
- Deviance: Semantic or Pragmatic?
- Theories of Metaphor
- Conditions of Adequacy
- Aristotle
- Interaction Theories of Metaphor
- Davidson and Metaphorical Meaning
- Bibliography
- Metaphor: Psychological Aspects
- The Ubiquity of Metaphor in Language
- Metaphor Understanding: The Standard View
- Psychological Tests of the Standard View
- Psychological Models of Metaphor Understanding
- Metaphor in Thought
- Psychological Studies on Conceptual Metaphor
- Bibliography
- Metaphor: Stylistic Approaches
- Introduction
- Definition
- History
- Classes of Metaphor
- Application
- Metaphorical Utterances
- Metaphorical Patterns
- Bibliography
- Metaphors and Conceptual Blending
- Conceptual Metaphor Theory
- Higher-Level Mappings
- Primary Metaphor and Experiential Grounding
- Conceptual Blending Theory
- Mental Space Theory
- Conceptual Blending and Metaphor
- Metaphor, Conceptual Blending, and Linguistic Theory
- Bibliography
- Metaphors in Political Discourse
- The Classical Tradition
- The Cognitive Theory of Metaphor
- Metaphor and Politics
- Bibliography
- Metapragmatics
- Metapragmatics 1: The Need for Metatheoretical Reflections
- Metapragmatics 2: On the Possibility Conditions of Action and Interaction
- Communication
- Empirical-Conceptual Approach
- Metapragmatics 3: The Management of Discourse
- Common Knowledge and Reflexivity
- Monitoring
- Applying Metapragmatics
- Conclusions
- Bibliography
- Metonymy
- Metonymy: History and Terminology
- Metonymy: From Cognition to Social Interaction
- Metaphor and Metonymy
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Migration and Language
- Introduction: Migration, Language Diversification, and Contact
- Dialect Leveling and Dialect Formation
- Bilingualism, Language Shift, and Maintenance
- Mass Migration and Language Formation
- Transnational Migration, Language, and Citizenship
- Conclusion: Migrants as 'New' Ethnic Minorities
- Bibliography
- Relevant Website
- Minorities and Language
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Membership and Numbers
- Analytic Frameworks
- Bibliography
- Minority Languages: Oppression
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- Mitigation
- Historical Background
- Theoretical Questions
- Research Perspectives
- Bibliography
- Morphopragmatics
- Definition
- The Theory
- The Tenets of the Theory
- Factors Favoring Morphopragmatic Meanings
- Bibliography
- Morris, Charles
- Bibliography
- Multiculturalism and Language
- Bibliography
- N
- Narrative: Sociolinguistic Research
- Labov and Waletzky, 1967
- Sociolinguistic Correlates
- Class
- Gender
- Age
- Ethnicity
- Geography
- Linguistic Internal
- Bibliography
- Narrativity and Voice
- Voice and Its History
- Images of Authorship
- Conceptions of the Artistic Text
- Bibliography
- Native Speaker
- Bibliography
- Natural Language Interfaces
- Communicating More Effectively with Computers
- NLI Complexity and Limitations
- Contextual Subtlety of Meaning and Ambiguity
- Diversity of Expression
- NLI Design Principles
- Principle 1: Acquire data on language use for the application domain.
