Smart Sensor Systems

About the Editors xi List of Contributors xiii Preface xv 1 Smart Sensor Design 1 Kofi Makinwa 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Smart Sensors 2 1.3 A Smart Temperature Sensor 5 1.4 A Smart Wind Sensor 8 1.5 A Smart Hall Sensor 11 1.6 Conclusions 14 2 Calibration and Self-Calibration of Smart Sensors 17 Michiel Pertijs 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Calibration of Smart Sensors 18 2.3 Self-Calibration 27 2.4 Summary and Future Trends 38 3 Precision Instrumentation Amplifiers 42 Johan Huijsing 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Applications of Instrumentation Amplifiers 43 3.3 Three-OpAmp Instrumentation Amplifiers 44 3.4 Current-Feedback Instrumentation Amplifiers 46 3.5 Auto-Zero OpAmps and InstAmps 48 3.6 Chopper OpAmps and InstAmps 52 3.7 Chopper-Stabilized OpAmps and InstAmps 56 3.8 Chopper-Stabilized and AZ Chopper OpAmps and InstAmps 62 3.9 Summary and Future Directions 65 4 Dedicated Impedance-Sensor Systems 68 Gerard Meijer, Xiujun Li, Blagoy Iliev, Gheorghe Pop, Zu-Yao Chang, Stoyan Nihtianov, Zhichao Tan, Ali Heidari and Michiel Pertijs 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 Capacitive-Sensor Interfaces Employing Square-Wave Excitation Signals 71 4.3 Dedicated Measurement Systems: Detection of Micro-Organisms 78 4.4 Dedicated Measurement Systems: Water-Content Measurements 83 4.5 Dedicated Measurement Systems: A Characterization System for Blood Impedance 89 4.6 Conclusions 97 5 Low-Power Vibratory Gyroscope Readout 101 Chinwuba Ezekwe and Bernhard Boser 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Power-Efficient Coriolis Sensing 101 5.3 Mode Matching 108 5.4 Force Feedback 119 5.5 Experimental Prototype 133 5.6 Summary 142 6 Introduction to CMOS-Based DNA Microarrays 145 Roland Thewes 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Basic Operation Principle and Application of DNA Microarrays 146 6.3 Functionalization 149 6.4 CMOS Integration 150 6.5 Electrochemical Readout Techniques 153 6.6 Further Readout Techniques 165 6.7 Remarks on Packaging and Assembly 169 6.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 169 7 CMOS Image Sensors 173 Albert Theuwissen 7.1 Impact of CMOS Scaling on Image Sensors 173 7.2 CMOS Pixel Architectures 175 7.3 Photon Shot Noise 180 7.4 Analog-to-Digital Converters for CMOS Image Sensors 181 7.5 Light Sensitivity 184 7.6 Dynamic Range 186 7.7 Global Shutter 187 7.8 Conclusion 188 8 Exploring Smart Sensors for Neural Interfacing 190 Tim Denison, Peng Cong and Pedram Afshar 8.1 Introduction 190 8.2 Technical Considerations for Designing a Dynamic Neural Control System 192 8.3 Predicate Therapy Devices Using Smart-Sensors in a Dynamic Control Framework: Lessons Derived from Closed-Loop Cardiac Pacemakers 195 8.4 The Application of "Indirect" Smart Sensing Methods: A Case Study of Posture Responsive Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain 198 8.5 Direct Sensing of Neural States: A Case Study in Smart Sensors for Measurement of Neural States and Enablement of Closed-Loop Neural Systems 207 8.6 Future Trends and Opportunities for Smart Sensing in the Nervous System 231 9 Micropower Generation: Principles and Applications 237 Ruud Vullers, Ziyang Wang, Michael Renaud, Hubregt Visser, Jos Oudenhoven and Valer Pop 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Energy Storage Systems 240 9.3 Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting 246 9.4 Vibration and Motion Energy Harvesting 253 9.5 Far-Field RF Energy Harvesting 262 9.6 Photovoltaic 268 9.7 Summary and Future Trends 268 References 270 Index 275