
Farms and Territory
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Philippe Martin works as a professor at AgroParisTech, France. His research, conducted at the SADAPT Joint Research Unit (UMR SADAPT), focuses on the dynamics of agricultural systems within territories, using mixed approaches (database analysis and field surveys).
Solène Pissonnier works as Associate Professor at AgroParisTech and the SADAPT Joint Research Unit (UMR SADAPT), France. Her work focuses on crop-livestock interactions at the territorial level, particularly on developing methodologies to support their development.
Content
Introduction xiii
Philippe MARTIN and Solène PISSONNIER
Chapter 1. Which Land Resources to Adopt for an Ecological Transition of Agri-Food Systems? A Cross-View of Law and Sociology 1
Pierre-Etienne BOUILLOT and Romain MELOT
1.1. Legal framework and contractual practices in farming: towards a greening of land tools? 2
1.2. Changes in agricultural landholding structures: a challenge for the transition of agri-food systems and generational renewal 9
1.3. The multifunctionality of agricultural land in food systems 13
1.4. Conclusion and perspectives 15
1.5. References 16
Chapter 2. Synergies between Animal Husbandry and Forests for the Development of Agroecological Systems in Middle Mountain and Mediterranean Foothill Regions: Comparative Study of the Limousine Mountain and the Lodevois 23
Nathan MORSEL and Nadège GARAMBOIS
2.1. Introduction 23
2.2. The Lodevois and the Limousine Mountain: a disconnection between animal husbandry and forestry 27
2.3. Frugal agropastoral systems: putting grazing back at the heart of herd feeding, especially in forest ecosystems 33
2.4. Obstacles to the use of wooded areas on the Limousine Mountain and the Lodevois: an overview 39
2.5. Ways to promote the (re)connection between livestock and forests 43
2.6. Conclusion 46
2.7. References 47
Chapter 3. Crop-Livestock Interaction at the Territorial Scale: Tools and Methods to Support Its Development 51
Solène PISSONNIER
3.1. Introduction 51
3.2. Specialization and its ramifications 52
3.3. Characteristics of systems integrating crops and livestock 56
3.4. Spatial and temporal coordinations on a territorial scale 59
3.5. Types of actors involved and forms of partnership 61
3.6. Methods for diagnosing, designing, evaluating and supporting the development of these systems 67
3.7. Conclusion 75
3.8. References 75
Chapter 4. Genetic Choices, Farming Systems and Territories 81
Etienne VERRIER and Anne LAUVIE
4.1. Introduction 81
4.2. Organization of animal breeding and the role of farmers, farming systems and links to the territory 82
4.3. Collective breeding goals and territories 85
4.4. Breeds, farmers' collectives and other territorial components: diversity of relationships 88
4.5. Individual farmers' decisions and how they relate to breeding collectives' decisions 91
4.6. Conclusion 93
4.7. References 94
Chapter 5. Town Microfarms, Country Microfarms in Fields: Innovative Systems in Contrasting Territories 97
Agnès LELIÈVRE and Kevin MOREL
5.1. Innovative projects in response to a variety of socio-ecological territorial challenges 97
5.2. Multiple innovations driven by new farmer profiles 100
5.3. Discussion and perspectives 110
5.4. References 112
Chapter 6. The Rise of Professional Gathering in Rural Areas 115
Valentin ASSELAIN and Florence PINTON
6.1. Introduction 115
6.2. A centuries-old business embedded in agroecosystems 118
6.3. Make a living by gathering 125
6.4. Gathering territories and rural areas: separate paths or mutual learning? 133
6.5. Conclusion 139
6.6. References 140
Chapter 7. How Can Biodiversity Be Taken into Account on Farm Territories? 145
Aude BARBOTTIN, Daphnée DURANT, Raymond REAU and Hélène GROSS
7.1. What is biodiversity in agricultural landscapes? 145
7.2. Biodiversity as seen by farmers 146
7.3. Can agriculture and biodiversity conciliation occur at the farm territory level? 148
7.4. How can we support biodiversity conservation at farm level? 150
7.5. Examples of integrating biodiversity into farm projects: challenges, results and difficulties 157
7.6. Monitoring biodiversity 164
7.7. Conclusion 165
7.8. References 166
Chapter 8. Sociometabolic Approaches to Conceptualizing and Supporting Agri-Food Transitions 171
Caroline PETIT and Thierry BONAUDO
8.1. Introduction 171
8.2. Society's metabolism: overview of epistemological foundations and current research trends 173
8.3. Agriculture in the metabolism of societies 176
8.4. For agri-food metabolism approaches at the local scale 179
8.5. Discussion: avenues for further exploration and prospects for cross-disciplinary work between sociometabolic approaches and agronomy 184
8.6. Conclusion 188
8.7. References 188
Chapter 9. Farms in the Transition to Sustainable Food in Urban Areas: The Role of Collective Catering 195
Christine AUBRY and Emmanuel RAYNAUD
9.1. Introduction 195
9.2. Collective catering: a vector for sustainable food practices 196
9.3. Adapting agricultural production to meet growing demand for sustainable food: the example of Île-de-France 205