- Principle 2: Develop semantic representations for the meaning of user input that are consistent with the semantic representatio
- Principle 3: Decide early the level of separation to be maintained between language processing components of the NLI and the ap
- Representative NLIs
- Text-Based Interfaces
- Speech-Based Interfaces
- Robust Language Analysis
- NLIs That Focus on Dialog Management
- The Future of NLIs: Integration with Other Communication Modalities
- Bibliography
- Neo-Gricean Pragmatics
- The Hornian System
- The Levinsonian System
- Further Neo-Gricean Contributions
- Bibliography
- Newspeak
- Newspeak
- Bibliography
- O
- Oracy Education
- Bibliography
- Orality
- Ordinary Language Philosophy
- Language and Philosophy
- Ordinary Language Philosophy
- The Oxford Version: Austin
- Some Questions about AustinLs Approach
- The Cambridge Version: Wittgenstein
- Some Questions About WittgensteinLs Approach
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Organizational Speech
- Bibliography
- P
- Participatory Research and Advocacy
- Bibliography
- Relevant Websites
- Peirce, Charles Sanders
- Life
- His Work
- Categories and Signs
- Classification of Signs
- Pragmatism and Abduction
- Bibliography
- Phonetics and Pragmatics
- Linguistic and Semiotic Matrices of Phonetics and Pragmatics
- The Linguistic Matrix
- The Semiotic Matrix of Communication
- Pragmatics, Phonetics, and Indexical Semiosis
- Linguistic Structure and Other Symbols in Indexical Semiosis
- Dialectics of Signs: Interactions of Structure and Discourse
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Politeness
- Introduction
- Constructs of Politeness
- The 'Social Norm View'
- Pragmatic Approaches
- Social Constructivist Approaches
- Future Perspectives
- Bibliography
- Relevant Website
- Politeness Strategies as Linguistic Variables
- What Is Linguistic Politeness?
- Politeness Theory
- Criticisms of Brown and LevinsonLs Theory
- Measuring Politeness
- LeechLs Politeness Principle
- Post-Modern Approaches to Politeness
- Social Variables and Politeness
- Cross-Cultural Analyses of (Im)Politeness
- Impoliteness
- Where Next?
- Bibliography
- Politics and Language: Overview
- Development of a New Field
- History of Research in the Field of Language and Politics
- Language and Politics/Language Policies/Language Planning
- Discourse/Text/Politics
- Inter/Trans/Multidisciplinarity
- Current Research in Language and Politics
- Some Research Dimensions
- Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis and the Analysis of Political Discourses
- Different Theoretical Approaches Concerning Discourse and Politics
- Perspectives
- Bibliography
- Politics of Teaching
- Introduction
- The Politics of Mainstream Applied Linguistics
- Language Policy and Planning
- Mozambique
- The Politics of Critical Applied Linguistics
- Critical Theory
- Language Policy and Planning
- Second Language Teaching
- English as an International Language
- English for Academic Purposes
- Adult Second Language Teaching
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Power and Pragmatics
- Introduction
- Pragmatics, Power, and Language
- Instrumental and Influential Power
- Bibliography
- Pragmatic Acts
- A Philosophers' Mistake
- An Illustrative Case: The Irony of Irony
- Acting in a Social Situation
- The Indirect Speech Act Paradox
- Situated Acting: "The Body Speaks" (John Donne)
- Conclusion: Pragmemes and Practs
- Bibliography
- Pragmatic Determinants of What Is Said
- Bibliography
- Pragmatic Indexing
- Bibliography
- Pragmatic Presupposition
- Introduction
- Relation with Semantic Presupposition
- Relation with Conversational Implicature
- Pragmatic Presuppositions: 'Classical' Definitions
- Pragmatic Presuppositions as Felicity Conditions
- Toward a Pragmatic Definition of Pragmatic Presupposition
- Bibliography
- Pragmatics and Semantics
- Critical Introduction: Metatheoretical Presuppositions as Ideological Norms Constraining the Empirical Sciences of Pragmatics a
- Three Methodological Stances to Pragmatics and Semantics
- The Componential View
- The Perspectival View
- The Critical Sociological View
- The Boundary Problem
- Semanticism
- Complementarism
- From Complementarism to Pragmaticism
- Historical Contextualization of the Ideologies of Pragmatics and Semantics
- Bibliography
- Pragmatics of Reading
- Introduction
- Negotiation and Reading
- Negotiating the Scene
- 'Bestrangement' and Reader's Role
- Negotiating the Fictional Space
- Perspective and Change
- Disturbing Reality
- Does the Reader Have a Voice?
