End-to-End Quality of Service Mechanisms in Next Generation Heterogeneous Networks
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Abdelhamid MELLOUK (IEEE Senior Member) is a full professor at University of Paris-Est, Networks & Telecommunications, Department and LiSSi Laboratory, France. Founder of the Network Control Research activity with extensive international academic and industrial collaborations, his general area of research is in adaptive real-time control for high-speed new generation dynamic wired/wireless networking in order to maintain acceptable quality of service/experience for added value services. He is an active member of the IEEE Communications Society and held several offices including leadership positions in IEEE Communications Society Technical Committees.
Content
Chapter 1. Challenges for End-to-End Quality of Service over Heterogenous Networks 1
Abdelhamid MELLOUK
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Research challenges in end-to-end QoS 2
1.3. Contents 4
1.3.1. Chapter 2: principles and mechanisms for Quality of Service in networks 4
1.3.2. Chapter 3: different approaches to guarantee Quality of Service 5
1.3.3. Chapter 4: Quality of Service-based adaptive routing approaches 6
1.3.4. Chapter 5: optical networks: new challenges and paradigms for Quality of Service 7
1.3.5. Chapter 6: pushing Quality of Service across interdomain boundaries 8
1.3.6. Chapter 7: Internet-based collaborative teleoperation: towards tailorable groupware for teleoperation 9
1.3.7. Chapter 8: survivability-oriented Quality of Service in optical networks 10
1.3.8. Chapter 9: MAC protocols for Quality of Service provisioning in mobile ad hoc networks10
1.3.9. Chapter 10: Quality of Service-based scheduling mechanisms in mobile networks 11
1.3.10. Chapter 11: Quality of Service in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks 12
1.3.11. Chapter 12: Quality of Service challenges in WiMAX networks 13
1.3.12. Chapter 13: Quality of Service support for MPLS-based wired-wireless domains 14
1.3.13. Chapter 14: Quality of Service control in VoIP applications 15
1.3.14. Chapter 15: towards collaborative teleoperation based on human scale networked mixed reality environments. 16
1.3.15. Chapter 16: Quality of Service driven context awareness using semantic sensors infrastructure 17
1.3.16. Chapter 17: effect of transmission delay on haptic perception in shared virtual environments 18
1.4. Conclusion 19
Chapter 2. Principles and Mechanisms for Quality of Service in Networks 21
Zoubir MAMMERI
2.1. Introduction 21
2.2. Concepts and definitions 23
2.2.1. Definitions of QoS in a networking context 23
2.2.2. End-to-end QoS 24
2.2.3. Classes (levels) of service 24
2.2.4. Differentiated classes of service 26
2.3. QoS parameters and application classification 26
2.3.1. QoS parameter types 26
2.3.2. Application classification 29
2.3.3. QoS parameter specification 32
2.3.4. Traffic models 32
2.3.5. Service level agreements 34
2.4. Mechanisms and functions for QoS provisioning 35
2.4.1. General issues 35
2.4.2. QoS establishment 36
2.4.3. Admission control 36
2.4.4. QoS negotiation and renegotiation 37
2.4.5. Resource management 38
2.4.6. QoS signaling protocols 39
2.4.7. Routing 39
2.4.8. Traffic control mechanisms 41
2.4.9. QoS control, maintenance, monitoring 45
2.4.10. QoS policy 45
2.4.11. QoS mapping and translation 46
2.5. Overview of IntServ, DiffServ and MPLS 47
2.5.1. Integrated services architecture 47
2.5.2. DiffServ architecture 48
2.5.3. MPLS 50
2.6. Conclusion 51
2.7. References 51
Chapter 3. Different Approaches to Guarantee Quality of Service 55
Pascale MINET
3.1. Introduction to QoS 55
3.1.1. Different QoS requirements 56
3.1.2. Organization of chapter 58
3.2. Means of managing an end-to-end time constraint 59
3.2.1. Components of an end-to-end response time 59
3.2.2. Different methods to ensure that D is met 61
3.2.3. Discussion 65
3.2.4. A producer/consumer scheme avoiding starvation 66
