Pesticide Application Methods
Description
The definitive guide to modern pesticide application methods for effective and sustainable crop protection
As precision agriculture continues to evolve, Pesticide Application Methods serves as an essential reference for professionals in crop protection. With comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of pesticide application technologies, this leading guide covers the foundational principles of pesticide application whilst delving into advanced techniques that enhance efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and integrate seamlessly into sustainable agriculture practices. Drawing on decades of practical expertise, authors Graham Matthews and Roy Bateman provide a thorough grounding in both the theory and practice of pesticide application, ranging from traditional hydraulic sprayers to cutting-edge drone technology.
The fifth edition of Pesticide Application Methods offers substantial new and updated content, reflecting the latest advancements in crop protection and application technology. This edition incorporates emerging practices in regenerative agriculture, with a focus on selecting pest-resistant crop varieties to reduce chemical dependency. New coverage includes unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for targeted application, electrostatic sprayers that minimise drift and enhance precision, and the integration of sustainable biopesticides and biorationals into pest management strategies. Throughout this edition, updated regulatory insights and training standards ensure that practitioners remain compliant with evolving safety protocols, including the EU "Green Deal" objectives on sustainable pesticide use.
Continuing to set the standard for professionals in crop protection, Pesticide Application Methods, Fifth Edition:
- Offers in-depth guidance on modern pesticide application techniques, with a focus on sustainable practices and precision targeting
- Contains essential information on operator training, equipment maintenance, and certification requirements for pesticide application
- Features dedicated chapters on specialised techniques such as robotic applications and aerial spraying
- Provides guidelines for maintaining and calibrating application equipment to enhance longevity and efficiency
- Includes clear and practical diagrams, photos, and colour illustrations to enhance understanding of complex equipment and techniques
Incorporating the latest research in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), Pesticide Application Methods, Fifth Edition is ideal for upper-level students in agricultural sciences, crop protection, entomology, and plant pathology programmes, as well as for crop protection specialists, plant scientists, agricultural consultants, and agrochemical industry professionals.
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Persons
G. A. Matthews is Emeritus Professor at Imperial College London, UK. With an extensive career in pest management, Matthews began his research on insect pests of cotton in Africa from 1958 to 1972. At Imperial College, he continued his work in crop protection globally until 2001. Even in retirement, he remains actively engaged in pesticide application research.
Roy Bateman was a senior lecturer at the International Pesticide Application Research Centre, Imperial College London, UK. His work includes integrated pest management (IPM) for rice, controlled droplet application, biological locust control, and cacao disease management. Now retired from formal teaching, he continues to be involved in Southeast Asian entomology and agricultural issues.
Content
Preface to fifth edition vii
Acknowledgements ix
Conversion tables xi
Pesticide calculation xiii
Units, abbreviations and symbols xv
1 Biological and chemical control in integrated pest management 1
2 Targets for pesticide deposition and their detection using drones and robotic equipment 15
3 Formulation of pesticides and bio- pesticides 25
4 Spray droplets 39
5 Nozzles - hydraulic and pulse- width modulation 45
6 Portable carried hydraulic sprayers 63
7 Power- operated hydraulic sprayers (electric power) 71
8 Air- assisted sprayers 85
9 Controlled droplet application 93
10 Electrostatic charged sprays 119
11 Using drones to spray crops 135
12 Aerial spraying using manned aircraft and helicopters 149
13 Spray drift 161
14 Seed treatment, dust and granule application 167
15 Space treatment by fogging 171
16 Specialist application techniques using robots 177
17 Application of bio- pesticides 183
18 Equipment for laboratory and field trials 203
19 Training spray operators 209
20 Regulations related to toxicity of pesticides and labelling 215
21 Safety precautions when applying pesticides 219
22 Standards for application equipment 235
23 Maintenance of equipment 237
Index 243
Units, abbreviations and symbols
A ampere atm atmospheric pressure bar barometric pressure cd candela cm centimetre dB decibel fl oz fluid ounce* g gram g acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/sec2) gal gallon* h hour ha hectare hp horsepower kg kilogram km kilometre kN kilonewton kPa kilopascal kW kilowatt L litre m metre mg milligram mL millilitre mm millimetre µm micrometre N newton µP micropoise P poise p.s.i. pounds per square inch pt pint s second V volt A area a average distance between airstrip or water supply to fields a.c. alternating current ADV average droplet volume AGL above ground level a.i. active ingredient AN Antanov aircraft BPMC fenobucarb C average distance between fields CDA controlled droplet application CFD computional fluid dynamics CU coefficient of uniformity D diameter of centrifugal energy nozzle of opening of nozzle d droplet diameter DCD disposable container dispenser 'D' a standard size dry battery d.c. direct current DMI demethylation inhibitor DUE deposit per unit emission EC emulsifiable concentrate EDX energy dispersive X-ray EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA) F average size of field FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United FN flow number FP fluorescent particle GCPF Global Crop Protection Federation GIFAP Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques (International Group of National Associations of Manufacturers of Agrochemical Products) GIS geographical information system GPS global positioning system GRP glass-reinforced plastic H height HAN heavy aromatic naphtha HCN hydrogen cyanide HLB hydrophile-lipophile balance HP high power battery HV high volume Hz hertz ICM integrated crop management ID internal diameter IGR insect growth regulator IPM integrated pest management IRM insecticide resistance management ISA International Standard atmosphere K, k constant kV kilovolt L length LAI leaf area index LD50 median lethal dose LERAP local environmental risk assessment for pesticides LIDAR light detection and range LOK lever-operated knapsack (sprayer) LV low volume MCPA 4-chloro-o-tolyloxyacetic acid MRL maximum residue level MV medium volume N, n number of droplets NMD number median diameter NPV nuclear polyhedrosis virus OES occupational exposure standard P particle parameter PDS pesticide dose simulator PIC prior informed consent PMS particle measuring system PPE personal protection equipment PRV pressure-regulating valve PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene p.t.o power take-off (tractor) PVC polyvinyl chloride Q application rate (litre/ha) q application rate (litre/m2) Qa volume of air Qf quantity of spray per load qn throughput of nozzle Qt volume applied per minute rev revolution r.p.m. revolutions per minute S swath s distance droplet travels SC suspension concentrate SP single power battery SMV spray management values SR stability ratio T temperature Tr time per loading and turning Tw turn time at end of row TDR turndown ratio TER toxicity exposure ratio U, u wind speed UBZ unsprayed buffer zone UCR unit canopy row ULV ultra low volume UR unsulfonated residue UV ultraviolet light V velocity Vf velocity of sprayer while ferrying Vs velocity of sprayer while spraying VAD volume average diameter VLV very low volume VMD volume median diameter VRU variable restrictor unit W width w angular velocity WG water-dispersible granule WHO World Health Organization WP wettable powder ? surface tension ? viscosity of air ... ?a density of air