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Pragmatics: Linguistic Imperialism
- Bibliography
- Pragmatics: Optimality Theory
- Introduction
- Optimality Theory and Pragmatics
- Pronouns
- Presupposition
- The Future
- Bibliography
- Pragmatics: Overview
- Introduction
- Understanding and Misunderstanding
- Situations and Contexts
- Speech and Speech Acts
- The Problem of the Indirect Speech Act
- Indexing and Inferring
- Cooperating and Implying
- The 'Garden Path' and 'Bestrangement'
- Situated Speech and Pragmatic Acts
- The Pragmatic Turn
- The Difference that Makes a Difference
- Conclusion: 'Out of the Waste Basket'
- Bibliography
- Principles and Rules
- Bibliography
- Proxemics
- Introduction
- The Proxemic Paradigm
- Territoriality
- Factors
- Interpersonal Zones
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Psycholinguistics: History
- From the Ancient Egyptians to the Greek Philosophers
- The Earliest Empirical Studies
- The 19th Century Emergence of the Cognitive Neuropsychology of Language
- The Early 20th Century Influence of Behaviorism
- The Mid-20th Century and the Chomskyan Influence
- From Linguistic Competence to Psychological Performance
- On the Influence of the Digital Computer
- The Late 20th Century Emergence of Connectionism: Statistical Approaches to Language
- The Early 21st Century and the Grounding of Language in Action and the Brain
- Epilogue
- See also
- Bibliography
- Psycholinguistics: Overview
- Emergence of Psycholinguistics in the Late 1950s and 1960s from the Chomskyan Revolution
- Research Topics in the Early Years of Psycholinguistics
- Models of Sentence Comprehension
- Speech Production and Speech Errors
- Speech Recognition
- Discourse Processing
- Reading as a Developmental and Educational Process
- Visual Word Recognition
- Dialogue and Gesture
- Future Directions in Psycholinguistics
- Bibliography
- Q
- Queer Talk
- Queer Language and Queer Linguistics
- The Study of Gay Male and Lesbian Language
- Structural Aspects of Gay Male and Lesbian Language
- Gay and Lesbian Lexicons
- Gay Male and Lesbian Discourse
- Transgendered Language
- Language and Heteronormativity
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- R
- Reading and Multiliteracy
- Bibliography
- Reference: Psycholinguistic Approach
- Psychological Issues
- Situation Models
- Coordination between Speakers
- Anaphoric Reference
- Summary and Conclusions
- Bibliography
- Reference: Semiotic Theory
- FregeLs Legacy
- Referential Paradise Lost?
- A Retreat into Imaginary Worlds and Language in Search of an Answer
- Our Fallible Limitations
- Alternatives Emerge
- Reference within the Triadic Concept of the Sign: Peirce
- Unstable Semiotically Engendered Worlds
- Bibliography
- Reflexivity
- Bibliography
- Register: Overview
- Introduction
- Lexical and Grammatical Differences among Registers
- Lexical Differences across Registers
- Grammatical Differences across Registers
- Overall Patterns of Register Variation: The MD Approach
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Relevance Theory
- Basic Claims
- Code versus Inference
- A Post-Gricean Theory
- Two Principles of Relevance
- Assessing Relevance: Cognitive Effects versus Processing Effort
- Current Issues and Open Debates
- The Explicit/Implicit Distinction
- Conceptual and Procedural Encoding
- Ad hoc Concept Formation
- Mutual Knowledge versus Mutual Manifestness
- Communicated and Noncommunicated Acts
- Irony and the Notion of Echo
- Modularity
- Relevance Theory as Asocial
- Empirical Evidence
- Applications
- Concluding Remarks
- Bibliography
- Reported Speech: Pragmatic Aspects
- Multifunctionality of Reported Speech
- Evaluative Functions
- The Source
- Credentializing
- Power and Solidarity
- Labeling
- Paralinguistic Information
- Explicit Evaluations
- The Reporting Expression
- Degrees of Speaker Agreement
- Positive and Negative Evaluations
- The Reported Proposition(s)
- Social Functions
- Textual Functions
- Future Research
- Bibliography
- Rhetoric: History
- AristotleLs Rhetoric
- Roman Rhetoric
- Medieval Rhetoric
- The Renaissance
- Modern Rhetoric
- Bibliography
- Rhetoric: Semiotic Approaches
- Introduction
- Ancient Rhetorics
- Ancient Semiotics and Rhetorics
- Structural Rhetorics
- Structural Rhetorics and Text Theory
- The Semantic Foundations of Structural Rhetorics
- Pragmatic Rhetorics
- Rhetorics and Semiotics of Culture
- Bibliography
- Rhetorical Structure Theory
- Introduction: What is Rhetorical Structure Theory?