3.2.5. Example of a video-on-demand multimedia system 67
3.3. Evaluation of the end-to-end response time 68
3.3.1. The holistic approach 68
3.3.2. Network calculus 69
3.3.3. Trajectory approach 71
3.3.4. Comparison between the holistic and trajectory approaches 74
3.3.5. Flow shaping 77
3.4. Probabilistic guarantee of the end-to-end response time 79
3.4.1. Principles for a probabilistic guarantee 79
3.4.2. Examples 80
3.4.3. Probabilistic versus deterministic guarantee 81
3.5. QoS support in a mobile ad hoc network 81
3.5.1. Specificities of MANETs 81
3.5.2. The OLSR routing protocol 82
3.5.3. QoS architecture and QoS OLSR 83
3.6. Conclusion and perspectives 87
3.7. References 89
Chapter 4. Quality of Service-based Adaptive Routing Approaches 93
Abdelhamid MELLOUK and Saïd HOCEINI
4.1. Introduction 93
4.2. QoS-based routing algorithms 95
4.2.1. Classical routing algorithms 97
4.3. QoS-based routing approaches 99
4.4. Inductive approaches based on machine learning paradigms 99
4.4.1. Cognitive Packet Networks (CPN) 100
4.4.2. Swarm ant colony optimization (AntNet) 100
4.4.3. Reinforcement learning routing approaches 101
4.5. Neural net-based approach for adaptive routing policy 102
4.6. State-dependent KOQRA algorithm 105
4.6.1. First stage: constructing K optimal paths 105
4.6.2. Second stage: optimizing the end-to-end delay with the Q-learning algorithm 107
4.6.3. Third stage: adaptive probabilistic path selection 108
4.7. Conclusion 108
4.8. References 109
Chapter 5. Optical Networks: New Challenges and Paradigms for Quality of Service 115
Ken CHEN and Wisssam FAWAZ
5.1. Introduction 115
5.2. Optical communication: from transmission to networking 116
5.2.1. Fiber optic cable 116
5.2.2. WDM technology 117
5.2.3. From transmission to networking 118
5.3. Optical networks as a pillar for future network infrastructure 119
5.4. Routing and wavelength assignment 121
5.5. GMPLS 122
5.5.1. MPLS 122
5.5.2. Principle of the GMPLS extension 124
5.5.3. GMPLS components 126
5.6. Towards a new optical link-based architecture 129
5.7. Protection against link failures 130
5.8. Optical packet switch and optical burst switch 131
5.8.1. Optical packet switching 131
5.8.2. Optical burst switching 132
5.9. Conclusion 133
5.10. References 133
Chapter 6. Pushing Quality of Service Across Inter-domain Boundaries 135
Bingjie FU, Cristel PELSSER, Steve UHLIG
6.1. Introduction 135
6.2. Background 136
6.2.1. The Internet as a distributed system 137
6.2.2. Business relationships between ASs 137
6.2.3. Impact of inter-domain routing on path diversity 138
6.2.4. Inter-AS LSP requirements 142
6.3. RSVP-TE extensions to support inter-domain LSPs 143
6.3.1. Explicit routing of an LSP 143
6.3.2. RRO aggregation and the path key 144
6.3.3. Protection of inter-AS LSPs 145
6.3.4. End-to-end disjoint LSPs 146
6.4. State of the art in inter-domain PCE 146
6.4.1. PCE-based architecture 146
6.4.2. Path computation methods 147
6.4.3. Applicability of the path computation techniques 152
6.5. Towards inter-AS QoS 152
6.5.1. DistributingQoS Information for inter-AS LSPs 153
6.5.2. Computing inter-AS LSPs with end-to-end QoS constraints 155
6.6. Conclusion and perspectives 158
6.7. Acknowledgments 159
6.8. References 159
Chapter 7. Internet-based Collaborative Teleoperation: Towards Tailorable Groupware for Teleoperation 163
Samir OTMANE, Nader CHEAIB and Malik MALLEM
7.1. Introduction 163
7.2. Teleoperation via the World Wide Web 164
7.2.1. Non-collaborative teleoperation systems 166
7.2.2. Towards collaborative teleoperation systems 170
7.3. ARITI-C: a groupware for collaborative teleoperation via the Internet 172
7.3.1. Software architecture of ARITI-C 173
7.3.2. Human-machine interface of ARITI-C 177
7.4. Integrating QoS in designing tailorable collaborative teleoperation systems 185
7.4.1. Need for QoS in internet-based teleoperation185
7.4.2. Need for tailorability in internet-based collaborative teleoperation 186
7.4.3. Design of tailorable groupware for internet-based collaborative teleoperation 190
