
Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide, Second Edition
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Content
- Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide Second Edition
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 History of Wireless Telecommunications
- 1.2 What Is Microwave Radio?
- 1.2.1 Microwave Fundamentals
- 1.2.2 RF Spectrum
- 1.2.3 Safety of Microwaves
- 1.2.4 Allocation of Spectrum
- 1.2.5 Electromagnetic Wave Fundamentals
- 1.3 Why Radio?
- 1.3.1 Benefits and Disadvantages of Microwave
- 1.3.2 Transmission Alternatives
- 1.4 Microwave Applications
- 1.4.1 Fixed-Link Operator
- 1.4.2 Utility Private Network
- 1.4.3 TV Distribution Network
- 1.4.4 Mobile Backhaul Network
- 1.4.5 Ethernet Enterprise Application
- 1.5 Planning Process
- Reference
- 2 Link Planning
- 2.1 Establish the Planning Brief
- 2.2 Initial Planning
- 2.2.1 Site Location
- 2.2.2 Network Diagram
- 2.2.3 Initial Mapwork
- 2.2.4 Existing Infrastructure and Repeater Sites
- 2.2.5 Route Map
- 2.3 Path Profiles
- 2.4 Radio Repeaters
- 2.4.1 Passive Repeaters
- 2.4.2 Active Repeaters
- 2.5 Radio Surveys
- 2.5.1 Path Survey
- 2.5.2 Site Surveys
- 2.6 Frequency Considerations
- References
- 3 Reliability Standards
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 What Do I Aim For?
- 3.3 Hypothetical Reference Path
- 3.4 Unavailability Standards
- 3.4.1 Causes of Unavailability
- 3.4.2 Unavailability Objectives
- 3.4.3 Apportionment of Objectives
- 3.4.4 Practical Advice
- 3.5 Performance Standards
- 3.5.1 Causes of Outage
- 3.5.2 Performance Objectives
- 3.6 Real-World Conclusions
- References
- 4 Transport Technologies
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 The Backhaul Transmission System
- 4.2.1 The Backhaul Network
- 4.2.2 OSI ISO Model
- 4.3 Transport Technology Options
- 4.3.1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
- 4.3.2 Synchronous Networks (SDH/SONET)
- 4.3.3 ATM
- 4.3.4 Ethernet
- 4.4 Network Synchronization
- 4.4.1 PDH Synchronization
- 4.4.2 SDH Synchronization
- 4.4.3 ATM Synchronization
- 4.4.4 Ethernet Synchronization
- References
- 5 Radio Equipment Characteristics
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Basic Radio System Block Diagram
- 5.2.1 All Indoor
- 5.2.2 Split Unit (RF Outdoors)
- 5.2.3 All Outdoors
- 5.2.4 TDM/Ethernet Options
- 5.3 Primary Multiplex
- 5.3.1 Sampling
- 5.3.2 Quantizing
- 5.3.3 Companding
- 5.3.4 Coding
- 5.3.5 Time Multiplexing
- 5.3.6 Primary Multiplex Equipment
- 5.4 Muldem (Secondary Multiplexing and Services)
- 5.4.1 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
- 5.4.2 Overhead Channels
- 5.4.3 Baseband Filtering
- 5.4.4 Basic Muldem Block Diagram
- 5.5 Modem
- 5.5.1 Modulators
- 5.5.2 Demodulators
- 5.5.3 Basic Modem Block Diagram
- 5.6 Transceivers
- 5.6.1 Transmitters
- 5.6.2 Receivers
- 5.6.3 Basic Transceiver Block Diagram
- 5.7 Branching
- 5.7.1 Duplexer
- 5.7.2 Hot Standby Branching
- 5.7.3 Frequency Diversity Branching
- 5.7.4 Space Diversity Branching
- 5.7.5 Hybrid Diversity Branching
- 5.8 Equipment Characteristics