- The Origins of RST
- Definitions
- An Example of RST Analysis
- Relations to Other Levels of Linguistic Description
- Applications of RST
- Bibliography
- Relevant Website
- Rhetorical Tropes in Political Discourse
- Classical Rhetorical and Actual Characterization of Tropes
- Political Discourses
- Toward a Tropology of the Political
- Metaphors
- Metonymies
- Synecdoches
- Bibliography
- S
- Sacks, Harvey
- Bibliography
- Sapir, Edward
- Bibliography
- Scaffolding in Classroom Discourse
- Bibliography
- Second and Foreign Language Learning and Teaching
- Learning and Learners
- Teaching
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Second Language Listening
- Introduction
- Bottom-up Interpretation
- Interpretation and Inference
- The Context of Utterance
- The External Context
- The Social Context
- The Context of Discourse
- Listening as 'Input' to Second Language Learning
- Bibliography
- Semantic Change: the Internet and Text Messaging
- Electronic Communication: Efficiency and Expressivity
- Some Aspects of Semantic and Lexical Change in Netspeak and Texting
- The Meanings of LOL: Semantic-Pragmatic Change in Electronic Communication
- Conclusion: Diversity of Usages
- Bibliography
- Semantics-Pragmatics Boundary
- The Philosophical Debate
- The Mentalist Picture of the Semantics-Pragmatics Boundary
- Bibliography
- Shared Knowledge
- Bibliography
- Sibata, Takesi
- Bibliography
- Sign Language: Overview
- How Do Sign Languages 'Happen'?
- The Linguistic Structure of Sign Language
- The Phonology of Sign Language
- Morphology
- Syntax
- A Grammar of the Face
- Acquisition of Sign Language
- Sign Language and the Brain
- Language Modality, Language Age, and the Dinner Conversation Paradox
- Modality Effects
- Iconicity in Sign Language
- Simultaneity in Sign Languages
- The Role of Language Age
- Bibliography
- Sign Languages of the World
- The Current State of Knowledge
- Sociocultural and Sociolinguistic Variables
- Relationships between Sign Languages
- Grammatical Similarities and Differences across Sign Languages
- Future Developments
- Bibliography
- Sign Languages: Discourse and Pragmatics
- Culture and the Pragmatics of Discourse
- Minority Language Status and Signing Style in Discourse
- Modality Effects on the Pragmatics of Discourse Structure
- Getting Attention
- Saying Good-bye
- Turn Taking
- Hand Position
- Nonmanuals
- Information Flow and Discourse Structure
- Information Flow and Focus
- Focus Prominence Placement and Marking
- Broad Focus
- Narrow Noncontrastive Focus
- Narrow Contrastive Focus
- Syntactic Mechanisms of Focus Marking
- Language Typology for Focus
- Common Sign Language Structure for Emphasis
- Bibliography
- Sign Languages: Semiotic Approaches
- Bibliography
- Silence
- Bibliography
- Social Aspects of Pragmatics
- Introduction
- Neglect of Society in Language Studies
- Linguistics and the Focus on the Individual Speaker
- Dissident Voices
- The Genealogy of the Lone Individual
- The Broader Canvas
- The More Immediate Context
- On Defining a New Role for Pragmatics
- The Politics of Pragmatics
- The New Orientation
- Interesting Consequences
- The Lure of Cognitivism
- Societal Pragmatics as a Politically Self-conscious Way of Doing Pragmatics
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Social Class and Status
- Common Sense and Class
- Two Approaches to Class as Social Formation
- The Marxist Perspective
- The Weberian Perspective
- Neo-Marxists and Neo-Weberians
- Class as Category