9.4. Conclusion 211
9.5. References 212
Chapter 10. Farming and the Circular Economy in Territories: Recycling Urban Waste in Agriculture 217
Florent LEVAVASSEUR and Sabine HOUOT
10.1. Introduction 217
10.2. From urban waste to organic fertilizer 219
10.3. Regulations governing the return of urban OWPs to the soil in agriculture 227
10.4. How to meet the needs of agriculture 229
10.5. What are the challenges associated with the agricultural recycling of municipal waste? 234
10.6. Environmental balance sheet 238
10.7. Value chain organization 240
10.8. Farmers' perception of agricultural recycling of urban OWPs and social acceptability. 240
10.9. Conclusion 241
10.10. Reference 242
Chapter 11. Biogas and Biomass Valorization Circuits at the Farm and Territory Levels 249
Jeanne CADIOU and Jean-Marc MEYNARD
11.1. Introduction 249
11.2. New biomass flows find new uses in agriculture 251
11.3. By modifying the flows and uses of biomass, biogas production renews the links between farms and territory: a case
study from Grand Est 254
11.4. New sustainability challenges emerge on farms and in territories 259
11.5. A biogas development policy faced with the challenge of current regulatory dynamics? 263
11.6. Conclusion 265
11.7. Reference 265
Chapter 12. Databases for Analyzing Relationships Between Farm Holdings and Territories 269
Philippe MARTIN and Myriam GRILLOT
12.1. Interest in and availability of databases for the analysis of farm-territory relationships 269
12.2. Databases 271
12.3. SI-BOAT: an information system for agri-food systems 282
12.4. Enhancing the impact of RPG: the RPG Explorer project 289
12.5. Conclusion 300
12.6. References 301
12.7. Webography for further information or access to the databases cited 303
Conclusion 305
Philippe MARTIN and Solène PISSONNIER
List of Authors 307
Index 311
1
Which Land Resources to Adopt for an Ecological Transition of Agri-Food Systems? A Cross-View of Law and Sociology
Pierre-Etienne BOUILLOT1 and Romain MELOT2
1 Paris Saclay University, AgroParisTech, Palaiseau, France
2 Paris Saclay University, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR SADAPT, Palaiseau, France
In this chapter, we present the principal issues in current legal provisions relating to agricultural land resources, taking as our point of observation the tools and dynamics that are contributing to the transition of agri-food systems. We offer a dual legal and sociological perspective on these developments, addressing both the analysis of legal developments and their implementation and mobilization by social actors through empirical studies. We focus mainly on the French institutional framework, supplemented by references to empirical work in developed countries. Without aiming to be exhaustive, our aim is to provide an overview of the main legal instruments that contribute to the greening of agricultural land policies, as greening can be defined as "a process by which the environment is taken into account in public policies, organizations and even professional practices" (Mormont 2013, authors' translation).
1.1. Legal framework and contractual practices in farming: towards a greening of land tools?
While agricultural policies are largely defined at the EU level, one of the particularities of the legal framework for farmland is that it remains largely dependent on the national legal framework. In the context of French law, we can observe a movement towards the greening of land tenure tools, in parallel with the integration of environmental objectives into community law, which can be seen by examining the legal provisions that define the administrative framework for access to land and contractual obligations.
1.1.1. Forms of authorization over access to land
1.1.1.1. The latest on rural land development
Of the three rural land development procedures provided for under Article L. 121-1 of the CRPM1 - agricultural and forestry land development, exchanges and amicable transfers of rural real estate and the reclamation of uncultivated land - we focus on developments in the first to understand the greening of rural land development. To this end, we need to return briefly to its origins: land consolidation. This is a relatively old procedure, whose first legal foundations were laid out by a law, dated November 27, 1918. The reforms that this procedure has undergone have each brought new elements to the process, making land consolidation one of the major tools for regional planning in the service of economic and social development. On the one hand, rural land consolidation has been given the objective of increasing farm productivity, and, on the other, it accompanies regional development when combined with major works or urban planning operations. While economic and social considerations originally governed the redistribution of land, the environmental consequences of land consolidation (flooding, erosion, damage to biodiversity) have led the legislator to gradually introduce corrective measures to the procedure.