7.5. Conclusion 192
7.6. References 193
Chapter 8. Survivability-Oriented Quality of Service in Optical Networks 197
Wissam FAWAZ and Ken CHEN
8.1. Introduction 197
8.2. Optical transport network failures 198
8.2.1. Failure statistics 199
8.2.2. Causes of failure 200
8.3. Optical network survivability evolution 202
8.3.1 Survivability in traditional carrier network architecture 202
8.3.2. Protection at the IP layer? 204
8.3.3 Why optical layer survivability? 205
8.4. Optical WDM-layer survivability mechanisms 207
8.4.1. Path protection 208
8.4.2. Path restoration 209
8.4.3. Link protection 209
8.4.4. Link restoration 210
8.5. Conclusion 210
8.6. References 211
Chapter 9. MAC Protocols for Quality of Service Provisioning in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 213
Ghalem BOUDOUR, Mahboub A. BALI and Cédric TEYSSIÉ
9.1. Introduction 213
9.2. IEEE 802.11 standard basics 216
9.3. Prioritization-oriented MAC protocols 217
9.3.1. RT-MAC protocol 217
9.3.2. DCF-PC protocol 218
9.3.3. HCF and IEEE 802.11e 219
9.3.4. DPS protocol 221
9.3.5. BB-DCF protocol 222
9.3.6. ES-DCF and DB-DCF protocols 224
9.4. Reservation-oriented protocols 226
9.4.1. Reservation protocols with synchronization 227
9.4.2. Reservation protocols without synchronization 231
9.4.3. Limitations of reservation-based protocols 235
9.5. Available bandwidth estimation methods for ad hoc networks 235
9.5.1. General issues 235
9.5.2. Methods for bandwidth estimation 237
9.6. Conclusion 244
9.7. References 245
Chapter 10. Quality of Service Scheduling Mechanisms in Mobile Networks 249
Mohamed BRAHMA, Abdelhafid ABOUAÏSSA and Pascal LORENZ
10.1. Introduction 249
10.1.1. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) 250
10.1.2. Constraints 251
10.2. Quality of Service 251
10.2.1. Routing with QoS in the ad hoc network 251
10.2.2. QoS models in ad hoc networks 252
10.2.3. QoS MAC protocols 254
10.3. Buffer and energy-based scheduling 256
10.3.1. Marking MAC frames 258
10.3.2. Adjusting the weight of each class queue 258
10.3.3. Weight calculation algorithm 259
10.4. Simulations and numerical results 260
10.5. Conclusion 266
10.6. References 266
Chapter 11. Quality of Service inWireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 269
Azzedine BOUKERCHE, Horacio A.B.F. OLIVEIRA, Eduardo F. NAKAMURA, Richard W.N. PAZZI and Antonio A.F. LOUREIRO
11.1. Challenges for QoS in ad hoc and sensor networks 270
11.2. QoS parameters in ad hoc and sensor networks 271
11.3. Components of a QoS system 273
11.4. MACmeasurement and reservation 274
11.4.1. Q-MAC 277
11.5. QoS routing discovery and maintenance 278
11.5.1. Ticket-based probing 278
11.5.2. QoS-based geographic routing 280
11.5.3. Core extraction distributed ad hoc routing - CEDAR281
11.5.4. EQoS 283
11.5.5. The INSIGNIA QoS framework 283
11.5.6. Ad hocQoS on-demand routing -AQOR 285
11.6. Conclusions 287
11.7. References 288
Chapter 12. Quality of Service Challenges in WiMAX Networks 291
Sahar GHAZAL and Jalel BEN-OTHMAN
12.1. Introduction 291
12.2.QoS limitations in wireless networks 293
12.3.QoS features in WiMAXnetworks 294
12.3.1. Classification process 294
12.3.2. Scheduling services 295
12.3.3. Bandwidth management policies 296
12.4. QoS parameter set and management messages 298
12.4.1. Connection establishment 299
12.4.2. Dynamic change of admitted QoS parameters 300
12.5. MAC layer and QoS architecture 301
12.6. PHY layer supports QoS 302
12.7. QoS previous proposed solutions for WiMAX 303
12.7.1. Proposed scheduling algorithms 303
12.7.2. Proposed admission policies 304
12.8. Conclusion 305
12.9. References 305
Chapter 13. Quality of Service Support for MPLS-based Wired-Wireless Domains 309
Scott FOWLER, Sherali ZEADALLY and Abdelhamid MELLOUK
13.1. Abstract 309
13.2. Introduction 310
13.3. MPLS technology 310
13.3.1. Label distribution protocol (LDP) 312
13.4. Mobility and MPLS 314
13.5. Hierarchical MIP 315
13.6. Extending MPLS from wired networks to wireless networks 317