- The Use of Class and Status in Sociolinguistic Research
- Class, Codes and Control
- Variation Studies and Class as Category
- Bourdieu's Cultural Capital, Linguistic and Symbolic Markets
- Social Network and Social Class
- Bibliography
- Social-Cognitive Basis of Language Development
- Joint Attention, Intention Reading, and Word Learning
- Perspective Taking and Construction Learning
- Communicative Collaboration in Conversation
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Socialization
- Norms, Rules, and the Maintenance of Social Order
- A Developmental Orientation
- Socialization: Critical Perspectives
- Bibliography
- Socialization: Second Language
- Second Language Socialization
- Background and Key Concepts
- Foci and Methodologies
- Overview of Second Language Socialization Research
- Ethnographic Approaches
- Sociocultural Theory and Language Socialization
- Classroom Discourse
- Narrative Study and Second Language Socialization
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Society and Language: Overview
- Language
- Antecedents of Sociolinguistics
- Emphases in Sociolinguistics
- 'A Language' as a Social Construct
- Language Is Not a 'Given'
- Sociolinguistics Is Not Prescriptive
- Society
- Functionalism
- Culture
- Socialization
- Norms and Values
- Status and Role
- Marxism
- Interactionism
- Language in Society, Society in Language
- Types of Societies, Types of Language?
- Multilingualism: One Society, Many Languages
- Language Variation and Contact between Languages
- Social Interactions via Language
- Applications of Sociolinguistics
- References
- Sociolect/Social Class
- Bibliography
- Sociolinguistics and Political Economy
- Bibliography
- Speech Accommodation Theory and Audience Design
- Bibliography
- Speech Act Verbs
- Definition and Terminology
- Classes of Speech Act Verbs
- Speech Acts and Speech Act Verbs
- Performativity
- Bibliography
- Speech Acts
- J. L. Austin
- The Performative/Constative Dichotomy
- AustinLs Felicity Conditions on Performatives
- Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Speech Acts
- J. R. Searle
- Searle's Felicity Conditions on Speech Acts
- SearleLs Typology of Speech Acts
- Indirect Speech Acts
- Speech Acts and Culture
- Cross-Cultural Variation
- Interlanguage Variation
- Bibliography
- Speech Acts and Grammar
- Language as Action: Performatives vs Constatives
- What About Grammar?
- Locution, Illocution, Perlocution
- What About Grammar?
- Categorizing Speech Acts
- What About Grammar?
- Bibliography
- Speech Acts, Classification and Definition
- Bibliography
- Speech Acts, Literal and Nonliteral
- Bibliography
- Speech and Language Community
- The Homogeneous Speech Community
- The Speech Community as the Organization of Diversity
- Speech Networks and Communities of Practice
- Ideologized Representations and Imagined Communities
- The View across the Boundary
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Speech and Thought: Representation of
- Introduction
- Direct Speech and Indirect Speech
- Direct Speech
- Indirect Speech
- Some Major Points of Difference between Direct and Indirect Speech
- A Minor Variant of Direct Speech: Free Direct Speech
- NRSA and NV
- Free Indirect Speech
- Preposed Reported Clauses: IS or FIS?
- Representation of Thought: Direct, Indirect, Free Indirect
- Direct and Indirect Thought
- Indirect Thought
- Free Indirect Thought
- Discourse Categories as Superordinate to Speech and Thought Modes
- Who Speaks, Who Thinks?