After the law of July 12, 1983 (no. 83-630), the land survey was supplemented with an environmental impact study. As the reorganization of agricultural land also involves related work (e.g. hedge removal, road modification), it became necessary to analyze the environmental impact of these modifications. The purpose of the inquiry is to inform the public and gather their opinions, suggestions and counterproposals (Lorvellec 1988). The law of February 23, 2005 (no. 2005-157) introduced far-reaching changes to rural land development and, in particular, to the various land consolidation procedures. Article L. 121-1 of the CRPM sets a new common goal for the various land development methods, which is "to ensure the development of rural natural areas [...] in compliance with the objectives mentioned in Articles L. 111-1 and L. 111-2" (authors' translation), which include environmental objectives. Article L. 123-1 of the CRPM still states that the main aim of this procedure is to improve the agricultural use of rural properties, so as to create "rural holdings in a single block or with large, well-grouped plots" (authors' translation). While the main aim is still to improve farming operations by rationalizing farm labor productivity, the agricultural land development procedure has been enriched by environmental considerations.
The law of August 8, 2016, for the reconquest of biodiversity (no. 2016-1087) added the possibility that the rural development of the perimeter in which the procedure is implemented could enable "the use of parcels for natural, agricultural or forestry purposes with a view to preserving the environment" (authors' translation). By way of example, the prefect can introduce prescriptions to encourage the conservation of cultivated wetlands as natural grasslands by prohibiting drainage and filling (Guyet 2016). Previously, the only way to legitimize the land consolidation process from an environmental standpoint was through an impact study. This was reinforced by the decree of March 30, 2006 (no. 2006-394) and is divided into two parts. The first is similar to what was previously required, i.e. a public inquiry including an analysis of the land and an environmental study (CRPM, R. 123-9). The second concerns environmental recommendations relating, among other things, to the preservation of natural areas and the prevention of natural hazards. These are among the provisions common to all land development methods (C. rur., R. 121-20). In addition to this development, which above all requires the administration to take into account the impact on the environment before authorizing land reorganization (Struillou 2002), other rules demonstrate a more substantial evolution, such as the extension of the role of the communes in the development of land.
1.1.1.2. Mechanisms for regulating access to land: farming authorizations
The administrative regulation of access to land through the granting of farming authorizations, which characterizes the policy known as le contrôle des structures (translated here as farming authorizations), is unique to France among developed countries. It is a legacy of the reforms introduced in the early 1960s to regulate the rural land market in the context of agricultural modernization (Boinon 2011). Under Article L. 331-2 of the CRPM, farmers planning to develop an area of land on the same farm that exceeds the threshold set by the regional master plan for agricultural holdings are required to apply for prior authorization. The validity of the lease is subject to obtaining this authorization. The land actually farmed must be taken into account, even if it is provided free of charge (Cass. Civ. 3e, November 26, 2008, no. 07-16.679).
According to Article L. 331-1 of the CRPM, farming authorization is expressly aimed at the installation of new farmers, rather than the expansion of existing farms. The aim is to limit the expansion of farms, which would prevent new installations. In particular, this objective helps to maintain activity in rural areas and the corresponding population in order to occupy the whole territory. However, legislative action has not stemmed the decline in the number of farms. Smalland medium-sized farms are the hardest hit. The disappearance of these farms has led to a concentration of land on the largest farms. More recently, environmental considerations have been added to the initial objective of promoting access to land and limiting land concentration. The reform of the 2014 Law on the Future of Agriculture2 (no. 2014-1170 of the loi d'avenir pour l'agriculture de 2014) makes it possible to combine economic, social and environmental objectives (CRPM, Art. L. 331-1 et seq.).
A comparative study of farm master plans that define local priorities for the allocation of farming authorizations (first on a departmental scale, then on a regional scale after the 2014 law) shows that this consideration of environmental objectives nevertheless remains variable depending on the territory (Guéringer 2023). Research into the implementation of farming authorizations also highlights that, in the event of competition between farmers for the allocation of authorization to farm, environmental considerations are still rarely mobilized (Piet et al. 2021). In addition, conditions of access to information on the land market are sometimes unfavorable to project developers from non-agricultural backgrounds, who are often committed to the agroecological transition (Hobeika 2013; Baysse-Lainé 2020).
1.1.1.3. Land development companies (SAFERs): interventions on the land market
Sociétés d'Aménagement Foncier et d'Établissement Rural (SAFERs, Land Development and Rural Development Companies) were created by the law of August 5, 1960 (no. 60-808). They are private-sector bodies that take the form of limited companies, although they are similar to associations in that they are prohibited from pursuing profit-making objectives. Their mission is to channel the agricultural land market and promote rural development, and to this end, they have been given the means to purchase land freely offered for sale by landowners and resell it to farmers in accordance with legal objectives. As such, they have the right of pre-emption...
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