13.6.1. Hierarchical mobile MPLS (H-MPLS) approach 317
13.6.2. Hierarchical mobile IPv6withMPLS 321
13.6.3. Micro-mobility with MPLS (MM-MPLS) approach 326
13.6.4. The label edge mobility agent (LEMA) approach 328
13.7. Multimedia support over MPLS-based networks 329
13.7.1. MPLS support in DiffServ 331
13.7.2. Resource reservation protocol traffic engineering (RSVP-TE) with MPLS 335
13.7.3. Constraint-based routed label distribution protocol (CR-LDP) 336
13.8. Emerging trends of MPLS-based networks 337
13.8.1. Label management of MPLS 338
13.8.2. MPLS support over heterogenous networks 339
13.8.3. MPLS security 339
13.8.4. QoS support over MPLS-based networks 339
13.8.5. Fast handovers across MPLS-based wired-wireless networks 340
13.9. Conclusion 340
13.10. References 342
13.11. Appendix - list of acronyms 344
Chapter 14. Quality of Service Control in Voice-over IP Applications 347
Vincent LECUIRE and Mouna BENAISSA
14.1. Introduction 347
14.2. General structure of VoIP applications 348
14.3. End-to-end delay analysis 351
14.3.1. Coding/decoding delay 352
14.3.2. Packetization delay 353
14.3.3. Network delay 353
14.3.4. Jitter compensation delay 353
14.3.5. End-to-end delay calculation 354
14.4. Quality of Service requirements for VoIP 354
14.4.1. Delay constraint 354
14.4.2. Packet loss constraint 355
14.4.3. Jitter constraint 356
14.5. Algorithms for adaptive playout buffering 357
14.5.1. Approach based on linear filtering 359
14.5.2. Approach based on adaptive filter 363
14.5.3. Approach based on statistics distribution 364
14.6. Forward error correction mechanisms for packet loss repair 367
14.6.1. Media-specific FEC 368
14.6.2. Media-independent FEC 369
14.7. Joint playout buffering and packet-level FEC algorithms 370
14.7.1. Virtual delay algorithms 371
14.7.2. Delay aware algorithm 371
14.8. Conclusion 372
14.9. References 372
Chapter 15. Towards Collaborative Teleoperation Based On Human-Scale Networked Mixed Reality Environments 377
Samir OTMANE, Nassima OURAMDANE and Malik MALLEM
15.1. Introduction 377
15.2. Teleoperation and telerobotics 378
15.2.1. Brief background 379
15.2.2. Teleoperation 379
15.2.3. Telerobotics 382
15.2.4. Some application domains 383
15.3. Augmented reality assisted teleoperation 389
15.4. Human-scale collaborative teleoperation 393
15.4.1. Collaborative working environments. 394
15.4.2. Interactions in human-scale teleoperation 395
15.4.3. Distributed software architecture for human-scale collaborative teleoperation 398
15.5. Synthesis and problematics 401
15.6. References 403
Chapter 16. QoS-driven Context Awareness Using Semantic Sensors Infrastructure 407
Abdelghani CHIBANI and Yacine AMIRAT
16.1. Introduction 407
16.2. Context-aware pervasive computing 408
16.3. Service agent middleware for decentralized context management 409
16.3.1. Context service agent 410
16.3.2. Context aggregation agent 411
16.3.3. Context services composition 413
16.4. Context service discovery 415
16.4.1. QoS-driven context directories management 416
16.4.2. Contextual knowledge modeling 416
16.4.3. Contextual service modeling419
16.4.4. Context service semantic matching 420
16.5. Semantic context sensor scenarios 422
16.5.1. Scenario 1: context-aware travel organizer service 423
16.5.2. Scenario 2: context-aware services for healthcare ubiquitous robot 425
16.5.3. Scenario 3: context sensor infrastructure for living lab services 426
16.6. Conclusion 427
16.7. References 428
Chapter 17. Effect of Transmission Delay on Haptic Perception in Shared Virtual Environments 431
Hichem ARIOUI
17.1. Introduction 431
17.2. Haptic simulation in VR applications 433
17.2.1. Haptic feedback device 433
17.2.2. Applications of haptic systems 436
17.3. Delayed force feedback systems 437
17.3.1. Automatic control law, solutions and handicaps 437
17.3.2. Remote programming, solutions and handicaps 441
17.4. The Quality of Service for a good haptic rendering 442
17.5. References 443
List of Authors 445
Index 451