- Testing for FID
- FID: Functions and Effects
- 'Beyond' IT: NRTA and NI
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Spoken Discourse: Types
- Introduction
- Types of Spoken Discourse: A Review of Functional and Structural Approaches
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Stylistics
- Definition and Domain
- Stylistics in Academia
- A Brief History of Stylistics
- Current Trends in Stylistics-and the Future?
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Stylistics: Pragmatic Approaches
- Introduction
- Speech Act Theory
- GriceLs Pragmatics
- Politeness
- Wider Literary Reading Contexts
- How Literary Texts Work
- What Literary Readers Do
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Syntax-Pragmatics Interface: Overview
- Conflicting Priorities
- Interface in Retrospect
- The Centrality of Syntax
- The Centrality of Pragmatics
- Classical Attempts at Syntax-Pragmatics Integration
- Pulling All That Together
- Interface Now: The Syntax-Pragmatics Alliance Revisited
- Functional Categories and Pragmatics
- An Inclusive Theory of Grammar and Pragmatics
- Summary
- Bibliography
- Systemic Theory
- Origins of Systemic Theory
- Systems and Their Realization
- Other Basic Concepts
- Other Features of the Theory
- Development of Systemic Theory
- Influences and Trends
- Bibliography
- T
- Tacit Knowledge
- The Early Debate
- Tacit Knowing vs. the Full Propositional Attitudes
- Tacit Knowing vs. Knowing How
- What Is Tacit Knowledge?
- Bibliography
- Tannen, Deborah
- Bibliography
- Telephone Talk
- Bibliography
- Text and Text Analysis
- Communication Through Text and Discourse
- Text
- Meaning Rather than Form
- What Makes a Text a Text?
- Text Analysis
- Content-Oriented Approaches
- Micro- and Macrostructure
- Theme and Thematics
- Structure-Oriented Approaches
- Superstructure
- Clause Relations, Coherence Relations, and Discourse Patterns
- Rhetorical Structure Theory
- Procedural Text Analysis
- Conclusion and Further Research
- Bibliography
- Text World Theory
- Bibliography
- Thetic-Categorial Distinction
- Bibliography
- Topic and Comment
- Definitional Problems and History of the Terms
- Topic and Comment, Subject and Predicate
- Lack of Alignment between Pragmatic Functions and Semantic and Grammatical Functions
- Structural Implications of the Differences among Pragmatic, Semantic, and Grammatical Functions
- Similarities and Differences among Various Models
- Topic-Comment Articulation and Spoken Discourse
- Cognitive, Interactional, and Textual Dimensions
- Topic and Comment: Between Reference and Relationship
- Bibliography
- Translation, Pragmatics
- Introduction
- A Brief Overview of Approaches to Translation
- Translation, Communication, and Pragmatics
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Traugott, Elizabeth
- Bibliography
- U
- Understanding Spoken Discourse
- Introduction: the Contextual Specificity of Spoken Interaction
- The Context of Spoken Discourse, the Distinction between Text and Discourse, and their Roles in Understanding
- Some Aspects of Understanding Spoken Discourse
- Inferring Propositional Content and Illocutionary Force
- Inferring Intended Interactional Moves and Acts
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Use Theories of Meaning
- Bibliography
- Use versus Mention
- Bibliography
- V
- Voloshinov, Valentin Nikolaevich
- Bibliography
- Vygotskij, Lev Semenovich
- Bibliography
- W
- Whorf, Benjamin Lee
- Bibliography
- Wierzbicka, Anna
- Bibliography
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann
- Bibliography
- Word and Image
- Paris School Structuralism
- Functional Linguistics
- Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
- Typography
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Writing and Cognition
- Planning Content
- Planning Rhetorical Structure
- Translating Plans into Text
- Reviewing and Revision
- Bibliography
- Subject Index
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