- 5.8.1 RF Details
- 5.8.2 Transmitter Characteristics
- 5.8.3 Receiver Characteristics
- 5.8.4 C/I Ratio
- 5.8.5 Digital Interfaces
- 5.8.6 Management and Alarm Interfaces
- 5.9 Power Details
- 5.9.1 Input Voltage Range
- 5.9.2 Power Consumption
- 5.10 Environmental Considerations
- 5.11 Equipment Type Approvals
- References
- 6 Microwave Propagation
- 6.1 Atmospheric Effects on Propagation
- 6.1.1 Refractive Index
- 6.1.2 Radio Refractivity
- 6.1.3 Refractivity Gradient
- 6.1.4 Effective Earth Radius
- 6.1.5 Anomalous Propagation
- 6.1.6 Physical Atmospheric Conditions
- 6.1.7 Modified Refractivity
- 6.2 Free-Space Propagation
- 6.3 Power Budget
- 6.3.1 Receiver Threshold
- 6.3.2 Nominal Receive Level
- 6.3.3 Fade Margin
- 6.4 Fading of Microwave Links
- 6.4.1 Atmospheric Absorption, Including Rain
- 6.4.2 Diffraction Fading
- 6.4.3 Refractive Fading
- References
- 7 Antenna Considerations
- 7.1 Antenna Fundamentals
- 7.2 Antenna Characteristics
- 7.2.1 Gain
- 7.2.2 Sidelobes
- 7.2.3 Front-to-Back Ratio
- 7.2.4 Beamwidth
- 7.2.5 Polarization
- 7.2.6 Radiation Pattern
- 7.2.7 VSWR
- 7.2.8 Near Field, Far Field
- 7.3 Types of Antenna
- 7.3.1 Nonparabolic Antennas
- 7.3.2 Parabolic Antennas
- 7.3.3 Radomes
- 7.4 Feeder Characteristics
- 7.4.1 Coaxial Cable
- 7.4.2 Waveguide
- 7.5 Antenna System Accessories
- 7.5.1 Pressurizers
- 7.5.2 Plumbing
- 7.5.3 Earth Kits
- 7.5.4 Cable Clamps
- 7.6 Installation Practices
- Reference
- 8 Frequency Planning
- 8.1 Frequency Regulation
- 8.1.1 ITU-R Frequency Coordination
- 8.1.2 FCC Frequency Coordination
- 8.1.3 Ofcom Frequency Coordination
- 8.1.4 Microwave Radio Link Bands
- 8.2 What Is Interference?
- 8.2.1 Causes of Interference
- 8.2.2 Types of Interference
- 8.2.3 Effects of Interference
- 8.2.4 Intersystem Interference
- 8.3 Frequency Channel Planning
- 8.3.1 Basic ITU Arrangements
- 8.3.2 A and B Sites (High/Low Arrangements)
- 8.3.3 Alternate Polarization
- 8.3.4 Frequency Diversity Allocations
- 8.3.5 Interleaving of Channels
- 8.3.6 Spectral Efficiency
- 8.4 Frequency Reuse
- 8.4.1 Two-Frequency (One-Pair) Plan
- 8.4.2 Four-Frequency (Two-Pair) Plan
- 8.4.3 Six-Frequency (Three-Pair) Plan
- 8.5 Antenna Considerations
- 8.6 Intermodulation Products
- References
- 9 Link Design
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Diffraction Loss and Antenna Heights
- 9.2.1 ITU Recommendation
- 9.2.2 Real-World Advice
- 9.3 Multipath Fading Outages
- 9.3.1 Flat Fading Outage
- 9.3.2 Selective Fading Outage
- 9.4 Rain Fading
- 9.5 Reflection Analysis
- 9.6 Interference Analysis
- 9.6.1 Nodal Interference Example
- 9.6.2 Overshoot Interference Example
- 9.7 Passive Repeater Outage
- 9.7.1 Back-to-Back Interference
- 9.7.2 In-Line Passive
- 9.7.3 Orthogonal Passive
- 9.8 Total Outage
- 9.9 Countermeasures
- 9.9.1 System Techniques
- 9.9.2 Nondiversity Techniques
- 9.9.3 Diversity Techniques
- 9.10 Real-World Link Design Tutorial
- References
- Appendix: Useful Formulae
- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
- About the Author
- Index
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